Post on 14-Jul-2015
Assessing options for crop-livestock intensification in semi-arid Southern Zimbabwe:
household typologies and community visions
Sabine Homann-Kee Tui, Patricia Masikati, Andre van Rooyen,
Daniel Rodriguez, Peter de Voil, Godfrey Manyawu
4th International Symposium for Farming Systems Design, Lanzhou, China, 19-22 Aug 2013
Declining per capita food production in Southern Africa
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20
40
60
80
100
120
140
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90
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Ind
ex
Production trends in Southern Africa(PIN, 2004-06 base)
Net Production Index Number Per capita Production Index Number
Key challenges
• Resource constraints:
> 80% of rural
population below
poverty line
• Limited biomass: one
growing season, semi-
arid rainfed, poor
inherent soil fertility
• Extraction of land and
soils (degradation)
• Poor market linkages
and support services
(enabling structures)
Stepping stones towards increasing agricultural production and improving food security (1)
Hanging in Stepping up
Stepping out
Resources
Pro
fit
/ re
sili
en
ce
After Dorward et al., (2010)
Identifying household typologies
Working Hypothesis 1:
Farmers have different
opportunities to adopt
technologies and intensify
production systems.
Better understanding farmers
resource endowments and
livelihood strategies may help
targeting development
interventions.
Stepping stones towards increasing agricultural production and improving food security (2)
Low
Hig
h
Low High
Production technology development,
dissemination and use
Mark
et
develo
pm
ent,
effic
iency
and
part
icip
ation
Fully integrated market
oriented system
Source: Adapted from Dorward et al., 2002
Working hypothesis 2:
Pathways for sustainable
intensification are context specific.
Intervention options need to
integrate market development AND
production enhancing technologies.
Participatory approaches can help
identifying preferable intervention
options.
Identifying pathways for sustainable intensification
The case: mixed smallholder farming systems in semi-arid Zimbabwe
Farming system characteristics
Nkayi Gwanda
Agro-ecology• Rain (mm, (CV))• Main soils
656 (33)Kalahari
434 (23)Sands
Densities• Human (n km2)• Cattle (TLU km2)• Goats (TLU km2)
19121
1081
Main crops Maize, small grains, legumes
Main livestock Cattle, goats
Market access + ++
Extension + +
Male
Tree Diagram for 228 Cases
Ward`s method
Euclidean distances
52
4.0
00
00
0
47
3.0
00
00
0
58
7.0
00
00
0
69
4.0
00
00
0
46
7.0
00
00
0
37
0.0
00
00
0
50
7.0
00
00
0
49
7.0
00
00
0
61
7.0
00
00
0
36
5.0
00
00
0
66
0.0
00
00
0
67
9.0
00
00
0
35
8.0
00
00
0
55
1.0
00
00
0
42
0.0
00
00
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Lin
ka
ge
Dis
tan
ce
Age
Distance to the market
Land
Maize production
#Shoats
PCA to identify
redundant variables
Clustering of
households
Description of
functional typologies
Data clean up and
selection of variablesD
eskto
p
Expert
knowledgeMultivariate
statistics
Expert
knowledge
Participatory community visioning
Defining challenges and opportunities
Iterative process of solutions & adjustments
Par
tici
pat
ory
Household survey
Visualizing current and desirable states of
agricultural systems
Targeting and testing preferable
options
Methodology
ResultsPrincipal components
Important factors Nkayi (n=160) Gwanda (n=90)
Livestock (cattle) ✔ ✔
Education ✔ ✔
Years in village ✔
Distance to markets ✔
Off farm income ✔
Family size / labor ✔ ✔
Cultivated land ✔ ✔
Use of fertilizer ✔
Use of manure ✔
Household assets ✔
Age ✔ ✔
Livestock (goats) ✔ ✔
16%
6% each
27%
14% each
Nkayi: Household typologies (1)Important factors
Structural household typologies: resource endowment (median)
Household typesShare population (%)
C1 Young family
22C2 Stepping up
30C3 Grey heads
34 C4 Champions
14
Cattle (TLU)Goats (TLU)Cultivated land (ha)
001
2.10.31.6
2.10.21.7
6.70.51.7
Age of HHH (yrs)Education (yrs)Local knowledge (yrs)Off-farm income (%)Family size (AAME)Assets (index)
388
22404.22
478
37504.47
643
47604.93
547
41354.38
Fertilizer use (kg/ha)Manure use (kg/ha)Use of hybrids
00
No
00
Yes
00
No
10.71364Yes
Diversified productionFood secure (months)Cash income (U$S/yr)
No2-8 327
No3-11 445
No3-10 485
Yes3-12 569
C4 C3 C1 C2
Ageofhouseholdhead/ me
Householdassets
C4
C3
C1
C2
Householdestablishment
Householdmaturity
Householddissolu on
Nkayi: Household typologies (3)Predispositions to invest
Cluster 4: Champions
Cluster 1: Young family
Cluster 2: Stepping up
Hanging in Stepping up
Stepping out
Resources
Pro
fit
/ re
sili
en
ce
Stepping up
Cluster 3: Grey heads
Stepping out
Nkayi: Household typologies (4)
Predispositions to invest
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
0 1 2 3 4
Ave
rage
mo
nth
s o
f fo
od
se
curi
ty
Area planted to maize
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
0 2 4 6
Ave
rage
mo
nth
s fo
od
se
curi
ty
Area planted to maize
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
0 1 2 3 4 5
Ave
rage
mo
nth
s fo
od
se
curi
ty
Area planted to maize
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Ave
rge
mo
nth
s fo
od
se
curi
ty
Area planted to maize
Hanging in
Nkayi: community visioning
Entry points for sustainable intensification
Boosting agricultural production through
better crop livestock integration
1. Intensify and diversify crop production
• Increase legume and vegetable
production
• Improve manure management
2. Improve cattle production, offtake and
quality
• Increase crop residue and fodder
production and feeding
• Mechanize crop production to release
cattle for the market
3. Improve market infrastructure and
organization (“also for goats”)
Important factors Structural household typologies: resource endowment (median)
Household typesShare population (%)
C1 Subsistence Old and female
32
C2 Subsistence Young and female
22
C3 Grey headsRichest males
23
C4 Younger maleGoats specialized
14
Cattle (TLU)Goats (TLU)Cultivated land (ha)
1.41.51.4
0 (1.4)1.2 (5.0)1.7 (2.1)
14.75.03.1
04.01.0
Age of HHH (yrs)Education (yrs)Family size (AAME)
603
3.8
41 (36)7 (11)
3.0 (3.8)
595
4.5
479
7.2
Off-take goats (%)Maize yield (kg/ha)Sorghum yield (kg/ha)
90
40
8.5 (0)0 (180)0 (190)
150
55
10.22050
Food secure (months) 4 5 (7) 6 7
Gwanda: Household typologies (1)
Important factors
Householdmaturity
Householdestablishment
Householddissolu on
Ageofhouseholdhead/ me
Householdassets
C1C2
C2-defacto
C3C4
C2C1C3C4
Gwanda: Household typologies (2)Family phases
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
Averagem
onthsoffoodsecurity
Areaplantedtomaize
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
Averagem
onthsoffoodsecurity
Areaplantedtomaize
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
Averagem
onthsoffoodsecurity
Areaplantedtomaize
Cluster 2-defacto
Cluster 2: Hanging in
Cluster 1: Hanging in
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
Averagem
onthsoffoodsecurity
Areaplantedtomaize
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
Averagem
onthsoffoodsecurity
Areaplantedtomaize
Cluster 4: Young males
Hanging in Stepping up
Stepping out
Resources
Pro
fit
/ re
sili
en
ce
Stepping up
Cluster 3: Grey heads
Stepping out
Gwanda: Household typologies (3)
Predispositions to invest
Gwanda: community visioningEntry points for sustainable intensification
Promoting livestock markets to
provide incentives for farmers
1. Strengthen market development
• Improve sale pen management,
auctioning, grading
• Improve access to inputs and
market information
• Enhance fodder production and
pen feeding for market oriented
production
2. Increase crop production
• Improve soil fertility through better
manure management
• Water harvesting technologies
• Pests and disease control
• Identify opportunities for sorghum
Conclusions
•More market oriented crop livestock production is smart for sustainable intensification processes
•Strong growth potential + diversity of farming systems multiple pathways and transitions towards improved systems
•Farmers have different predisposition to invest household typologies can be useful to define context specific interventions in an iterative process
• Involving communities and stakeholders to define such transitions is critical to enhance the local capacity to adjust