Fredrick W. Taylor• (1856-1915) American efficiency engineer, he introduced the manufacturing system known as scientific management that viewed workers as mechanical parts of the production process, not as human beings.

Knights of Labor

• secret society that became the first truly national labor union in the United States.

Terence V. Powderly• 1849-1924) American labor leader for

the Knights of Labor, he removed the secrecy originally surrounding the organization, leading to its becoming the first truly national American labor union.

Samuel Gompers• (1850-1924) American labor leader, he

helped found the American Federation of Labor to campaign for workers’ rights, such as the right to organize boycotts.

American Federation of Labor

•an organization that united skilled workers into national unions for specific industries.

Collective bargaining• a technique used by labor unions in which

workers act collectively to change working conditions or wages.

Mary Harris Jones• (1830-1930) Irish immigrant and American labor leader, she was known as Mother Jones and was a key speaker and organizer. She helped found the Industrial Workers of the World.

Haymarket Riot• May 1886 a riot that erupted at Haymarket

Square in Chicago between protesters and police. It resulted in the deaths of two strikers and the decline of the Knights of Labor.

Homestead Strike• (1892) a labor-union strike at Andrew

Carnegie’s Homestead Steel factory in Pennsylvania that erupted in violence between strikers and private detectives. The fight left workers and Pinkerton guards dead.

Pullman Strike• (1894) a railroad strike that ended when

President Grover Cleveland sent in federal troops.

California Railroad Strike

• (1894) railroad workers in Oakland went on strike in the Bay Area’s first major strike. They halted passenger freight, and mail trains for months.

Colorado Miners’ Strike• the summer of 1893, gold miners at

Cripple Creek, Colorado, went on strike for higher wages and shorter workday.