Post on 08-Jul-2018
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BHAGWAN MAHAVIR COLL
ARCHITECTURE
BUILDING MATERIAL AND CONSTRUCTIO
III
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FORMWORKFORMWORK Requirements
Removal time
Advantages Disadvantage
S!a""olding
Com#onents o"
s!a""olding
T$#es o"
s!a""olding
S%oring
T$#es o"
s%oring
Under#inning
T$#es o"
met%od
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INTRODUCTION
• T%e form work or shuttering is atem#orar$ an!illar$ !onstru!tion used
as a mould "or t%e stru!ture& in '%i!%
!on!rete is #la!ed and in '%i!% it
%ardens and matures(
FORMWORK
Requirements
Removal time
Advantages Disadvantage
S!a""olding
Com#onents o"
s!a""olding
T$#es o"
s!a""olding
S%oring
T$#es o"
s%oring
Under#inning
T$#es o"
met%od
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• )orms are !lassi"ied as 'ooden&
#l$'ood& steel& !om*ined 'ood+
steel& rein"or!ed !on!rete and #lain
!on!rete(
• Tim*er is t%e most !ommon
material used "or "orm 'or,(
• Steel s%uttering is used "or ma-or
'or, '%ere ever$ t%ing is
me!%ani.ed(
• Steel "orm 'or, is made u# o"
steel s%eet
Angle Iron
Tee Iron
• /ooden "orm 'or, !onsists o"
0ro#s
0lan,s *attens
Ledgers
s%eeting
Steel "orm'or,
'ooden "orm'or,
FORMWORK
Requirements
Removal time
Advantages Disadvantage
S!a""olding
Com#onents o"
s!a""olding
T$#es o"
s!a""olding
S%oring
T$#es o"
s%oring
Under#inning
T$#es o"
met%od
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Formwork for la!" # !$am"%•
It !onsists o"• Sole #lates
• /edges
• 0ro#s
• 2ead tree
• 0lan,s
• Batten
• Ledgers
Beam "orm'or, rests on %ead tree
Sla* "orm 'or, rests on *attens and
-oists
I" #ro# %eig%t are more t%an 45
#rovide %ori.ontal *ra!es
FORMWORK
Requirements
Removal time
Advantages Disadvantage
S!a""olding
Com#onents o"
s!a""olding
T$#es o"
s!a""olding
S%oring
T$#es o"
s%oring
Under#inning
T$#es o"
met%od
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L&n'$l or !$am formworkFORMWORK Requirements
Removal time
Advantages Disadvantage
S!a""olding
Com#onents o"
s!a""olding
T$#es o"
s!a""olding
S%oring
T$#es o"
s%oring
Under#inning
T$#es o"
met%od
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Formwork for "'a&r"
It !onsists o"
• 1erti!al in!lined #osts• In!lined mem*ers
• /ooden 0lan,s or
s%eeting
• Stringer
• Riser 0lan,s
FORMWORK
Requirements
Removal time
Advantages Disadvantage
S!a""olding
Com#onents o"
s!a""olding
T$#es o"
s!a""olding
S%oring
T$#es o"
s%oring
Under#inning
T$#es o"
met%od
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RE(UIREMENT
A good "orm 'or, s%ould satis"$ t%e "ollo'ing requirements6
• T%e material o" "orm 'or, s%ould *e !%ea# and it s%ould *e suita*
several time(
• It s%ould *e #ra!ti!all$ 'ater #roo" so t%at it does not a*sor* 'ate
!on!rete( Also its s%rin,age and s'elling s%ould *e minimum(
• It s%ould *e strong enoug% to 'it%stand all loads !oming on it& su!
o" !on!rete and live load during its #ouring& !om#a!tion and !uri
• It s%ould *e sti"" enoug% so t%at de"le!tion is minimum(• It s%ould *e as lig%t as #ossi*le(
• T%e sur"a!e o" t%e "orm 'or, s%ould *e smoot%& and it s%ould a""o
stri##ing(
• All -oints o" t%e "orm 'or, s%ould *e sti"" so t%at lateral de"ormat
is minimum( Also& t%ese -oints s%ould *e lea, #roo"(
• T%e "orm 'or, s%ould rest on non+$ielding su##orts(
FORMWORK
Requirements
Removal time
Advantages
Disadvantage
S!a""olding
Com#onents o"
s!a""olding
T$#es o"
s!a""olding
S%oring
T$#es o"
s%oring
Under#inning
T$#es o"
met%od
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TIME OF REMOVAL OF FORMWO
• Time o" removal o" "orm'or, de#ends on t%e "oll
"a!tors67( T$#e o" !ement
ra#id %ardening !ements require lesser time as !
O0C(
8( Ratio o" !on!rete mi9
ri!% !on!rete ratio gain strengt% earlier as !om#aratio !on!rete(
:( /eat%er !ondition
%$dration #ro!ess a!!elerates in %ot 'eat%er !on
!om#ared to !old and %umid 'eat%er !onditions
FORMWORK
Requirements
Removal time
Advantages Disadvantage
S!a""olding
Com#onents o"
s!a""olding
T$#es o"
s!a""olding
S%oring
T$#es o"
s%oring
Under#inning
T$#es o"
met%od
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TIME OF REMOVAL OF
FORMWORKFORMWORK
Requirements
Removal time
Advantages Disadvantage
S!a""olding
Com#onents o"
s!a""olding
T$#es o"
s!a""olding
S%oring
T$#es o"
s%oring
Under#inning
T$#es o"
met%od
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D&ff$r$n)$ !$'w$$n "'$$l an* woo
Steel Wood
It !an *e #ut to %ig% num*er o" uses( It !an5t *e #ut to %ig% num*er
It #rovides ease o" stri##ing( Stri##ing is !om#arativel$ di"
It is non a*sor*ent( Can *e a*sor*ent(
It ensures an even and smoot%
!on!rete sur"a!e (
Less even and smoot% sur"a!e
steel "orm'or,
It #ossesses greater rigidit$( Rigidit$ is less t%an steel(
It is not lia*le to s%rin,age ordistortion(
0ossi*ilit$ o" 'ar#ing & s'ellis%rin,age(
steel "orm'or, is !om#arativel$ more
!ostl$(
Less !ostlier t%an steel "orm'
FORMWORK
Requirements
Removal time
Di""eren!e *et'een
S!a""olding
Com#onents o"
s!a""olding
T$#es o"
s!a""olding
S%oring
T$#es o"
s%oring
Under#inning
T$#es o"
met%od
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)affol*&n+
• /%en t%e %eig%t o" t%e 'all or !olumn
or ot%er stru!tural mem*er o" a *uildinge9!eeds a*out 7(;m& tem#orar$
stru!tures are needed to su##ort t%e
#lat"orm over '%i!% t%e 'or,men !an
sit and !arr$ on t%e !onstru!tions(
• T%ese tem#orar$ stru!tures& !onstru!ted
ver$ !lose to t%e 'all& is in t%e "orm o"tim*er or steel "rame'or,& !ommonl$
!alled scaffolding.
• Su!% s!a""olding is also needed "or t%e
re#air or demolition o" a *uilding(
FORMWORK
Requirements
Removal time
Advantages Disadvantage
S!a""olding
Com#onents o"
s!a""olding
T$#es o"
s!a""olding
S%oring
T$#es o"
s%oring
Under#inning
T$#es o"
met%od
C ' f ff l*&
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Com,on$n'" of )affol*&n+%
• Standards6 T%e verti!al mem*ers o" t%e "rame+
'or,& su##orted on t%e ground or drums& or
em*edded into t%e ground(
• Ledgers6 T%ese are %ori.ontal mem*ers&running #arallel to t%e 'all(
• Bra!es6 T%e diagonal mem*ers "i9ed on
standards(
• 0ut logs6 t%e transverse mem*ers #la!ed at
rig%t angles to t%e 'all 'it% one end su##orted
on ledgers and ot%er end on t%e 'all(• Transoms6 T%e #utlogs '%ose *ot% ends are
su##orted on ledgers(
• Bridle6 T%e mem*er '%i!% is used to *ridge a 'all
o#ening < su##orts one end o" #utlog at t%e
o#ening(
• Boarding6 t%ese are %ori.ontal #lat"orm to su##ort
'or,men and material< t%ese are su##orted on t%e
FORMWORK
Requirements
Removal time
Advantages Disadvantage
S!a""olding
Com#onents o"
s!a""olding
T$#es o"
s!a""olding
S%oring
T$#es o"
s%oring
Under#inning
T$#es o"
met%od
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T-,$" of )affol*&n+%
• Single s!a""olding(
•Dou*le s!a""olding(
• Cantilever s!a""olding(
• Sus#ended s!a""olding(
• Trestle s!a""olding(
• Steel s!a""olding(
• 0atented s!a""olding(
FORMWORK
Requirements
Removal time
Advantages
Disadvantage
S!a""olding
Com#onents o"
s!a""olding
T$#es o"
s!a""olding
S%oring
T$#es o"
s%oring
Under#inning
T$#es o"
met%od
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./ &n+l$ ")affol*&n+0!r&)k la-$r1" ")affol*&n+2
• T%is !onsists o" a single "rame 'or, o"
standards& ledgers& #utlogs et!(&
!onstru!ted #arallel to t%e 'all at a
distan!e o" a*out 7(8= m interval(• Ledgers !onne!t t%e standard& and are
#rovided at a verti!al interval o" 7(8 to
7(; m(
• 0utlogs are #la!ed 'it% one end on t%e
ledgers and ot%er end in t%e %ole le"t in
t%e 'all& at an interval o" 7(8 to 7(;m(• Guards& *oarding and ot%er mem*ers are
#la!ed as s%o'n in "igure
• Su!% a s!a""olding is !ommonl$ used "or
*ri!, la$ing& and is also !alled putlog
scaffolding (
FORMWORK
Requirements
Removal time
Advantages
Disadvantage
S!a""olding
Com#onents o"
s!a""olding
T$#es o"
s!a""olding
S%oring
T$#es o"
s%oring
Under#inning
T$#es o"
met%od
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3/ Dou!l$ or ma"on1" )affol*&n+• In stone masonar$& it is ver$ di""i!ult to
#rovide %oles in t%e 'all to su##ort #utlogs
• In t%at !ase& a more strong s!a""olding is
used !onsisting o" t'o ro's o" s!a""olding(• Ea!% ro' t%us "orms a se#arate verti!al
"rame 'or,(
• T%e "irst ro' is #la!ed at 8= to := !m a'a$
"rom t%e 'all& '%ile t%e ot%er "rame 'or,
is #la!ed at 7 m distan!e "rom t%e "irst one(
• 0utlogs are t%en su##orted in *ot% t%e
"rames( Ra,ers and !ross+*ra!es are
#rovided to ma,e t%e s!a""olding more
strong and sta*le(
• Su!% a s!a""olding is also !alled
>inde#endent s!a""olding5(
FORMWORK
Requirements
Removal time
Advantages Disadvantage
S!a""olding
Com#onents o"
s!a""olding
T$#es o"
s!a""olding
S%oring
T$#es o"
s%oring
Under#inning
T$#es o"
met%od
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4/CANTILEVER OR NEEDLE CAFF
I( Ground is 'ea, to su##ort standards(
II( Constru!tion o" u##er+#art o" t%e 'all
is to *e !arried out
III( It is required to ,ee# t%e ground& near
'all& "ree "or tra""i! et!( t%e
s!a""olding ma$ *e single t$#e ?#utlog
s!a""olding@& as s%o'n in "igure(
I1( T%e standards are su##orted on series
o" needles ta,en out t%oug% o#ening
or t%roug% %oles in t%e 'all(
1( T%e needles or #ro-e!ting *eams are
strutted inside t%e "loors&t%roug% t%e
o#enings(
FORMWORK
Requirements
Removal time
Advantages Disadvantage
S!a""olding
Com#onents o"
s!a""olding
T$#es o"
s!a""olding
S%oring
T$#es o"
s%oring
Under#inning
T$#es o"
met%od
5 U6ENDED CAFFOLDING
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5/U6ENDED CAFFOLDING
• Lig%t 'eig%t s!a""olding used "or re#air 'or,s su!% as #ointing& #a
• T%e 'or,ing #lat"orm is sus#ended "orm roo"s *$ means o" 'ire ro#
et!(
• T%e #lat"orm !an *e raised or lo'ered at an$ desired level(
• Su!% t$#e o" s!a""olding is used "or #ainting and re#air 'or
inside t%e room& u# to a %eig%t o" ;m( T%e 'or,ing #lat"ormsu##orted on t%e to# o" mova*le !ontrivan!es su!% as tri#od
ladders et!( mounted on '%eels(
7/ TRETLE CAFFOLDING
FORMWORK
Requirements
Removal time
Advantages Disadvantage
S!a""olding
Com#onents o"
s!a""olding
T$#es o"
s!a""olding
S%oring
T$#es o"
s%oring
Under#inning
T$#es o"
met%od
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8/TEEL CAFFOLDING• A steel s!a""olding is #ra!ti!all$
similar to tim*er to tim*er
s!a""olding e9!e#t t%at 'ooden
mem*ers are re#la!ed *$ steeltu*es and ro#e las%ings are
re#la!ed *$ steel !ou#lets or
"ittings(
• It %as greater strengt% & greater
dura*ilit$ and %ig%er "ire
resistan!e ( Its initial !ost is more *ut its salvage value is %ig%er (
• It is e9tensivel$ used t%ese da$s(
)igure s%o's steel s!a""olding
*ot% "or *ri!, 'all as 'ell as stone
'all(
FORMWORK
Requirements
Removal time
Advantages Disadvantage
S!a""olding
Com#onents o"
s!a""olding
T$#es o"
s!a""olding
S%oring
T$#es o"
s%oring
Under#inning
T$#es o"
met%od
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9/ 6a'$n'$* ")affol*&n+
• Man$ #atented s!a""olding& made o" steel& are availa*t%e mar,et(
• T%ese s!a""olding are equi##ed 'it% s#e!ial !ou#ling
"rames et!(
• T%e 'or,ing #lat"orm is su##orted in *ra!,ets '%i!%
*e ad-ust at an$ suita*le %eig%t(
FORMWORK
Requirements
Removal time
Advantages Disadvantage
S!a""olding
Com#onents o"
s!a""olding
T$#es o"
s!a""olding
S%oring
T$#es o"
s%oring
Under#inning
T$#es o"
met%od
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HORING• S%oring is t%e !onstru!tion o" a tem#orar$ stru!ture to su##ort tem
unsa"e stru!ture( T%ese render lateral su##ort to 'all and are used
"ollo'ing !ir!umstan!es 6
?7@ /%en a all s%o's signs o" *ulging out due to *ad 'or,mans%i#(
?8@ '%en a 'all !ra!,s due to unequal settlement o" "oundation &and
needs re#airs(
?:@ /%en an ad-a!ent stru!ture is to *e dismantled(
?@ '%en o#enings are to *e made or enlarged in t%e 'all(
:or$" ma- !$ of ':$ follow&n+ '-,$ %;7( Ran,ing s%ores
8( )l$ing s%ores
:( Dead s%ores
FORMWORK
Requirements
Removal time
Advantages Disadvantage
S!a""olding
Com#onents o"
s!a""olding
T$#es o"
s!a""olding
S%oring
T$#es o"
s%oring
Under#inning
T$#es o"
met%od
R k& :
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Rak&n+ ":or$"• In t%is met%od & in!lined mem*ers& !alled
ra,ers are used to give lateral su##ort to
t%e 'all & as s%o'n in "igure(
• T%e 'all #late& a*out 8= to 8; !m 'ide and
to ; to (;!m t%i!, is #la!ed verti!all$along t%e "a!e o" t%e 'all and is se!ured *$
means o" needles o"7=!m (;!m (
• T%e needles are "urt%er strengt%ened *$
mean o" !leat '%i!% are nailed dire!tl$ to
t%e 'all #late(
• Ran,ers a*ut against t%e needles in su!%
'a$ t%at t%e !entre line o" t%e ra,ers and
'all meet as same level
• T%ere 'ill *e one ra,ers !orres#onding to
ea!% "loor
• T%e "eet o" ra,ers are !onne!ted to an
in!lined sole #late &em*edded into t%e
ground *$ means o" iron dogs(
FORMWORK
Requirements
Removal time
Advantages Disadvantage
S!a""olding
Com#onents o"
s!a""olding
T$#es o"
s!a""olding
S%oring
T$#es o"
s%oring
Under#inning
T$#es o"
met%od
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Follow&n+ ,o&n'" ar$ no'$ wor':-
7( Ra,ers s%ould *e in!lined to t%e ground *$ ; to ma,e t%em mo
(%o'ever in #ra!tise& t%e angle ma$ var$ "rom ; to ; to# ra,e
in!lined stee#er t%an ;(8( "or tall *uildings& t%e lengt% o" ra,er !an *e redu!ed *$ introdu
:( Ra,ers s%ould *e #ro#erl$ *ra!ed at intervals(
( T%e si.e o" ra,er s%ould *e de!ided on t%e *asis o" anti!i#ated t
;( T%e !entre line o" a ra,er and t%e 'all s%ould meet at "loor leve
( I" longer lengt% o" t%e 'all needs su##ort &s%oring ma$ *e s#a!e
s#a!ing & de#ending u#on t%e requirement(
( T%e sole #late s%ould *e #ro#erl$ em*edded into t%e ground& at
s%ould *e o" #ro#er se!tion(
4( /edges s%ould not *e used on sole #lates sin!e t%e$ are li,el$ t
vi*rations '%i!% are li,el$ to o!!ur(
FORMWORK
Requirements
Removal time
Advantages Disadvantage
S!a""olding
Com#onents o"
s!a""olding
T$#es o"
s!a""olding
S%oring
T$#es o"
s%oring
Under#inning
T$#es o"
met%od
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FL
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Fl-&n+ ":or$" )on"&"'" ,ar'"%
7( /all #late
8( Needles
:( Cleats
( Struts
;( 2ori.ontal s%ores
( Straining #ie!es
( )olding 'edges
FORMWORK
Requirements
Removal time
Advantages Disadvantage
S!a""olding
Com#onents o"
s!a""olding
T$#es o"
s!a""olding
S%oring
T$#es o"
s%oring
Under#inning
T$#es o"
met%od
6 & ' k ' & & * :&l '& ': f
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6o&n' k$,' &n m&n* w:&l$ $r$)'&n+ ':$ f
":or$" %;
7( T%e !entre lines o" "l$ing s%ores an struts an t%ose o" t%e 'all s%ould meet
t%e t'o *uildings(
8( I" t%e "loor levels are di""erent & t%e %ori.ontal s%ore s%ould *e #la!ed eit%
*et'een levels o" t%e t'o "loor o" equal strengt% &or it s%ould #la!ed at t%e
"loor(
:( T%e struts s%ould #re"era*l$ *e in!lined at ; ( In no !ase s%ould t%is in!li
( Single s%ores s%ould *e used onl$ u#to m distan!e *et'een 'all( )or gr
&dou*le s%ores s%ould *e #rovided(
( t%e "l$ing s%ores *e s#a!ed at : to (; m !entre& along t%e t'o 'all &and %s%ould *e introdu!ed *et'een ad-a!ent s%ores(
;( Large "a!tor o" sa"et$ s%ould *e used "or determining se!tions o" various m
s%oring& sin!e it is ver$ di""i!ult to assess t%e a!tual loads(
( )l$ing s%ores are inserted '%en t%e old *uilding is *eing removed & and s%
#osition till t%e ne' unit is !onstru!ted(
FORMWORK
Requirements
Removal time
Advantages Disadvantage
S!a""olding
Com#onents o"
s!a""olding
T$#es o"
s!a""olding
S%oring
T$#es o"
s%oring
Under#inning
T$#es o"
met%od
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DEAD OR VERTICAL HORE
• Su!% t$#e o" s%oring !onsists o" verti!al
mem*ers ,no'n as Fdead shores su##orting
%ori.ontal mem*ers ,no'n as Fneedle(• T%e needle trans"er t%e load o" t%e 'all et!( to
t%e dead s%ores( Su!% s%oring is #rovided to
serve t%e "ollo'ing #ur#ose 6
7( To re*uild t%e de"e!tive lo'er #art o" t%e
'all(
8( To re*uild or dee#en t%e e9isting "oundation(
:( To ma,e large o#ening in t%e e9isting 'all at
lo'er level(
FORMWORK
Requirements
Removal time
Advantages Disadvantage
S!a""olding
Com#onents o"
s!a""olding
T$#es o"
s!a""olding
S%oring
T$#es o"
s%oring
Under#inning
T$#es o"
met%od
• 2oles are made in t%e 'all at suita*le %eig%t( Needles& '%i!%
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2oles are made in t%e 'all at suita*le %eig%t( Needles& '%i!%
made o" t%i!, 'ooden se!tion or o" steel& are inserted in %oles(
• Ea!% needle is su##orted at its t'o ends *$ verti!al #osts or de
s%ores( T%e dead s%ores stands a'a$ "rom t%e 'alls so t%at re#
'or, is not o*stru!ted( T%e s%ores are su##orted on sole #lates
and "olding 'edges(
FORMWORK
Requirements
Removal time
Advantages Disadvantage
S!a""olding
Com#onents o"
s!a""olding
T$#es o"
s!a""olding
S%oring
T$#es o"
s%oring
Under#inning
T$#es o"
met%od
• T%e "ollo'ing #oints are note 'ort%$ 6
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• T%e "ollo'ing #oints are note 'ort%$ 6
7( T%e se!tion o" needle and dead s%ores s%ould *e adequate to trans"er t%e
'%i!% !an estimated 'it% "air degree o" a!!ura!$(
8( T%e needle are s#a!ed at 7 to 8 meters( A minimum o" t%ree needles s%ou
"or an o#ening(
:( t%e needle s%ould *e suita*l$ *ra!ed(
( I" t%e o#ening is made in an e9ternal 'all& t%e lengt% o" outer dead s%or
greater t%an t%e inner ones(
;( T%e dead s%ores are su##orted an sole #lates( )olding 'edges s%ould *e i
*et'een t%e t'o( It is #re"era*le to use one single sole #late *et'een dea
a ro'(
( T%e "loor s%ould *e suita*l$ su##orted "rom inside(
( I" t%e e9ternal 'all is 'ea,& ran,ing s%ores ma$ *e #rovide& in addition tos%ores(
4( S%ores s%ould *e removed onl$ '%en t%e ne' 'or, %as gained su""i!ien
But in no !ase earlier t%an da$s o" t%e !om#letion o" ne' 'or,( T%e ne
s%ould %ave #ro#er strutting(
( T%e sequen!e o" removal s%ould *e 6 ?7@ needles ?8@ strutting "rom o#eni
"loor strutting inside ?@ ra,ing s%ores i" an$( An interval o" 8 da$s s%ould
allo'ed *et'een ea!% one o" t%ese removal o#erations(
FORMWORK
Requirements
Removal time
Advantages Disadvantage
S!a""olding
Com#onents o"
s!a""olding
T$#es o"
s!a""olding
S%oring
T$#es o"
s%oring
Under#inning
T$#es o"
met%od
UNDER6INNING
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UNDER6INNING• T%e #ro!ess o" #la!ing a ne' "oundation under an e9isting one or
strengt%ening an e9isting "oundation is !alled underpinning o"
"oundation(
• Under#inning ma$ *e required to serve t%e "ollo'ing #ur#ose6
7( To strengt%en t%e s%allo' "oundation o" e9isting *uilding '%en a
*uilding 'it% dee# "oundation is to *e !onstru!ted ad-oining it(
8( To strengt%en e9isting "oundation '%i!% %as settled and !aused !ra
in t%e 'all(
:( To dee#en t%e e9isting "oundation ?resting on #oor strata@ so as to
on dee#er soil strata o" %ig%er *earing #o'er(
( To !onstru!t a *asement in t%e e9isting *uilding (
•/ Under#inning !an *e !arried out *$ t%e "ollo'ing met%ods6
7( 0it met%od 8( 0ile met%od
:( C%emi!al met%od ( Ot%er met%od
FORMWORK
Requirements
Removal time
Advantages Disadvantage
S!a""olding
Com#onents o"
s!a""olding
T$#es o"
s!a""olding
S%oring
T$#es o"
s%oring
Under#inning
T$#es o"
met%od
./6IT METHOD
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• In t%is met%od& t%e entire lengt% o" t%e
"oundation to *e under#inned is divided
into se!tions o" 7(8 to 7(; m lengt%s(
• One se!tion is ta,en u# at a time(• )oe ea!% se!tion& a %ole is made in t%e
'all& a*ove t%e #lint% level& and needle
is inserted in t%e %ole(
• Needles ma$ *e eit%er o" stout tim*er or
steel se!tion(
• Bearing #lates are #la!ed a*ove t%e
needle to su##ort t%e masonar$ a*ove it(
• Needle is su##orted on eit%er side o" t%e
'all on !ri* su##orts ?'ooden *lo!,s@
and !re' -a!,s(
• T%e "oundation #it is t%en e9!avated u#
to t%e desired level and ne' "oundation
is laid(
FORMWORK
Requirements
Removal time
Advantages Disadvantage
S!a""olding
Com#onents o"
s!a""olding
T$#es o"
s!a""olding
S%oring
T$#es o"
s%oring
Under#inning
T$#es o"
met%od
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• /%en t%e 'or, o" one se!tion is over&
'or, on ne9t to ne9t se!tion is ta,en
u#& i(e(H alternate se!tions are
under#inned in t%e "irst round& and t%en
t%e remaining se!tions are ta,en u#(
• )igure s%o's t%e se!tion( I" t%e 'all to *e under#inned is 'ea,& ra,ing s%ores
ma$ *e #rovided(
• Similarl$& t%e "loors ma$ also *e
su##orted& i" required(
• I" an interior strong !olumn e9ists& or i"
t%e "oundation is to *e e9tended onl$ to
one side& !antilever needle *eams ma$
*e used in t%e #la!e o" !entral needle
*eam& as s%o'n in "igure
• a!, is #la!ed *et'een t%e !olumn and
t%e 'all(
FORMWORK
Requirements
Removal time
Advantages Disadvantage
S!a""olding
Com#onents o"
s!a""olding
T$#es o"
s!a""olding
S%oring
T$#es o"
s%oring
Under#inning
T$#es o"
met%od
• T%e "ollo'ing #oints are note+'ort%$ in t%e #it met%od 6
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g # $ #
7( Alternate se!tions are ta,en u# in t%e "irst round( T%e rema
are t%en ta,en u#( Onl$ one se!tion s%ould *e ta,en u# at a
8( I" t%e 'all is long&t%e 'or, is started "rom t%e middle&and i
*ot% t%e dire!tions (
( I" t%e ne' "oundation is dee#er & #ro#er tim*ering o" t%e "o
ma$ *e done( T%e needle *eam et!( s%ould *e removed onl
"oundation %as gained strengt%(
;( It is desira*le to do t%e ne' "oundation 'or, in !on!rete(
( T%e needle %oles et!( s%ould *e !losed in masonr$ using !e
FORMWORK
Requirements
Removal time
Advantages Disadvantage
S!a""olding
Com#onents o"
s!a""olding
T$#es o"
s!a""olding
S%oring
T$#es o"
s%oring
Under#inning
T$#es o"
met%od
3 6ILE METHOD
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3/6ILE METHOD• 0iles are driven at regular interval
along *ot% t%e sides o" t%e 'all(
• Generall$& *ore %ole #iles or under+
reamed #iles ma$ *e used(• T%e #iles are !onne!ted *$ !on!rete or
steel needles& #enetrating t%oug% t%e
'all(
• T%ese *eam in!identall$ a!t as #ile!a#s also(
• T%is met%od is ver$ mu!% use"ul in
!la$e$ soils& and also in 'ater+logged
areas(
• T%e e9isting "oundation is ver$ mu!%
relieved o" t%e load(
FORMWORK
Requirements
Removal time
Advantages Disadvantage
S!a""olding
Com#onents o"
s!a""olding
T$#es o"
s!a""olding
S%oring
T$#es o"
s%oring
Under#inning
T$#es o"
met%od
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4/C:$m&)al m$':o*• In t%is met%od t%e "oundation soil is !onsolidated *$ em#lo$in
!%emi!als(
• 0er"orated #i#es are driven in an in!lined dire!tion *eneat% t%e"oundation ( T%e slo#es are #rovided su!% t%at t%e entire area u
t%e e9isting "ooting !omes under t%e area used to *e strengt%en
• A"ter t%e #i#es are installed& solution o" sodium sili!ate in 'ate
in-e!ted t%roug% t%e #i#es( T%is is a t'o+in-e!tion met%od( T%e
are 'it%dra'n and at t%e time o" 'it%dra'al o" #i#es& !al!ium
magnesium !%loride is in-e!ted t%roug% #i#es(• C%emi!al rea!tion ta,es #la!e *et'een t%ese t'o !%emi!als an
soil is strengt%ened *$ !onsolidation( T%is met%od is suita*le "
granular soils
FORMWORK
Requirements
Removal time
Advantages Disadvantage
S!a""olding
Com#onents o"
s!a""olding
T$#es o"
s!a""olding
S%oring
T$#es o"
s%oring
Under#inning
T$#es o"
met%od
5 O':$r m$':o*
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5/ O':$r m$':o*• Ot%er met%ods are !ement grouting& "ree.ing&
vi*ro"loatation& et!(
• Grouting 6 Sin,%ole Under#inning is a met%od o"
sin,%ole re#air '%ere "oundation su##orts !alled #iersare #la!ed all t%e 'a$ around t%e #erimeter o" t%e
#ro#ert$ ?and sometimes inside tooJ@ to su##ort t%e load
*earing !om#onents o" t%e %ouse( /it% t%ese steel #iers&
%ouses !an *e raised *a!, '%ere elevations %ave dro##ed
and stru!tures !an *e re leveled( T%e *est 'a$ to imagine
t%is #ro!ess is to t%in, o" a *ea!% %ouse& onl$ all t%e steel
#iers are under t%e ground ?and mu!% dee#er@(• Vibrofloatation 6 In t%is met%od t%e under#inning is
!arried out *$ vi*rating t%e sand and t%ere*$ in!reasing
its densit$ '%i!% ultimatel$ results in t%e in!rease o"
*earing !a#a!it$ o" soil( T%is met%od is use"ul "or
granular or sand$ soil(
)ORM/ORK
Requirements
Removal time
Advantages Disadvantage
S!a""olding
Com#onents o"
s!a""olding
T$#es o"
s!a""olding
S%oring
T$#es o"
s%oring
Under#inning
T$#es o"
met%od
'ru''&n+)ORM/ORK
http://championfoundation.com/sinkhole-underpinning/http://championfoundation.com/sinkhole-underpinning/
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'ru''&n+
• Strutting s$stem are ado#ted '%en
additional restraints is required to!ontrol t%e eart% retaining 'all
movement or de"le!tion(
• T%ere are mainl$ 8 !ommon t$#es o"
strutting s$stems6
7( 2ori.ontal strutting s$stem and8( In!linera,er strutting s$stem(
O /O
Requirements
Removal time
Advantages
DisadvantageS!a""olding
Com#onents o"
s!a""olding
T$#es o"
s!a""olding
S%oring
T$#es o"
s%oring
Under#inning
T$#es o"
met%od
Strutting
)ORM/ORK
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Requirements
Removal time
Advantages
DisadvantageS!a""olding
Com#onents o"
s!a""olding
T$#es o"
s!a""olding
S%oring
T$#es o"
s%oring
Under#inning
T$#es o"
met%od
Strutting
Strutting
Solid
2erring+ *one
Types of Strutting