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Customer Training Material
Lecture 2Lecture 2
Volume of Fluid Model in Fluent
Multiphase FlowMultiphase Flow Modeling using ANSYS FLUENT
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FLUENT
Volume of Fluid Model in Fluent
Customer Training MaterialWelcome! Welcome to the ANSYS Advanced Multiphase training course! This training course covers the details of modeling multiphase using the
Volume of fluid (VOF) model of ANSYS Fluent. It is intended for all advanced ANSYS Fluent users who wish to use VOF
multiphase model Course Objectives:
General understanding of the applicability and the equations of the VOF model General understanding of the applicability and the equations of the VOF model Understanding the sub-models available with VOF model including surface
tension, coupled level set and turbulence dampening Suggestions on the boundary conditions Suggestions on solver options available for modeling implicit and explicit
and their scope Suggestions on the discretization schemes available for tracking interface and
their scopetheir scope Examples from industrial applications showcasing the capability of the model
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Volume of Fluid Model in Fluent
Customer Training MaterialApplicability of the Volume of Fluid Model VOF model is used to model immiscible fluids
with clearly defined interface. Two gases cannot be modeled since they mix at the Interface
length larger
VOF Applicable
molecular level. Liquid/liquid interfaces can be modeled as long as
the two liquids are immiscible.VOF i t i t if i t f l th i ll
length larger than grid
VOF is not appropriate if interface length is small compared to a computational grid
Accuracy of VOF decreases with interface length scale getting closer to the computational grid scale
Interface length scale larger than
computational idscale getting closer to the computational grid scale
Typical problems: Jet breakup
M ti f l b bbl i li idVOF Not Applicable
grid
Motion of large bubbles in a liquid Motion of liquid after a dam break Steady or transient tracking of any liquid-gas
interface
Interface length scale is smaller than
grid
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interface grid
Volume of Fluid Model in Fluent
Customer Training MaterialVolume of Fluid Model Inputs Arbitrary number of phases are
allowed Phases are defined through phases
panel
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Volume of Fluid Model in Fluent
Customer Training MaterialSolver compatibility for VOF model Solver
Only pressure-based solver is available.
VOF model can be run in both Steady and Unsteady mode (unsteady mode is most often used)most often used).
Gravity should be enabled for most VOF cases.
Non-Iterative TimeNon Iterative Time Advancement (NITA) may be used with VOF model for unsteady mode.
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Volume of Fluid Model in Fluent
Customer Training MaterialVolume of Fluid Model Schemes VOF Scheme controls how phase
continuity (volume fraction through which interface is tracked) equation is solved.
Explicit VOF Default and used only with unsteady simulation which is also default
Begin time step
Solve VOF
Solve Momentumand Pressure
Solve VOF
Iterations
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Explicit VOFIterations
Volume of Fluid Model in Fluent
Customer Training MaterialNumerical schemes for VOF model Explicit Scheme
Explicit scheme solves the volume fraction in sub time steps.
Number of sub time steps is dictated by the value of the Courant number.The default value 0 25 is robust The default value 0.25 is robust and should not be changed.
1+nTT
Interface location update
nT
nT
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Interface location update during one time step
Volume of Fluid Model in Fluent
Customer Training MaterialNumerical schemes for VOF model Implicit Scheme
Implicit scheme solves phase continuity equation (volume fraction) it ti l t th ith titeratively together with momentum and pressure.
Available with both steady and unsteady simulationunsteady simulation
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Customer Training MaterialExplicit Vs Implicit schemesTradeoff between explicit and implicit VOF schemes Explicit Scheme
Advantages Allows use of Geo-Reconstruct discretization scheme
Georeconstruct
for VOF. This scheme renders a clear, crisp interface without numerical diffusion.
Should be used in simulation of flows where surface tension is important because of highly accurate curvature calculation.
Disadvantages Poor convergence for skewed meshes. Poor convergence if phases are compressible.
Implicit Scheme Advantages
Does not have Courant number limitation can be run with large time steps or in steady state mode.
Can be used with poor mesh quality and for complex flows (e.g. compressible).
Disadvantages Numerical diffusion of interface does not allow
accurate prediction of interface curvature so
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accurate prediction of interface curvature so accurate prediction of flows where surface tension is important is not feasible.
Modified HRIC
Volume of Fluid Model in Fluent
Customer Training MaterialVolume of Fluid Model Inputs Implicit body force
Designed for flows with large body forces.
Gravity acting on phases with large density difference.
Flows with large rotational accelerations (such as centrifugal ( gseparators and/or rotating machinery).
The force is handled in robust numerical manner.
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Volume of Fluid Model in Fluent
Customer Training MaterialOptions for modeling open channel flows Open Channel Flow option
Applicable to flows where both inertia and gravity are dominant with known depths of the liquid at the inlets or outletsp q
Example Ship moving through the sea at depth yin and speed Vin
Prescribe yin and Vin at inlet and yout at the outlet. Charectarised by Froude Number , Fr =
V/ sqrt(g y)V/ sqrt(g y) Upsteam boundary conditions
Pressure inlet Mass flow inlet
Downstream boundary conditions Pressure outlet Outflow
y
i
n
y
o
u
t
inVr
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in
Volume of Fluid Model in Fluent
Customer Training MaterialWave bc for open channel flow Open Channel Wave BC Option
First order or linear wave theory is applicable for shallow to deep liquid depth ranges
Higher order or non-linear wave theories are applicable for intermediate to deep liquid
Wave Input Analysis Through TUI
applicable for intermediate to deep liquid depth range.
Choice of Wave theory (within wave breaking limit) :
Wave theories should be chosen in accordance with wave steepness (wave h i ht/ l th)height/ wave length)
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Customer Training MaterialControlling interface sharpness Zonal Discretization Option This option provides diffusive
or sharp interface modeling inor sharp interface modeling in different fluid (cell)zones based on the value of zone dependent slope limiter.dependent slope limiter.
Slope Limiter (Beta) Scheme
Beta = 0 First Order Upwind
Beta = 1 Second order upwind
Beta = 2 Compressive
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(Zone 1) (Zone 2) (Zone 3) 0 < Beta < 1 , 1 < Beta < 2
Blended scheme
Volume of Fluid Model in Fluent
Customer Training MaterialBounded Gradient Maximization (BGM)
BGM scheme is introduced to obtain sharp interfaces with the VOF model, comparable to that obtained by the Geometric Reconstruction scheme.
Currently this scheme is available only with the steady state solver.
Steady state schemes comparison
Speed HRIC ~ Compressive > BGM
Sharpness BGM > Compressive > HRIC
Stability HRIC > Compressive > BGM
Best Practices : Lower under-relaxation for vof might be needed for gbetter stability. Switching to BGM at later stage for sharp interface.
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Customer Training MaterialTurbulence Damping
Turbulence damping at the interface The mesh at the free surface is not
fi h t t th l itfine enough to capture the velocity gradients correctly. The turbulent quantities are over predicted due to this higher velocity gradients.this higher velocity gradients.
Turbulence damping helps in getting correct profiles with coarse meshes
This treatment is available only for k-yomega turbulence model
Source term is added for the omega equation in the interfacial cells which qenforces the high value of omega and thus produces turbulence damping.
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Volume of Fluid Model in Fluent
Customer Training MaterialVolume of Fluid Model Inputs
Definition of phases Any phase can be primary or secondary not important in VOF
d lmodel. Usual practice is to have secondary phase which has less
presence in the domain Three ways phases Three ways phases may interact in VOF
Mass exchange Heterogeneous g
reactions Surface tension with
optional wall adhesioneffecteffect
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Volume of Fluid Model in Fluent
Customer Training MaterialModeling using surface tension Surface Tension
Surface tension coefficient can be constant or function of variables (often temperature)
Pressure difference is equal to surface tension coefficient times sum of inverse curvature radii
significance of surface tension
+=
2112
11RR
PPFor 3D:depends on the Reynolds number:
For Re > 1, evaluate the Weber number:
Surface tension is important
21= UCa
2We UL= Surface tension is important
when We >>1 or Ca
Volume of Fluid Model in Fluent
Customer Training MaterialWorking with wall adhesion Wall adhesion
Wall adhesion force is a measure of the cohesive forces acting between the fluid and walls.Adh i i i t t h d li Adhesion is important when modeling meniscus shapes and/or wettability.
Jump Adhesion contact angle specification at porous
jump boundaryjump boundary
Gas
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Liquido7=w
Volume of Fluid Model in Fluent
Customer Training MaterialWorking with surface tension In standard VOF methods, the curvature calculations are based on volume
fraction fields Interface sharpening schemes provide discontinuous or sharply changing
l f ti l t i t fvolume fractions close to interface Calculation of curvature based on volume fractions can be inaccurate and
cause convergence issues in problems dominated by surface tension Two options can be used to address them Two options can be used to address them
Use node based smoothening of VOF field for curvature calculations (Default option )
Use Coupled Level set + VOF method Node based smoothing done using TUI
Number of smoothings can be increased to 2 or 3
For higher smoothings the relaxation factor can be set to
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0.9Better curvature calculations
Volume of Fluid Model in Fluent
Customer Training MaterialCoupled Level set + VOF method Coupled Level set + VOF method The method uses a level set function defined as
distance from the interface The function is smoothly varying compared to
volume fraction fields The level set function is used for calculating
curvaturecurvature Better calculations obtained for curvature in
surface tension dominated flows Advantages Advantages Works better for surface tension dominated flows No requirement for VOF smoothing
Di d t Disadvantages Recommended only for geo-reconstruct scheme Requires finer meshes compared to just VOF runs
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Volume of Fluid Model in Fluent
Customer Training MaterialModeling Heterogeneous reactions Heterogeneous reactions Example of heterogeneous reaction simulating evaporation of water into
vapor-air atmosphere Gas phase is mixture of vapor and air species Liquid phase is mixture of water and species
Gas(air + vapor species)
Liquid(water species)
Evaporation rate at free surface
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at free surface
Volume of Fluid Model in Fluent
Customer Training Material
Pressure velocity coupling
Solver Settings Explicit VOF Formulation Pressure-velocity coupling
PISO recommended for incompressible flow
SIMPLE recommended for compressible flows or flows in closed domainsdomains.
Under-relaxation factors Pressure discretization
Pressure Body Force Weighted for high body force (rotation). Otherwise, use PRESTO!
Volume frac discretization Geo-Reconstruct (default) no
numerical diffusion, high accuracy g ycurvature, needs high quality grid.
Compressive for large jobs Compressive for medium
quality grids
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Volume of Fluid Model in Fluent
Customer Training MaterialSolver Settings Explicit VOF Formulation Variable time stepping Scheme for explicit VOF Automatically adjusts the
time step based on Global Courant number
Controls can be provided ffor
Max and min time steps used
Change factor for time gsteps
It is useful for explicit problems as the time step determines the stability for speed of the solution
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Volume of Fluid Model in Fluent
Customer Training MaterialSolver Settings Implicit VOF Formulation
When Implicit is chosen as the VOF formulation, an under-relaxation factor for the volume fraction equation is addedequation is added
Compressive is the recommended discretization
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Volume of Fluid Model in Fluent
Customer Training MaterialBounded Second Order Time Formulation Second order accuracy with better stability
compared to existing second order time formulation.
Larger time step size compared to first order Larger time step size compared to first order and second order implicit (Adams Bashforth) scheme.
It is available with all models (single phase/multiphase) using pressure based solverphase/multiphase) using pressure based solver except for MDM.
Bounded by the lower and upper bounds for any variables based on availability of bounds. (For eg volume fraction species mass(For eg. , volume fraction, species mass fraction, turbulent K.E, turbulent dissipation)
Schemes comparisonAccuracy Bounded Second order ~ Second order > First orderAccuracy Bounded Second order Second order > First order
Speed First order > Second order > Bounded second order
Stability First order > Bounded second order > second order
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Volume of Fluid Model in Fluent
Customer Training MaterialComparison of schemes Comparison of schemes : Pure advection of shapes
Need to point out what to compare, 1st order versus 2nd order implicit? Then both need to be implicit?
Compressive CICSAM Modified HRIC Compressive Modified HRIC
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VOF Explicit, First order time VOF Implicit, Second order time
p
Volume of Fluid Model in Fluent
Customer Training MaterialVolume of Fluid Model Inputs
Operating conditions Specify the Reference
P L tiPressure Location Specified Operating Density
Density of the lightest phasey g pIf a phase is compressible,
provide Zero for operating densitydensity
3kg/m2251= 3kg/m2998=ref kg/m225.1= ref kg/m2.998= Choice of large density as reference will result in incorrect display of pressure distribution
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Pressure distribution in the dam break examplepressure distribution
Volume of Fluid Model in Fluent
Customer Training MaterialVolume of Fluid Model Inputs
How to prescribe boundary conditions Velocity inlet Only one phase can enter; therefore, only one phase can
have inlet volume fraction set to 1 and nonzero inlet velocity. All inputs for other phases are irrelevant.
Mass flow inlet Same as above. Only one phase can have nonzero mass flow rate Inputs for all phases are irrelevantmass flow rate. Inputs for all phases are irrelevant.
Pressure inlet Same as above. Only one phase can have inlet volume fraction of 1. Inputs for all other phases are irrelevant.
In order to facilitate convergence for pressure inlet, it is advisable to patchIn order to facilitate convergence for pressure inlet, it is advisable to patch VOF of incoming to 1 for the cell layer adjacent to the pressure inlet.
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Volume of Fluid Model in Fluent
Customer Training MaterialVolume of Fluid Model Inputs How to prescribe boundary conditions
Pressure outlet Be careful which VOF you specify as backflow VOF! Consider ink jet injected into atmosphere
Liquid ink(secondary phase)
Air(primary phase)
Pressure outlet
Ink velocity inlet
Pressure outlet(atmosphere)
Backflow VOF of ink phase at atmosphere is zero
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Volume of Fluid Model in Fluent
Customer Training MaterialSolution Strategies Time Dependence How to choose transient time step for VOF calculations
Time step in Solve panel can be estimated as
V 3/1
where Vcell,min can be obtained from the Grid Check panel and U is the velocity scale of the problem (e g inlet velocity)
UV
t mincell,=
velocity scale of the problem (e.g. inlet velocity). If divergence occurs at first time step, decrease time step by factor of 10
and see if it converges. Ideally, you should converge each time step in around 10-15 iterations.around 10 15 iterations.
Start with smaller time step size for a few time steps, and then increase the time step size.
If divergence persists, try switching off Skewness-Neighbor Coupling in g p y g g p gthe Solution Controls panel.
Non-iterative time advancement (NITA) reduces computational effort per time step in comparison with iterative schemes (SIMPLE, PISO)
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Use variable time stepping for explicit schemes to optimize time steps
Volume of Fluid Model in Fluent
Customer Training MaterialSolution Strategies Common Mistakes Outflow boundary condition is not recommended for multiphase
flows. Outflow can be used only when you select open channel flow bc.
At any inlet or outlet, only one phase must enter or exit. This means that on any flow boundary, the volume fraction must be either 0 or 1. No intermediate values should be used.
Operating density should be of the lightest phase.p g y g p
Back flow vof at the outlet boundary.
Interface update scheme is most sensitive to grid quality. It is advisable to put highest quality mesh in areas where the interface is expected
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expected.
Volume of Fluid Model in Fluent
Customer Training MaterialSolution Strategies Common Mistakes Smooth, good quality mesh is essential to good convergence of VOF
model.
Cells which have large skewness, high aspect ratio, or large size variation are detrimental to convergence rate. Good Bad
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Good Bad
Volume of Fluid Model in Fluent
Customer Training MaterialComparison of interface construction schemes
Interfacescheme
Implicit Explicit Accuracy Speedscheme
First order R K Not recommended Not recommendedSecond order R K Not recommended Not recommended
QUICK R R Low HighQUICK R R Low HighModified HRIC R R Medium High
CICSAM K R High MediumCompressive R R High Medium to High
Georeconstruct K R Very high Low to mediumBGM R K Very high Low to mediumBGM R K y g
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VOF M d l E lVOF Model Examples
Tank FillingSlug Flow in a PipeSlug Flow in a Pipe3D Falling BoxSpinning Gear
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p g
Volume of Fluid Model in Fluent
Customer Training Material
Simple filling of a vessel
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Customer Training MaterialVOF Example Automobile Fuel Tank Sloshing
Sloshing of liquid in an automotive fuel tank under various acceleratingvarious accelerating conditions is simulated by the VOF model in FLUENT.
Simulation shows the tank Simulation shows the tank with internal baffles will keep the fuel intake orifice fully submerged at all times, while the intake orifice is out of the Fuel Tank Without Bafflest = 1.05 sec
t = 2.05 secthe intake orifice is out of the fuel at certain times for the tank without internal baffles.
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Fuel Tank With Baffles
Volume of Fluid Model in Fluent
Customer Training MaterialVOF Example Slugging in a horizontal pipe Turbulence Damping treatment was used at the free surface
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Customer Training MaterialVOF Example Wave Interaction with a Floating Structure MDM (Moving Deforming Mesh), 6DOF (6 Degrees of Freedom)and
Open channel Wave BC along with VOF model was used
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Customer Training MaterialVOF Example 3D Falling Box MDM and 6DOF with VOF model was used to simulate a box falling
into liquid.
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Customer Training MaterialFree Surface Flow around a Spinning Gear Sliding mesh model with VOF
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Customer Training MaterialDroplet formation in cross-flow emulsification process
Comparison of coupled level set with VOF
Geometry Channel ( t )(water)
x 130 m y 45 m z 90 mz 90 m Geometry Pore (oil) Diameter 10 m Height 10 m Max droplet size: 40 m Downstream length 100
m, 2.5 times covers Height 90 m 2 25 times Height 90 m, 2.25 times
covers
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Customer Training MaterialComparison of interface: BGM and mod HRIC
HRIC HRIC
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VOF contours (velocity along 140 )
BGM BGM
VOF contours (Zoomed near the interface)Flow over a bump
Volume of Fluid Model in Fluent
Customer Training MaterialSummary VOF is an Eulerian fixed-grid technique.
VOF is numerically robust and accurate.VOF is numerically robust and accurate.
Available in conjunction with most other ANSYS FLUENT models.Not available with the following reacting flow models: Not available with the following reacting flow models:
Eddy dissipation concept Premixed, non-premixed, partially premixed Composition PDFp NOx and soot
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