First Exam Thursday 15 February 2018Covers Chapters 1-4, 6-7 plus Chapter 16and first 8 lectures, 5 discussions, plus 8 Readings:

Scientific Methods Natural SelectionOn Human Nature Our Hunter-Gatherer HeritageEvolution of Uncaring HumanoidsUnburnable OilPopulation GrowthEvolution’s Problem Gamblers

Lecture # 8 Spring 2018

Great Auk

Emperor penguin

Marine Diatoms

Pliocene Era5.333 million to 2.58 million years BP

Rainshadow Effect

ClimographsPlot averageMonthly TemperatureAgainstAverage MonthlyPrecipitation

Two plots of temperature against moisture. (a) Climographs for an area in Montana where the Hungarian partridge was introduced successfully and a Missouri locality where its introduction failed, compared to the average climatic conditions of its European geographic range. Apparently Missouri summers are too hot and/or too wet for these birds. (b) Plots of temperature versus relative humidity in 1927 and 1932 in Israel superimposed on optimal (inner rectangle) and favorable (outer rectangle) conditions for the Mediterranean fruit fly.

World Net of Weather Stations

The Interface between Climate and Vegetation

The Interface between Climate and Vegetation

Plant Life Forms and BiomesTundraTaiga (northern coniferous forest, spruce forest)Temperate Deciduous forestTemperate Rain forest Tropical Rain forestTropical Deciduous forestTropical Scrub forest Temperate grassland and savannaChaparral (“Mediteranean”)Desert (warm, cold)Mountains (complex zonation)

Geographic Distribution of Climates

Geographic Distribution of Climates

Distribution of Major Vegetation Types

Biomes of the WorldDistribution of Major Vegetation Types

Chaparral

Chaparral

Chaparral Chaparral

Chaparral

Chaparral

Rainforest

Rainforest

Rainforest

Tundra

Taiga

Temperate Forest

Temperate Deciduous Forest

Grassland

Grassland

GrasslandGrassland “Prairie”

Namib Desert

Sahara Desert

Sonoran Desert

Great Victoria Desert, Australia