Finite generation of canonical rings II - Math

IntroductionSurfaces

Higher dimensional preview

Finite generation of canonical rings II

Christopher Hacon

University of Utah

March, 2008

Christopher Hacon Finite generation of canonical rings II

Outline of the talk

1 Introduction

2 Surfaces

3 Higher dimensional preview

Outline of the talk

1 Introduction

2 Surfaces

Outline of the talk

1 Introduction

2 Surfaces

Outline of the talk

1 Introduction

2 Surfaces

Notation

I am interested in the birational geometry of complexprojective varieties.

X � PN

C is de�ned by homogeneous polynomialsP1; � � � ;Pt 2 C[x0; � � � ; xN ].

We will assume that X is irreducible and smooth.

In the previous talk I discussed the geometry of curves i.e.dimX = 1.

In this case X is a smooth orientable compact manifold ofdimR X = 2 and so X is a Riemann Surface.

Notation

X � PN

Notation

X � PN

Notation

X � PN

Notation

X � PN

Riemann Surfaces

Curves

Curves are topologically determined by their genus.

g = 0: X is a rational curve i.e. X = P1.

g = 1: There is a 1-parameter family of elliptic curves.

g � 2: Curves of general type. These form a3g � 3-dimensional family.

There are in�nitely many ways to embed X � PN

Curves

Curves II

Embeddings X � PN

C are obtained as follows.

If L is a line bundle and s0; : : : ; sN are a basis of H0(X ; L),then x ! [s0(x) : : : : : sN(x)] de�nes a map �L : X 99K P

C onthe complement of the common zeroes of the si .

If s0; : : : ; sN separate points and tangent directions on X ,then �L is an embedding.

One natural choice for L is !kX

, where !X is the line bundlewhose sections s 2 H0(X ; !X ) may be locally written assjU = f (x)dx . (One may think of these asrational/meromorhic functions on X with prescribed poles.)

Note that the genus of X is then given by g = dimH0(X ; !X ).

Curves II

Embeddings X � PN

Curves II

Embeddings X � PN

Curves II

Embeddings X � PN

Curves II

Embeddings X � PN

Curves III

The canonical ring R(X ) =L

k�0 H0(X ; !k

X) is a

fundamental invariant of X .

If g = 0, then !X = OP1

C(�2) so that H0(X ; !k

X) = 0 for all

k > 0 i.e. R(X ) �= C.

If g = 1, then !X = OX so that H0(X ; !kX

) = C for allk > 0 i.e. R(X ) �= C[t].

If g � 2 then !3X

de�nes an embedding � : X ! PN

It follows that !3X

= ��OPN

C(1). It is then easy to see that

R(X ) is �nitely generated and X = ProjR(X ).

Curves III

k�0 H0(X ; !k

X) is a

X) = 0 for all

k > 0 i.e. R(X ) �= C.

) = C for allk > 0 i.e. R(X ) �= C[t].

If g � 2 then !3X

It follows that !3X

= ��OPN

Curves III

k�0 H0(X ; !k

X) is a

X) = 0 for all

k > 0 i.e. R(X ) �= C.

) = C for allk > 0 i.e. R(X ) �= C[t].

If g � 2 then !3X

It follows that !3X

= ��OPN

Curves III

k�0 H0(X ; !k

X) is a

X) = 0 for all

k > 0 i.e. R(X ) �= C.

) = C for allk > 0 i.e. R(X ) �= C[t].

If g � 2 then !3X

It follows that !3X

= ��OPN

Curves III

k�0 H0(X ; !k

X) is a

X) = 0 for all

k > 0 i.e. R(X ) �= C.

) = C for allk > 0 i.e. R(X ) �= C[t].

If g � 2 then !3X

It follows that !3X

= ��OPN

Outline of the talk

1 Introduction

2 Surfaces

Surfaces

One would naturally like to generalize these results to higherdimensions.

The next case of interest are surfaces i.e. dimX = 2. (Notethat dimR X = 4!)

The �rst di�culty is that given any point on a surface x 2 X ,one can produce a new surface

� : ~X = Blx(X )! X

known as the blow up of X at x .

The morphism � may be viewed as a surgery that replaces thepoint x by a rational curve E �= P

1 = P(TxX ).

Surfaces

� : ~X = Blx(X )! X

1 = P(TxX ).

Surfaces

� : ~X = Blx(X )! X

1 = P(TxX ).

Surfaces

� : ~X = Blx(X )! X

1 = P(TxX ).

Blowing up a point

Birational Surfaces

The exceptional curve E is called a �1 curve since

!~X � E = deg(!~X jE ) = �1:

One says that X ;X 0 are birational if they have isomorphicopen subsets U �= U 0.

For example X is birational to Blx(X ).

It turns out that two surfaces are birational if and only if thereis a �nite sequence of blow ups such that

BlxtBlxt�1� � �Blx1(X ) = Blx 0sBlx 0s�1

� � �Blx 01(X 0):

Birational Surfaces

!~X � E = deg(!~X jE ) = �1:

� � �Blx 01(X 0):

Birational Surfaces

!~X � E = deg(!~X jE ) = �1:

� � �Blx 01(X 0):

Birational Surfaces

!~X � E = deg(!~X jE ) = �1:

� � �Blx 01(X 0):

Example of a birational map

Birational Surfaces II

Since the space C(X ) of rational functions on X aredetermined by any open subset U � X , two surfaces X ;X 0 arebirational if and only if C(X ) �= C(X 0).

For example a surface X is rational (i.e. birational to P2C if

and only if C(X ) �= C(x ; y).

It is then natural to study surfaces modulo birationalequivalence.

Given X one would like to identify a unique representative X 0

birational to X . Ideally this representative X 0 has niceproperties that are useful in understanding the geometry of X 0

(and hence of X ).

Castelnuovo's Theorem

The answer is given by a result of Castelnuovo. It is easiest todescribe this in terms of the canonical bundle.

Let !X = �2T_Xbe the canonical line bundle.

If � : ~X = Blx(X )! X is the blow up of a point, andE = ��1(x) is the exceptional curve, then E is a �1 curve i.e.E �= P

1C and E � !X = deg!X jE = �1.

Castelnuovo's Theorem says that one may reverse thisprocedure i.e. given any surface X and any �1 curve E � X ,there exists a morphism � : X ! X1 such that X = Blx(X1)for some point x 2 X1.

Minimal Surfaces

A minimal surface is a surface that contains no �1 curves.

Note that �(Blx(X )) = �(X ) + 1 so that one can only blowdown �nitely many curves.

So, given a surface X , after blowing down �nitely many �1curves, one obtains a morphism X ! Xmin where Xmin is aminimal surface.

The natural question is then: Is Xmin unique? Does Xmin haveany interesting special properties?

Minimal Surfaces

Canonical Ring

The answer is given in terms of the canonical ring

R(X ) =M

H0(X ; !kX

The Kodaira dimension of X is

�(X ) := tr:deg:CR(X )� 1:

We have �(X ) := maxk>0fdim�!k

(X )g.

If �(X ) = �1, then the minimal model X ! Xmin is notunique (but it is well understood how two di�erent minimalmodels are related).

If �(X ) � 0, then the minimal model X ! Xmin is unique.

Canonical Ring

R(X ) =M

H0(X ; !kX

�(X ) := tr:deg:CR(X )� 1:

(X )g.

Canonical Ring

R(X ) =M

H0(X ; !kX

�(X ) := tr:deg:CR(X )� 1:

(X )g.

Canonical Ring

R(X ) =M

H0(X ; !kX

�(X ) := tr:deg:CR(X )� 1:

(X )g.

Canonical Ring

R(X ) =M

H0(X ; !kX

�(X ) := tr:deg:CR(X )� 1:

(X )g.

Birational geometry of Surfaces

However, if �(X ) = �1, then Xmin is either P2C or a ruled

surface so that X is covered by rational curves (i.e. by P1's).The sections of H0(!m

X) must vanish along these curves for

m > 0. Hence R(X ) �= C.

If �(X ) � 0, then the minimal model X ! Xmin is unique and!Xmin

is nef. This means that for any curve C � Xmin we have

!Xmin� C � 0:

In fact one can show that !Xminis semiample i.e. there is an

integer m > 0 such that the sections of H0(!mXmin

) have nocommon zeroes.

m > 0. Hence R(X ) �= C.

!Xmin� C � 0:

m > 0. Hence R(X ) �= C.

!Xmin� C � 0:

Birational geometry of surfaces II

Therefore, '!m

: Xmin ! PN is a morphism,

!mXmin

�= '�OPN (1).

It is then easy to show that R(X ) is �nitely generated.

Conclusion: If X is not covered by rational curves, then afterperforming a �nite sequence of geometrically meaningfuloperations (contracting �1 curves) we obtain a birationalmodel on which ! is positive (nef and semiample).

Finite generation of R(X ) then follows.

Therefore, '!m

!mXmin

�= '�OPN (1).

Therefore, '!m

!mXmin

�= '�OPN (1).

Therefore, '!m

!mXmin

�= '�OPN (1).

Birational geometry of surfaces III

More precisely we have the following:

If �(X ) = 0, then Xmin is either an abelian, hyperellyptic, K3or Enriques surface. !12

Xmin= OX so that

R(X )(12) = �m�0H0(!12m

X) �= C[t].

If �(X ) = 1, then !12Xmin

de�nes a morphism f : Xmin ! C

whose general �ber is an elliptic curve. We have !12Xmin

= f �Hwhere H is an ample line bundle on C .

de�nes a morphism

' : Xmin ! Xcan � PN where Xcan = Proj(R(X )) is the

canonical model of X . The map X ! Xcan is birational andXcan has �nitely many mildly singular points (rational doublepoints).

Xmin= OX so that

R(X )(12) = �m�0H0(!12m

X) �= C[t].

de�nes a morphism

Xmin= OX so that

R(X )(12) = �m�0H0(!12m

X) �= C[t].

de�nes a morphism

Birational geometry of surfaces IV

If �(X ) = 2, it is natural to ask if one can understand thegeometry of Xmin more precisely. We have the following.

Theorem (Castelnuovo)

If X is a surface with H0(X ; !2X

) = 0 and H0(X ;1X) = 0, then X

is birational to P2C.

Corollary (L�uroth problem)

Let C � L � C(x ; y) be any �eld then L �= C or L �= C(x) orL �= C(x ; y). (Note that we may have a strict inclusion even ifL �= C(x ; y).)

) = 0 and H0(X ;1X) = 0, then X

Birational geometry of surfaces V

Idea of proof. The inclusion L � C(x ; y) corresponds to amorphism X 0 ! X where C(X 0) = L and C(X ) = C(x ; y).

If dimX 0 = 0, then L �= C.If dimX 0 = 1, then H0(!x 0) = H0(1

X 0) = 0 as H0(1

X) = 0.

Therefore X 0 = P1C and L = C(X 0) = C(x).

If dimX 0 = 2, then H0(X 0; !2X 0

) = 0 and H0(X ;1X 0) = 0 so that

X 0 is birational to P2C and hence L �= C(x ; y).

Remark. The above result fails in higher dimension.

Idea of proof. The inclusion L � C(x ; y) corresponds to amorphism X 0 ! X where C(X 0) = L and C(X ) = C(x ; y).If dimX 0 = 0, then L �= C.

If dimX 0 = 1, then H0(!x 0) = H0(1X 0) = 0 as H0(1

X) = 0.

If dimX 0 = 2, then H0(X 0; !2X 0

) = 0 and H0(X ;1X 0) = 0 so that

Idea of proof. The inclusion L � C(x ; y) corresponds to amorphism X 0 ! X where C(X 0) = L and C(X ) = C(x ; y).If dimX 0 = 0, then L �= C.If dimX 0 = 1, then H0(!x 0) = H0(1

X 0) = 0 as H0(1

X) = 0.

If dimX 0 = 2, then H0(X 0; !2X 0

) = 0 and H0(X ;1X 0) = 0 so that

Idea of proof. The inclusion L � C(x ; y) corresponds to amorphism X 0 ! X where C(X 0) = L and C(X ) = C(x ; y).If dimX 0 = 0, then L �= C.If dimX 0 = 1, then H0(!x 0) = H0(1

X 0) = 0 as H0(1

X) = 0.

If dimX 0 = 2, then H0(X 0; !2X 0

) = 0 and H0(X ;1X 0) = 0 so that

Birational geometry of surfaces VI

In general it is impossible to classify surfaces with �(X ) = 2.

It is not even known if there exists a surface X homeomorphicto P2

C with �(X ) = 2.

Never-the-less we have a good qualitative understanding ofthe birational geometry of X .

In the next lecture, I will illustrate how to extend theKodaira-Enriques surface classi�cation to arbitrary dimension.

C with �(X ) = 2.

Outline of the talk

1 Introduction

2 Surfaces

Higher dimensional varieties

Theorem (Birkar-Cascini-Hacon-McKernan - Siu)

Let X be a smooth complex projective variety of general type (i.e.�(X ) = dim(X )) then X has a canonical model

Xcan = ProjR(X ):

One can also show that X has a minimal model Xmin.

Theorem (Birkar-Cascini-Hacon-McKernan - Siu)

Let X be a smooth complex projective variety of general type (i.e.�(X ) = dim(X )) then X has a canonical model

Xcan = ProjR(X ):

One can also show that X has a minimal model Xmin.

There are several new feaures Xcan and Xmin may have mildsingularities.

Xmin may not be unique.

The map X 99K Xmin is given by a carefully chosen �nitesequence of divisorial contractions (the analog of contractinga �1 curve) and ips (a new operation).

In dimension 3, ips were constructed by S. Mori,in dimension 4 by V. Shokurov, andin dimension � 5 by Birkar-Cascini-Hacon-McKernan usingtechniques of Shokurov and Siu.

Finite generation of canonical rings II - Math

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