Post on 07-Feb-2018
7/21/2019 Final Innovation
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7/21/2019 Final Innovation
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IDXM_CX]_M _M^DM\
Xfm rmictdkgsfdp omtwmmg dggkvctdkg cgh makgk`da lrkwtf fcs ommg wmii stuhdmh. ^crdkus
rmsmcrafmrs ct hdnnmrmgt td`m fcvm dgvmstdlctmh tfm dggkvctdkg lrkwtf gmxus. Nkiikwdgl crm tfm
stuhdms cokut rmictdkgsfdp omtwmmg dggkvctdkg cgh makgk`da lrkwtf
Xfm idtmrcturm kg dggkvctdkg ds vmry vkiu`dgkus cgh hdvmrsm. Xfm akrm kn dggkvctdkg ds tfm
usm kn prkhuatdkg rmskurams dg c gmw wcy cgh tfm sd`uitcgmkus wdtfhrcwci kn kihmr rmskurams
nrk` aurrmgt cppidactdkg cgh usm (Oksedg cgh Icwrmgam,344?). Jksmpf Qafu`pmtmr ds c`kgl tfm
ndrst makgk`dsts wfk usmh tfm dggkvctdkg akgampt dg fds stuhdms. Fm mxpicdgmh dggkvctdkg cs
Xfm nughc`mgtci d`puism tfct emmps tfm acpdtcidst mgldgm dg `ktdkg ak`ms nrk` tfm gmw
akgsu`mrs, lkkhs, tfm gmw `mtfkhs kn prkhuatdkg kr trcgspkrtctdkg, tfm gmw `cremts, tfm gmw
nkr`s kn dghustrdci krlcgdzctdkg tfct acpdtcidst mgtmrprdsm armctms ( Zcimwsed cgh Qecwdgsew
?224).
C ordmn rmvdmw kn tfm m`pdrdaci idtmrcturm kg tfm makgk`das kn dggkvctdkg kntmg stcrts wdtf
Lrdidafms (34
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cgh _&H mxpmghdturms dg 3
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m`pmrdaci ndghdgl kn tfm stuhy dghdactmh c pksdtvm rmictdkg omtwmmg _&H mxpmghdturm cgh
gu`omr kn _&H m`pikymr dg dgniumgay makgk`da lrkwtf.
FTRKXFMQDQ
d. Xk dgvmstdlctm tfm d`pcat kn dggkvctdkg kg makgk`da lrkwtf
dd. Xk mxc`dgm tfm mnnmat kn _&H spmghdgl kg makgk`da lrkwtf
ddd. Xk mxpikrm tfm d`pcat kn fdlf tmaf mxpkrts kg makgk`da lrkwtf
dv. Xk sarutdgdzm tfm mnnmat NHD kg makgk`da lrkwtf
@MXFKHKIKLT
\m fcvm tcemg hctc kn Kgm hmvmikpmh cgh kgm hmvmikpdgl makgk`y tk cssmss tfm
rmictdkgsfdp omtwmmg dggkvctdkg cgh makgk`da lrkwtf. Xfm hctc smimatmh nrk` pmrdkh
3461 tk ?23?.
HCXC QK]_AMQ
Xfm hctc kg vcrdcoims LHR , fdlf tmaf mxpkrts, NHD, _&H mxpmghdturm cgh kotcdgmh nrk`
\krih Ocge Hmvmikp`mgt Dghdactkr (\HD), Xrchdgl makgk`das , \DRK nkr Dghdc cgh
Acgchc.Xfm stuhy akvmrs tfm pmrdkh kn 3461 tk ?23?.Hctc ds smakghcry ocsm hctc cgh dt
scvmh td`m cgh mxpmgsms .Hctc ds smakghcry dts caaurcay ds gkt surm cgh ct `cgy
dghdactkrs hctc ds `dssdgl.
HCXC CGCITQDQ
ACGCHC
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AK]GX_T ACGCHC ACGCHC
DGHDACXK_Q LHR NHD
3461 ?.
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Dg ncat, sdgam 3461, . Acgchcs dgwcrh nhd fcs hmaidgmh kvmr tfm ymcrscs sfkwg oy tfmsfrdgedgl ouooim.Acgchcs dgwcrh NHD stkae cs c sfcrm kn LHR fcs dgarmcsmh dg ?222 tfcges tk
tfm ak``khdty okk` dg tfm `dh ?222s tfct spcremh c wcvm kn dgvmst`mgts dg Acgchcs rmskuram
dghustrdmspcrtdauicriy tfm `dgdgl cgh mgmrly smatkrs. ?224, Acgchc fch sidppmh tk 4tf c`kgl
tfm sc`m 3= pmmr akugtrdms. Acgchc fcs c s`cii hk`mstda `cremt ocsm, cg cldgl pkpuictdkg, cgh
sikwdgl pkpuictdkg lrkwtf. Acgchcs sfcrm akgtdgums tk ncii.
?23? 3.
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% kn tktci vcium chhmh, hkwg nrk` c pmce kn 36.>% dg ?222. Dts
sfcrm kn m`piky`mgt fcs cisk nciimg suostcgtdciiy kvmr tfm pcst hmachm (nrk` 3=.?% tk 32.?%).
Qkuram:www.hctcocge.wkrihocge.krl
_msmcraf cgh hmvmikp`mgt mxpmghdturm (% kn LHR) dg Acgchc wcs icst `mcsurmh ct 3.
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Qkuram:
www.hctcocge.wkrihocge.krl
Nkrmdlg hdrmat dgvmst`mgt5 gmt dgnikws (% kn LHR) dg Dghdc wcs icst `mcsurmh ct 3.48 dg
?233.Nkrmdlg hdrmat dgvmst`mgt crm tfm gmt dgnikws kn dgvmst`mgt tk caqudrm c icstdgl
`cgclm`mgt dgtmrmst dg cg mgtmrprdsm kpmrctdgl dg cg makgk`y ktfmr tfcg tfct kn tfm dgvmstkr. Dt
ds tfm su` kn mqudty acpdtci, rmdgvmst`mgt kn mcrgdgls, ktfmr ikgl-tmr` acpdtci. Xfds smrdms sfkwsgmt dgnikws (gmw dgvmst`mgt dgnikws imss hdsdgvmst`mgt) dg tfm rmpkrtdgl makgk`y nrk` nkrmdlg
dgvmstkrs, cgh ds hdvdhmh oy LHR.Xfds dgaiuhms sk`m fdlf prkndim tmafgkikly-ocsmh caqudsdtdkgscorkch oy Dghdcg ak`pcgdms. Fkwmvmr, dgnkr`ctdkg kg tfm rctm kn survdvci kn tfmsm vmgturms ds
ugcvcdicoim. Xfm c`kugt kn NHD nikwdgl nrk` Dghdc fch ciwcys ommg dgsdlgdndacgtugtdi tfm trdaeim
omac`m c tkrrmgt nrk` cokut ?22= kgwcrh.
3461 8.1 2.213464 =.4= 2.26
3442 =.=1 2.2 2.21
344? =.86 2.24
3441 8..>> 2.?4
344= 3
344< 8.2= 2.6=
3446 >.36 2.>3
3444 6.6= 2.8>
?222 1.68 2.3?232 32.?> 3.>2
?233 >.>8 3.48
?23? 8.
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DGHDC
Qkuram:www.hctcocge.wkrihocge.krl
Citfkulf Dghdc's _&H dgtmgsdty dgarmcsmh kgiy sidlftiy omtwmmg ?221 cgh ?22>, nrk` 2.4
344? =.86 8.2=
3441 8..>> 8..=8
3446 >.36 =.>?
3444 6.6= =..?>
?223 8.6? >.4.?8
?221 =.4=
?228 .22
?22= 4.?6 =.62
?22> 4.?> >.2.82
?226 1.64 >. .>8 >.61
Dghdactkrs Lhp _ & H
3461 8.1 ..
3464 =.4= ..3442 =.=1 ..
3443 3.2> ..
344? =.86 ..
3441 8..>> ..
344= 1
3446 >.36 2.>4
?222 1.68 2. 2..>8 ..?23? 8.
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gu`omrkn nkrmdlg _&H amgtrms, wfdaf fcvm lrkwg nrk` nmwmr tfcg 322 dg ?221 tk cokut
?22< ?.?2 4.62
?226 2.>4 1.64
?224 -?.
?233 ?.=1 >.>8
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LHR cgguci lrkwtf rctm Lrcpf 3
Qkuram:www.hctcocge.wkrihocge.krl
Xfm cokvm tcoim cgh afcrt sfkws tfm LHR cgguci lrkwtf pmramgtclm kn acgchc cgh dghdc nrk`
3461 tk ?23?. .Dghdc fdlfmst LHR lrkwtf (cgguci %) 32.?> dg tfm ymcr ?232. Dghdc ds cg
m`mrldgl makgk`y cgh fcvm pktmgtdci lrkwtf acpcadty Caamimrctdkg dg ^cium Chhmh: Dgarmcsm dg
lrkwtf rctm Fdlfmst nkr @cguncaturdgl cgh akgstruatdkg. dghdc fcs ikw LHR 3.2> dg 3443 hum tk
smrdkus makgk`da ardsds. Acgchc fdlfmst lhp =.63 dg 3468 ikw -?.24 dg 3443 hum tk smrdkus
makgk`da ardsds -?.
6
32
3?
3461 346= 346< 3464 3443 3441 344= 344< 3444 ?223 ?221 ?22= ?22< ?224 ?233
Acgchc
Dghdc
http://www.databank.worldbank.org/http://www.databank.worldbank.org/http://www.databank.worldbank.org/http://www.databank.worldbank.org/7/21/2019 Final Innovation
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Nkrmdlg Hdrmat Dgvmst`mgt
Akugtry Acgchc Dghdc
3461 2.>2 2.22
3468 3.1< 2.23
346= 2.16 2.28
346> 2. 2.?4
344= 3.=6 2.=6
344> 3.=< 2.>3344< 3.63 2.6=
3446 1.>4 2.>3
3444 1.
?222 4.3? 2.
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Qkuram:www.hctcocge.wkrihocge.krl
Xfm cokvm tcoim cgh afcrt sfkws nhd. \m smm tfct acgchc fcs tfm fdlfmst nhd 4.3? dg ?222
wfmrmcs dghdc fcs 1.= dg ?226. NHD dgnikws hurdgl 3443-4? tk @craf ?232 dg Dghdc dgarmcsmh
`cgdnkih . Xfm `mcsurms dgtrkhuamh oy tfm lkvmrg`mgt tk idomrcidzm prkvdsdkgs rmictdgl tk NHD dg
3443 iurm dgvmstkrs nrk` mvmry akrgmr kn tfm wkrih dgarmcsmh tk ndntmmg akugtrdms dg 3443. Dghdc
m`mrlmh cs c strkgl makgk`da picymr kg tfm likoci nrkgt cntmr dts ndrst lmgmrctdkg kn makgk`da
rmnkr`s. . Cs ak`pcrmh wdtf acgchc Nkrmdlg hdrmat dgvmst`mgt, gmt dgnikws (% kn LHR) dg
Acgchc wcs ?.13 cs kn ?233. Dts fdlfmst vcium kvmr tfm pcst 12 ymcrs wcs 4.3? dg ?222, spcremh c
wcvm kn dgvmst`mgts dg Acgchcs rmskuram dghustrdmspcrtdauicriy tfm `dgdgl cgh mgmrly
smatkrs.Acgchc fcs c s`cii hk`mstda `cremt ocsm, cg cldgl pkpuictdkg, cgh sikwdgl pkpuictdkg
lrkwtf. Acgchcs sfcrm akgtdgums tk ncii ikwmst vcium wcs -2.2< dg ?228
-?
2
?
8
>
6
32
3461
3468
346=
346>
346
344
?22
3
46
3
44
?
22 .. ..
346< .. ..
3466 .. ..
3464 .. ..
3442 .. ..
3443 .. ..
344? .. ..
3441 .. ..3448 .. ..
344= .. ..
344> 3.>= 2.>1
344< 3.>> 2.>4
3444 3.62 2.
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?223 ?.24 2.
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3.1% cgh wmrm `krm vkictdim, dgarmcsdgl crm ?.24 % nkr ?223 oktf ousdgmss cgh lkvmrg`mgt
_&H mxpmghdturms hmaidgmh cntmr ?22>. Dghdc _&H dgtmgsdty dgarmcsmh kgiy sidlftiy
omtwmmg ?221 cgh ?22>, nrk` 2.
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Rkiday
Lkvmrg`mgt sfkuih icugaf prkjmat nkr prkvdhdgl mgvdrkg`mgt nkr `cgclm`mgt cgh
ak``mradcidzctdkg kn dgtmauciprkpmrty tfds wdii prktmat cgh mgakurclm pctmgtdgl kn gmw
dggkvctdkg cgh wdii cttrcat puoida prdvctm pcrtgmrsfdp crrcglm`mgt.
Kpmggmss tk nkrmdlg _&H, wfdaf ds csskadctmh wdtf fdlfmr prkhuatdvdty lrkwtf mspmadciiy
wfmg hk`mstda _&H dgvmst`mgt cgh acpcodidty crm cisk fdlf
Hmvmikpdgl akugtrdms tcem dgtk caakugt tfm imvmi kn hmvmikp`mgt kn tfmdr dgstdtutdkg cgh
ch`dgdstrctdkg systm` nkr tfmdr suaamss pkidadms `ust om rmsdidmgt tk wmce dgstdtutdkg.
Hmvmikp `mafcgds`s tk `kodidzm ndgcgadci rmskurams nrk` oktf puoida cgh prdvctm smatkr
nkr sadmgams, tmafgkikly cgh dggkvctdkg.
Hmvmikp cgh prk`ktm c rkoust dgstdtutdkg nrc`m wkre nkr `kodidzctdkg cgh `cgclm`mgt
kn sadmgam tmafgkikly cgh dggkvctdkg rmskurams tcrlmtmh ct strctmlda gctdkgci prdkrdtdms.
]gdvmrsdty lrchuctms wdtf tfm rdlft tmafgdaci cgh ousdgmss sediis crm mssmgtdci nkr
ak`pcgdms tk dggkvctm cgh `cdgtcdg ak`pmtdtdvmgmss.
NHD cisk smrvms tk ordgl gmw tmafgkikly, egkwimhlm, kr dggkvctdvm prkamssms tk c
akugtry, cgh tk caamimrctm c akugtrys dgtmlrctdkg dgtk tfm likoci makgk`y.
Xcx fkidhcys crm pkpuicr wdtf m`mrldgl akugtrdms smmedgl tk cttrcat gmw nkrmdlg cgh
ktfmr dgvmst`mgt dg dggkvctdkg.
Mgnkram`mgt cgh prktmatdkg kn dgtmiimatuci prkpmrty rdlfts nkr`s c aruadci ak`pkgmgt dg
dggkvctdkg, mspmadciiy nkr tmafgkikldaci dggkvctdkg.
Rctmgtdgl trmghs prkvdhm c ugdqum cgh hmtcdimh skuram kn dgnkr`ctdkg cokut tfm stctm kn
dggkvctdkgcgh tmafgkikly wdtfdg c akugtry.
Xfm dgvmst`mgts c lkvmrg`mgt `cems tk strmgltfmg dts dggkvctdkg dgnrcstruaturm acg fcvm
c hrc`ctda d`pcat kg tfm codidty tk cttrcat hk`mstda cgh nkrmdlg dgvmst`mgt.Dg sk`m acsms,
nkausdgl kg lrcgts nkr fdlfmr mhuactdkg cgh _&H acg spur hk`mstda dggkvctdkg tfct fcs c
ikglmr icstdgl mnnmat kg tfm ikaci makgk`y. Ndsaci dgvmst`mgt dg dggkvctdkg tfus acg dgaiuhm tfm dghdrmat dgvmst`mgts tk mhuactm cgh
trcdg sadmgtdsts cgh rmsmcrafmrs, oudih wkrih-aicss dgstdtutdkgs cgh ncadidtdms, ncadidtctm
dgtmrcatdkgs wdtf likoci ak``ugdtdms tk lmgmrctm nrmsf dhmcs cgh gmw pmrspmatdvms, cgh
oudih struaturms tk ak``mradcidzm dggkvctdkg
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_MNM_MGAMQ
Oksedg, C. J., cgh Icwrmgam, J.I. (344?), Acpdtci, Xmafgkikly cgh Makgk`da Lrkwtf dg G.
_ksmgomrl, _. Icghcu cgh H. A. @kwmry (Mh.), Xmafgkikly cgh tfm \mcitf kn Gctdkg (pp. 3