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Barbarian Weekly Presents
Fifty Shades of Franks
Quincy Leachman, Joshua Kazakoff, Ian Field, Ryan Formosa
Table of Contents:
Page 2: Mythological Origins/Migration
Page 4: Franks and the Roman Empire
Page 6: Merovingian Franks
Page 7: Clovis I
Page 8: Merovingian Dominance of Gaul
Page 10: Gregory of Tours
Page 11: Religion
Page 12: Charles Martel
Page 13: Battle of Tours
Page 14: Carolingian Dynasty
Page 16: Charlemagne
Page 17: Holy Roman Emperor
Page 18: Saxon Campaigns
Page 19: Military
Page 20: Law/Government
Page 21: Art/Architecture
Page 22: Works Cited
Here we see the Franks forcing the Saxons to cut down a tree involved with pagan worship. We at Barbarian Weekly like to think
that the Franks proceeded to bath in the tears of the vanquished Saxons.
Mythological Origins:
The mythological origins of the Franks
are both intriguing and complex.
According to the Chronicle of Fredegar,
a seventh century compilation of
writings on events witnessed first hand
in Frankish Gaul. According to Fredegar,
the Franks could trace their lineage back
to the war in Troy and to those who
escaped the city after it fell. In fact,
according to the author, “Priam appears
as the first king of the Franks” (Wallace-‐
Hadrill, 1960). Up until the 1500s,
authors and historians widely
considered the Trojan origins of the
Franks to be the truth (Huppert, 1965),
so it appears that the legend first
designed as a propaganda tool to secure
the noble origin of the Merovingian
kings. As the story goes, Priam left Troy
and fled to Macedonia. From thence his
family was divided, with some going to
found Rome, others back to Asia Minor,
and a man named Francio building his
kingdom on the Rhine (Wallace-‐Hadrill,
1960). According to another story, the
men of Troy sailed with thousands of
soldiers from the Aegean to the Sea of
Azov, but were defeated in battle by
Romans and some ended up finding
their way to Germany. Regardless of
which story one believed, it seems clear
that the mythological roots of the
Franks helped secure the kings’ reign.
When you’re descended from a guys who exited their burning city while carrying entire families in a manner that Hollywood has
emulated numerous times in the Die Hard franchise, you have a 96% chance of being crazy tough. That’s just science.
Franks and the Roman
Empire:
After migrating to Gaul, the Frankish
people split off into a number of
different factions, the two main ones
being the Salians and the Ripuarians.
While the Ripuarians became pillagers,
constantly at odds with the Roman
Empire, the Salians allied with the
Romans (Anderson, 1997). The Romans
settled the Salian Franks on the
boarders of their empire, using them as
a crucial defensive barrier. The Salians
were often recruited to fight in the
Roman army (Anderson 1997, p.136). In
fact, it can be argued that the continued
process of amalgamation with the
Romans shaped the Salian people
(Anderson 1997, p.136). Even the
leaders of the Salians were active
members of the Roman army. Examples
of this were Childeric I and Clovis I, the
founders of the Merovingian Empire.
Childeric and Clovis were both Roman
generals, and Frankish kings (Kortüm,
2010b). After the fall of the Roman
Empire, the Merovingian Franks under
Clovis continued with a number of
Roman traditions. The most prominent
example of which is evident within the
military, where they continued to use a
number of Roman practices (Kortüm,
2010b).
Unlike the haphazard tour routes selected by the other,
clearly less sophisticated, barbarian groups the Franks kept it
simple. Clearly they did their research, proving that not only
did the Franks have biceps the size of pot roasts and abs like
washboards, but minds that can quash the Sunday edition of
the NY times crossword in a matter of minutes.
Merovingian Franks:
The first sign of the Merovingian Franks
was predominately seen in the in the
latter half of the fifth century. The name
Merovingian is derived from the king of
the Salian Franks, Merovich. (Britannica
Online, 2012) There is not much known
about Merovich except he was the
father of Childeric I, who carried on the
Merovingian dynasty until his death in
481/482. Clovis I, son of Childeric I,
expanded the Frankish empire by
conquering nearby cities and tribes, and
united almost all of Gaul. (Britannica
Online, 2012) During the reign of Clovis,
he was one of the first to convert to
Christianity, which was a new religion at
this time. His death in 511 divided the
Frankish kingdom among his four sons
Theuderic I, Chlodomir, Childebert I and
Chlotar I. (Britannica Online, 2012) The
four brothers, despite their upsets,
managed to expand the Frankish empire
even further than their father. By the
latter half of the sixth century, Chlotar
was the last of the sons of Clovis, and
his death in 561 divided the kingdom
once again among his four sons,
Charibert I, Guntram, Sigebert, and
Chilperic I. (Britannica Online, 2012) The
Frankish empire, under the rule of these
four brothers, suffered extreme
hardship, and prompted a
reorganization of the Frankish
Kingdoms. Some regions merged with
different kingdoms, and some regions
were lost entirely. Despite this division,
in 613, Chlotar II, son of Chilperic I
united the kingdoms once again.
(Britannica Online, 2012) However,
some years later, after the death of
Dagobert I, the kingdom was yet again
divided. At this time, many of the kings
had to hand their power over to the
Mayors of the Palace, which were
mayors who supervised a number of
activities. (Britannica Online, 2012) The
soon gained more power and
responsibilities, which turned the
remaining Merovingian kings into
nothing more than puppets. In 750,
Childeric III was the last of the
Merovingian kings, and when Pippin III
the Short deposed him, he usurped the
throne for himself and thus established
the Carolingian dynasty. (Britannica
Online, 2012)
Clovis I:
Clovis the First was the founder of the
Merovingian Dynasty who united the
Franks under one ruler. He was a Salian
Frankish king born in the year 466
(Kortüm, 2010a). Clovis, as well as his
father, Childeric I, served in the Roman
army as Generals, helping the Romans
protect their borders. At the age of only
sixteen, Clovis succeeded his father as
king of the Salians and Roman general
(Kortüm, 2010a). After the fall of the
Roman Empire, Clovis began his
unification of the Frankish people and
the creation of the Merovingian
Kingdom (Kortüm, 2010b). Clovis’ first
major victory came in 487 against
Syagrius, the last Roman official in Gaul
(Kortüm, 2010a). Clovis was also the
first Frankish king to convert to
Christianity. His decision to be baptised
Catholic could be seen as strategic
(Kortüm, 2010a). It was key in gaining
the support of the Gallo-‐Roman peoples
(Kortüm, 2010a). Overall Clovis is best
known for uniting the Frankish tribes
under one ruler, conquering Gaul, and
the conversion to Christianity. Clovis
died on November 27th, 511 (Clovis I,
2012). After his death, his kingdom was
divided between his four sons (Clovis I,
2012). Clovis was buried next to St
Genevieve in the church of the Holy
Apostles, which he had built in Paris
(Clovis I, 2012).
With his ZZ Top-‐esque beard and the bone structure of a
male model, it’s safe to assume that if Clovis were alive
today he would be featured in Dos Equis commercials as the
most interesting man alive. Semi-‐reliable sources have
informed us Clovis’ favorite pastimes involved arm-‐wrestling
grizzly bears and bare-‐knuckle boxing dragons.
Merovingian Dominance of
Gaul:
Clovis I was predominately one of the
most influential rulers in Frankish
history and he transformed Frankish
society in ways other kings never could.
Primarily groups such as Romans, as
well as a large population of Visigoths
maintained Gaul. (Britannica Online,
2012) It was not until the latter half of
the fifth century that Clovis decided to
expand his empire and consume all of
Gaul. After defeating the last Roman
official, Syagrius, in the northern Gaul,
and the Visigoths in the southwestern
Gaul, Clovis was established as ruler of
nearly all the Roman Gaul. (Britannica
Online, 2012) During the occupation of
Gaul, Clovis drafted a new law called the
Salic law or Pactus Legis Salicae and was
the code of all Salian Franks. (Britannica
Online, 2012) This was a written code,
which combines customary law, Roman
written law, Christian ideals, and royal
edicts. The latter half of this draft was
predominately influenced by his
Catholic wife Clotilda. (Britannica
Online, 2012) Furthermore, Clovis dealt
politically and diplomatically with the
Catholic bishops of Gaul because the
bishops saw themselves as the king’s
natural advisors. (Britannica Online,
2012) He also was extremely tolerant by
recognizing their rights and protecting
their property up until his death in 511.
Gregory of Tours (538-‐594):
Oddly enough for a figure who played
such an important role in Frankish
history, Gregory of Tours was not
actually a Frank. Gregory was a member
of the Gallo-‐Roman aristocracy as well
as the Bishop of Tours (Britannica
Online, 2012). As both a member of the
nobility and a leading church official,
Gregory would interact with many of
the important Frankish figures of his
period, including many members of the
royal Merovingian family. Gregory
would actually record much of the
history of the Merovingian Franks in
Historia Francorum, which includes
accounts of Clovis I’s conquest of Gaul.
Gregory of Tours remains a significant
figure because his works remain the
predominant source of information on
the Franks during the Merovingian era
(Gregory of Tours, 1997).
We know what you’re all thinking. A beard like that deserves
a spot on the cast of Duck Dynasty. We’re in the process of
writing strongly worded letters to the show’s producers to
see if they’ll include Gregory in the next season.
Religion:
In the beginning of the 4th century, the
Franks were predominately pagans.
They built false idols and worshipped
many gods by making continuous
sacrifices, in order to bring them good
fortune. (Eupedia, 2004) Clovis I was
one of the first Frankish kings who
converted to Christianity, and he did
this primarily because his wife, Clotilda,
was Catholic. (Gregory of Tours, 1997)
After the death of his first son, Clovis did
not believe in his wife’s God, instead he
believed his pagan gods blessed him
with power and wealth. Until it came
about that his two armies were being
slaughtered and on the edge of being
destroyed, and so Clovis looked to the
sky and begged Clotilda’s God to bless
him and his army. (Gregory of Tours,
1997) On that day God blessed him and
the enemies turned and fled the
battlefield. He claimed that it was no
work of his but instead Christ’s, and so
he converted to Christianity. (Gregory of
Tours, 1997) One of the most difficult
problems to overcome in light of this
new conversion was that the people
who follow Clovis would not willingly
abandon their gods. However, after
Clovis spoke to them and experienced
the will of God in his words, they all
rejoiced in the name of Christ, and more
than three thousand followers of Clovis
were baptized in the name of the
Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit.
(Gregory of Tours, 1997) After this,
Clovis felt that he had God’s blessing
and waged war on neighboring
territories, in hope of claiming their land
and converting them. The kings after
Clovis remained devoted to Christianity,
and continued to convert as many as
they possibly could, and with the
blessing of God, they truly believed they
were unstoppable. (Gregory of Tours,
1997) Clovis is essential to religion in the
time of the Franks, and without his
conversion, the Frankish empire would
have a completely different history.
Charles Martel:
Charles Martel was the illegitimate son
of Pippin II, the mayor of palace of
Austria. (Britannica Online, 2012) When
all of Pippin’s legitimate sons were
assassinated, followed by him shortly
thereafter, the only heirs were three of
his grandsons who could be granted
power until they were of age. So,
Pippin’s widow was to hold power until
one of the grandsons came of age.
(Britannica Online, 2012) Charles, being
illegitimate, was neglected in Pippin’s
will, and unfortunately received nothing
from it. The king, Childeric II, joined
forces with the Frisians in attempt to
assassinate Charles, who was then
thrown in prison by Plectrude, Pippin’s
widow. (Britannica Online, 2012)
Charles escaped and raised an army and
defeated the Neustrians, which led to
him becoming mayor in 719, and
governing the Franks by himself.
(Britannica Online, 2012) Throughout his
reign, he attempted to gain many
territories and conquer many tribes,
some were successful and some were
not. Charles, being a Christian, aided St.
Boniface in converting other Germanic
tribes to Christianity. (Britannica Online,
2012) The Battle of Tours had to be
Charles’ greatest accomplishment far
none. The Muslims had raided Frankish
territories, threatening Gaul in
particular, it seemed as if no one could
stop them. Charles’ cavalry managed to
defeat the Muslims and turn back the
onslaught at the Battle of Tours.
(Britannica Online, 2012) This victory
established Charles as a firm Frankish
authority and he continued to expand
his empire and forced territories such as
Burgundy to yield to his rule, while
continuing to fend off Muslim advances.
(Britannica Online, 2012) In 741, Charles
retired to his palace at Quierzy-‐sur-‐Oise,
where he died soon after. Before he
passed away, he divided his kingdom to
his two sons Pippin III and Carloman. He
is still seen as an iconic figure of
Frankish history today. (Britannica
Online, 2012)
Battle of Tours:
In 732 AD a Frankish army met a force
of Moors from al-‐Andalus (Moor
controlled areas of the Iberian
peninsula) in battle outside of Poitiers in
the West of France. Details concerning
numbers are difficult to come by, but it
is commonly thought that both armies
numbered in the tens of thousands. The
Muslim force, making their way into
Europe to expand the already
impressive sphere of influence exerted
by the Umayyad Caliphate centered in
Damascus. The battle marked the final
extent of the Muslim push into Christian
Europe, and is considered one of the
greatest battles fought by a Christian
army in this period. The Muslim army,
led by the illustrious emir of al-‐Andalus,
Abdul Rahman Al Ghafiqi, had surged
through southern France facing very
little serious resistance. Their powerful
cavalry was unparalleled in open
warfare. Charles Martel, the Mayor of
the Merovingian palace and de facto
sovereign of the Frankish realm, led his
army to the field of battle, where the
Moors had already drawn up
defensively. An initial Muslim cavalry
charge is repelled by Martel’s Franks,
and a counter-‐attack by cavalry from
Aquitaine managed to force the Emir’s
host into a hasty retreat. Amid the
chaos, and luckily for the Christians, Al
Ghafiqi was killed, causing the Moors to
quickly fall into disarray. Martel allowed
the Moors to retreat, and rather than
pursuing and crushing his foes, turned
and led his army away from the field of
battle (Vick, 2011). After this battle,
“there were no further Muslim
invasions of Frankish territory.” (Battle
of Tours, 2012). Additionally, Martel’s
victory prevented conquest of Europe
by the Umayyads, allowing Western
Civilization to continue to flourish.
The Carolingian Dynasty:
By the eighth century, the Merovingian
Dynasty had fallen into decline. A series
of inept rulers had delegated many of
the important administrative duties to
members of the nobility. One of the
most powerful Frankish families during
this period was the Carolingian family,
many of whom held prominent
positions at court. The Carolingian
family would often control Frankish
government through a weak
Merovingian king who would essentially
act as a puppet. Notable Carolingian
lords would include the famous Charles
Martel, who would defeat a Muslim
force from Spain at the Battle of Tours
in 732 (Britannica Online, 2012). By 751,
with the support of the papacy, Martel’s
son Pepin the Short would overthrow
the final Merovingian king, Childeric III.
Pepin proved to be an efficient leader,
successfully campaigning against a
number of other groups, including the
Lombards and Spanish Muslims. When
he died in 768, his realm would be split
between his sons Charles and Carloman
(History). Charles would eventually
absorb Carloman’s holdings and greatly
expand the Frankish Empire, earning
him the title “Charles the Great,” or
Charlemagne (King, 1986).
Charlemagne’s reign is considered to be
a period of cultural revival, often
referred to as the Carolingian
Renaissance. By the early ninth century,
the Frankish empire encompassed most
of Western Europe. In 800, Pope Leo III
would crown Charlemagne as the very
first Holy Roman Emperor (King, 1986).
In 814, Charlemagne died and left the
empire to his son, Louis the Pious. Louis
and his successors proved unable to
bring the stability seen during
Charlemagne’s reign. The empire was
constantly being divided between
various princes, often followed by
periods of intense civil war (King, 1986).
In 843, the Treaty of Verdun formally
divided the Frankish Empire (Britannica
Online, 2012). A series of weak rulers
and attacks from groups like the Vikings
would lead to continuing decline of the
Carolingian dynasty (King, 1986).
Charlemagne:
Charles the Great, or Charlemagne was the eighth century king of the Franks, and the
first Holy Roman Emperor. Born to the mayor of the Merovingian palace, Charles was
probably groomed for leadership from a very young age. When Charlemagne was a boy,
his father, with papal backing, took power from the Merovingian king Childeric III.
Agreeing to defend Papal lands in return for an official recognition of his dynasty, the
Carolingians. Charles’ father left the large Frankish kingdom to his two sons, and fierce
rivalry between the two ended only with the death of Charles’ brother, Carloman.
Charlemagne took control of the entire Frankish empire. During his reign, Charles kept
his armies occupied, managing to conquer Aquitania, parts of Italy, Saxonia, Bavaria, and
lands to the north. In an attempt to reintroduce Christianity to Spain, Charles led a
famous Iberian invasion in 778, but was soundly beaten at the Battle of Saragossa.
During his return to France, he had his forces massacred by basques leading to the
acclaimed epic “The Song of Roland” (McGill, 2009). He is responsible for the expansion
the Frankish empire to its greatest extent, bringing Frankish influence almost as far as
the Danube to the east, and north as far as modern Denmark (McKitterick, 2008). In the
year 800, Charles was crowned Holy Roman Emperor by Pope Leo III, making him the
the first Western emperor since Romulus Augustulus in the fifth century (Bryce, 1961) In
814 Charlemagne fell ill and died, leaving his empire to his son Louis. Charlemagne’s
legacy is impressive. His military prowess carved out the most significant empire in
Medieval Europe, and his successors would lay the foundations for the modern states of
France and Germany (Holy Roman Empire, 2012).
Holy Roman Emperor:
In the year 795, Pope Leo III ascended the pontifical throne (Granshof 1949, p.524). In
order to protect against corruption within the church, it was determined that the
reestablishment of a Western imperial power was necessary to fulfil the will of God on
earth, as well as to protect the faith and church (Granshof 1949, p.524). They believed
that Charlemagne satisfied the need to be that Roman Christian Emperor (Granshof
1949, p.524). In 799 a situation arose that would allow for this. A revolution in Rome
caused the overthrowing of Pope Leo III, this created a difficult situation (Granshof
1949, p.524). After reinstating Pope Leo III, Charlemagne visited Rome in order to put in
order the affairs of the church (Granshof 1949, p.524). While praying during mass on
Christmas, December 25th, 800, Charlemagne was Crowned Holy Roman Emperor
(Granshof 1949, p.524). Pope Leo III found that while Charlemagne was in Rome
restoring order to the church was the perfect time to crown him. After the coronation
Charlemagne went to work gaining recognition from the East. He did this by applying
both political and military pressure until the Byzantium emperor Michael I Rhangabes
recognized Charlemagne as the Holy Roman Emperor (Granshof 1949, p.525).
Charlemagne finally achieved this in the year 812 (Granshof 1949, p.524).
Charlemagne’s coronation marked him as the first crowned ruler of the West since the
fall of the Roman Empire.
The Saxon Wars:
During Charlemagne’s reign, he was in an almost perpetual state of conflict. Some of his
most important campaigns were a series of wars against the Germanic Saxons, known as
the Saxon Wars. During this period, the Saxons were predominately pagan. Therefore,
many of Charlemagne’s wars against the Saxon tribes were justified as wars of
conversion. During the wars, Charlemagne would often force defeated Saxons to
convert to Christianity, destroy centers of pagan worship, and divide his newly acquired
territories into areas of religious administration. Perhaps the most famous of
Charlemagne’s Saxon opponents was King Widukind. Widukind would lead a series of
rebellions against the Franks in the late eighth century (New Advent, 2009).
Charlemagne dealt with these rebellions ruthlessly, perhaps best displayed in the
Verden Massacre of 782, where Frankish forces executed 4,500 Saxon prisoners in
response to renewed Saxon rebellions (History). Eventually, after years of conflict,
Widukind was subdued by Charlemagne and forced to accept Christianity (New Advent,
2009). There would be a few more Saxon rebellions in later years, but none of them
would prove successful. Charlemagne would go on to create a new class of nobility, both
Frankish and Saxon, and bring a new code of laws to the region. Eventually, the majority
of Saxons would convert to Christianity and largely become absorbed within the
Frankish Empire (History).
Frankish Military:
Throughout their existence the Franks had a rather diverse military. Starting with their
settling in Gaul, the Franks displayed a very barbarian military. This means it consisted
mostly of a fairly disorganized, brutish, pillaging force. After the settlement, with the
Frankish involvement in the Roman army, the Frankish military changed. With Clovis I
being a Roman General( Clovis I, 2012), many aspects of the Roman army were
incorporated into the Frankish military. This created a more organized and efficient
fighting force. Clovis incorporated siege warfare into the Merovingian military
(Verbruggen 2005, p.12). They also had an organized fighting body, followed by archers
and spearmen; this allowed for their army to fight hand-‐to-‐hand, while picking off the
back ranks of their enemies with projectiles (Verbruggen 2005, p.12). They would press
this force forward in order to force the battle to be fought their way: up close. This
being said, the Merovingians were able to keep some of their barbarian influences as
well, such as the use of mounted soldiers. Cavalry was something that was a vital to the
Franks throughout their history. Charles Martel again was also a large supporter of the
quick advance to force battle (Verbruggen 2005, p.13). Cavalry was also something he
used quite extensively. In 717, Charles chased a fleeing army to Paris with his cavalry,
subsequently subjugating the entire area (Verbruggen 2005, p.13). The weapons used
by the Franks were primarily swords, spears, bows, and warhorses (Verbruggen 2005,
p.12). The Franks also used a throwing axe called a francisca to break defences as they
were charging (Tactics, 2012). As for armour, they used chainmail, helmets and shields
(Tactics, 2012). Considering the warlike nature of the Frankish people, much of what we
know about their weapons and armour comes from the examining of Frankish graves
(Soulat, 2011). Among other objects, axe heads, spearheads, and swords have been
found in Frankish graves (Soulat 2011, p.63).
Law and Government:
Early Frankish law varies between the two major Frankish tribal groups, the Salians and
the Ripuarians. Each separate group had its own set of legal codes, Salic and Ripuarian
Law. These legal systems shared many similarities with other contemporary Germanic
laws, which are usually characterized by an overall concern for the security of the
individual as opposed to the state (Wood, 1994). As the Frankish Empire expanded, its
legal system would often borrow bits and pieces from the tribal groups it absorbed,
including sections from the Alamanni (. Frankish government operated in a manner that
laid the framework for the feudal system that dominated the medieval period. The king
would rely on the assistance of the nobility to provide military assistance during times of
war, and in exchange he would often redistribute spoils amongst his supporters. The
king was expected to sustain himself on the income from his own personal holdings,
another tradition that would remain prominent in the middle ages (Eupedia, 2004).
Art and Architecture:
In the early days of a Frankish empire, architecture and art was dominated by the
Church. This was mostly a direct result of Clovis and his successors relying on a strong
Christian influence throughout Gaul and support from Rome to maintain order.
Churches and monasteries sprung up all over Merovingian Gaul with much of their
design and construction cues taken from Roman forms. However, it is thought that in a
uniquely Frankish way, the reliquary of the saint to whom the church was dedicated
would be visible and accessible from the nave and transept (Jacobsen, 1997).
Traditionally, such relics would be held within the altar or below the floor. As time wore
on, Frankish art migrated into different fields but remained mostly religious. Sculpture,
illumination, mosaics in the Roman tradition, and ornate metalwork like the golden altar
at Sant’Ambrogio in Milan (Danielson, 2007). Charlemagne, himself a great patron of the
arts, hosted what is known as the Carolingian Renaissance, a period of cultural renewal
during which the arts flourished. He is responsible for the building of the great cathedral
at Aachen, within which his remains rest. Additionally, we see that in this period
beautiful illuminations are commonly made, as well as impressive metalwork, paintings,
and mosaics (Carolingian Art, 2012).
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