Post on 15-May-2015
description
PARTICIPATION AND THE MANAGEMENT OF DISASTERS
Overview
The history of participation Participation and post-disaster
reconstruction
The history of participation
FROM THE PARTICIPATIONMODES OF THE 1970S TOCOMMUNICATIONSFORMS AT THE END OF THE 20TH CENTURY IN ARCHITECTURE AND URBANISM
Construction of the concepts Communication
Information Participation Coordination Cooperation
AKTIVEBETROFFENE
PASSIVEÖFFENTLICHKEIT
EXPERTEN
PLANUNGSMANAGEMENT
PROZESSPLANUNGPLANUNGSMARKETING
PROBLEM
Kommunikationzwischen Planern,
Fachleuten und Politikern
Information und MotivationVerhandeln und Erarbeiten
von Lösungen bzw.Interessenausgleich
Strategical planning
Strategical planning
a. b. c.
d. e. f.
The first generation of participatism
The 1960s
Image of planning Critique of functionalism Participative approaches
Case studies Outgoing situation Concept Participative approach Effects Today
A pattern language
Christopher Alexander
“In a society which emphasizes teaching, children and students – and adults – become passive and unable to think or act for themselves. Creative, active individuals can only grow up in a society which emphasizes learning instead of teaching.”
from “(18) Network of learning” in Alexander et al. (1977)
INPUT
X = Condition
variables
THEN
Z = Answer space
IF
goal
practice
THUS
behaviourY = Statement
“Arrange these departments in space, according to the prescription of OFFICE CONNECTIONS (82) and BUILDING COMPLEX THROUGHFARE (101), and make the fronts of the services visible as a FAMILY OF ENTRANCES (102), wherever the services are in any way connected to the practical life of the community, mix them with ad-hoc groups created by the citizens or users NECKLACE OF COMMUNITY PROJECTS (45); arrange the inside space of the department according to FLEXIBLE OFFICE SPACE (146); and provide rooms, where people can team up in two’s and three’s – SMALL WORK GROUPS (148) .... “
from “(81) Small services without red tape” in Alexander et al. (1977)
“... LOCAL TOWN HALL(44) calls for small centers of local government at the heart of every community. This pattern embellishes the local town hall and other public institutions like it – UNIVERSITY AS A MARKETPLACE (43) and HEALTH CENTER (47) – with a ground for community action.”
from “(45) Necklace of community project” in Alexander et al. (1977)
OUTPUT
variables
* * *
Therefore:
END IF
Cybernetic model Example quotes
“Arrange the work in every workgroup, industry, and office in such way that work and learning go forward hand in hand. Treat every piece of work as an opportunity for learning. To this end, organize work around a tradition of masters and apprentices: and support this form of social organization with a division of the workspace into spatial clusters – one for each master and his apprentices – where they can work and meet together.”
from “(83) Master and apprentices” in Alexander et al.(1977)
* * *
14Identifiable
neighbourhood
15Neighbourhood
boundary18
Networkof learning
157Home
workshop
43University
as amarketplace 83
Master andapprentices
37Housecluster
36Degrees of publicness
45Necklace ofcommunity
project
41Work
community
80Self-governing
workshopsand offices
148Small
work groups
81Small services
withoutred tape
152Half-private
office
183Workspaceenclosure
205StructureFollows
social spaces
212Columns
at thecorners
206Effectivestructure
207Good
materials
211Thickeningouter walls
217Perimeter
beams
218Wall
membranes
248Soft tile
and brick
249Ornament
Byker (Newcastle)
Ralph Erskine
The 1970s
Offer participation
More democracy Autonomous Architecture
SAR Method
Ottokar Uhl: Wohnen morgen, Hollabrunn
Ottokar Uhl: Wohnen morgen, Hollabrunn
SAR Method
Ottokar Uhl: Wohnen morgen, Hollabrunn
SAR Method
Ottokar Uhl: Wohnen morgen, Hollabrunn
Standort
Größe des Bauvorhabens
Planungsinstanz
Planungsmethodik
Primärstruktur
Einbaupacket
Folgeeinrichtungen
Wohnungsausstattung
Umbau
Professionelle Planer
Nutzer
Planungsentscheidungen Planungsinstanzen
Bauträger
Umbau
Erweiterung
Elimination Bauträger (neu)
Nutzer (gewechselt)
Time (ranking scale)
Sozialsystem(Nominalskala)
Zeit (Intervalskala)
para-professionelles
professionelles
(Laien)
laic
professionelles
Kramm et Strigl, Darmstadt
Kramm et Strigl, Darmstadt
Kramm et Strigl, Darmstadt
The second Generation of Participatism
The 1980s
Strategical planning Private-Public-Partnerships Local partnerships
MISSION ZIELE
UNTERZIELEMASSNAHMEN-PAKETE
AKTIONS-PLAN
operativeMöglichkeiten
Akteure Modell-projekt
DIAGNOSE
PROBLEME
POTENTIALE
control
- Kommunikationsmittel
- Umsetzungsmittel
- Umsetzungspläne
Local partnershipGreening of courtyards
Zürich
B.R.O.T. Vienna, Ottokar Uhl
Alternative dwelling forms: neighbourhood help
B.R.O.T. Vienna, Ottokar Uhl
Alternative dwelling forms: neighbourhood help
Ottokar Uhl
Wohnen mit Kindern
Ottokar Uhl
Wohnen mit Kindern
Ottokar Uhl
Church Karlsruhe-Neureut
Ottokar Uhl
Church Karlsruhe-Neureut
Stabilisation and improvement of disadvantaged districts through cooperation nets
Bremen Osterholz-Tenever
Bucharest
The 1990s
The Stadtforum The new meaning of the free space
Brandeburger Tor
Stadtforum Berlin
Bundestag
Stadtforum Berlin
Bundestag
Stadtforum Berlin
Holocaust Mahnmal
Stadtforum Berlin
East-West
Stadtforum Berlin
GrünGürtel Frankfurt
GrünGürtel Frankfurt
GrünGürtel Frankfurt
Genova
Genova
London
New communication forms
From offer to activation Entstandardisation From process to problem From one-point-participation to
communication strategy
An interdependence
Communication-Participation
EingriffsverwaltungInformation und Anhörung der Verfahrensbeteiligten. Verfahrensrechtsschutz
Technische Dimension
LeistungsverwaltungInformation der breiten Öffentlichkeit. Erörterungen
Organisatorische DimensionSoziale Dimension
Planende VerwaltungAufsuchende und aktivierende Beteiligung
Technische Soziale Dimension
Organisatorische
Partner. Urban Manager
Kooperation
SozialeOrganisatorische
ÖkonomischeTechnischeDimension
Rolle der öffentlichen Verwaltung
Partner. Urban Manager
Planende Verwaltung
Leistungsverwaltung
Eingriffsverwaltung
Beteiligung Kooperation Gemeinsame
Problembearbeitung
Aufsuchende, aktivierende Beteiligung
Information der breiten Öffentlichkeit Erörterungen
Information und Anhörung der Verfahrensbeteiligten
Nutzen von Eigenaktivitäten und
Synergieeffekten
Motivieren, Mobilisieren endo-gener Potentiale, Demokratisieren
Effektivierung von Planung und Umsetzung Demokratisierung der Planung
Verfahrensrechtsschutz
(a) (b)
Planungs-schritte
alsSchichten
Information
Koordination
Kooperation
S.A.R.Methode
strategischePlanung
PPPempirische
Ansätze
Induktion
+Deduktion
=Regression
Daten-set
Hypothese
Hypotheseund abgeleiteten
Hypothesen
Aussagen
EinzelfälleKnow-how
Hypothese
planendeVerwaltung
Partnerurban
Manager
Eingriffs-verwaltung
Leistungs-verwaltung
Partizipation
Integration of communicative strategies
Case study: IBA Emscher Park
Ruhr zone
Perspective
Athens
Bucharest
HaDiKo
HaDiKo
HaDiKo
HaDiKo
HaDiKo
HaDiKo
HaDiKo
HaDiKo
(Architekt) Denkmalpflege Bautechnik (Ingenieur)
(Nutzer) Mieter Baukosten (Bauherr)
Erhaltung desOriginalzustandes
Anpassung amheutigen
Stand der Technik
hohesWohnwert
Wirtschaftlichkeit
Erhaltungs-arbeiten
Wieder-aufbau-arbeiten
completionErgänzungs-arbeiten
Summary
Conclusions
World Housing Encyclopedia Cooperation in virtual space Sharing information on vulnerable and
earthquake resilient housing in the world Standard format
Structural engineering issues Architectural issues Economic issues Inhabitant issues
Not all aspects covered in these issues http://www.world-housing.net/
WHE database:decision tree for retrofit measures
EE21C 27 August-1 September 2005 Skopje & Ohrid
Criterion measurement spaces for WHE criteria
EE21C 27 August-1 September 2005 Skopje & Ohrid
EE21C 27 August-1 September 2005 Skopje & Ohrid
ATC 40 (1996)
“Seismic evaluation and retrofit of concrete structures“
Retrofit decision retrofit strategies, retrofit systems and
design constraints Each chapter is written for a broader or
narrower range of expected audience building owners and agency representatives,
architects and building officials as well as structural engineers and analysts
ATC 40 (1996)
Two decision tables checklist of retrofit design considerations,
comprising constrains, importance scores and limitations.
Strategy evaluation matrix
Participation and post-disaster reconstruction
i-rec review
Community for sharing information on participatory reconstruction
Turkey after 1999 earthquake Bam, Iran, after 2003 earthquake Gujarat, India after 2001 earthquake,
comparison with Tamil Nadu after the 2004 tsunami
El Salvador after the 2001 earthquake Outreach to England and Australia
The reconstruction in l’Aquila after the 2009 earthquake and the participatism
First approaches in participatory disaster reconstruction: Turkey 1999
Reconstruction in l’Aquila 2009 earthquake – without participatism
C.A.S.E. project – new neighbourhoods outside the city
The old centre is still closed zone, where people socialise
This lead to involvement of architects and urban planners
Noto, Gibellina, San Giuliano di Puglia
The reconstruction in l’Aquila after the 2009 earthquake and the participatism
Comparison of the C.A.S.E. project with other social housing
Zeilenbau
L‘Aquila
L‘Aquila
L‘Aquila
Reconstruction after the 2010 Haiti earthquake and the participatism
The Haiti earthquake shocked the world – the impact was not one-to-many through traditional media, but network
Web 2.0 Linkedin Haiti Rewired http://haitirewired.wired.com Plan Haiti with BIM strom Understanding Risk Facebook (farmville, Gingerbread housing
photos)
Reconstruction after the 2010 Haiti earthquake and the participatism Crowdsourcing
Understanding Risk (also GEM) Haiti Rewired: confined masonry tool
Confined Masonry Network - EERI
Participatism and the new computer science techniques
Public participation GIS: PGIS, PPGIS, P3DM
Global Earthquake Model Ontology of disaster photography
Public Participation GIS
Was born in 1996 Inclusion of marginalised populations in
mapping, not necessarily GIS Craig et al (2002) NGOs shall communicate the interests of
the population through GIS PPGIS – among decision makers
Makes visible the variants, even in 3D P3DM participatory 3D modelling – a
model built with the community which remains with the community
New tendencies
Inclusion of writers Does not suppose like Christopher
Alexander that every person can do it
Assesment of disaster risk and Global Earthquake Model Involvement of the experts (scientific
community) in the elaboration of the model and its components (global components, regional programs, partners)
The model is and will remain open source There are outreach meetings The calls for projects are reviewed by the
community http://www.globalquakemodel.org/
The ontology of disaster photography Review of the use of ontologies in
architecture Review of the use of catastrophe
photography Previous research Application: Ontology of the digital
databases of photography of the impact of catastrophes on architecture
Review of the use of ontologies in architecture Pieter Pauwels, Ruben Verstraeten,
Ronald De Meyer and Jan Van Campenhout from the University of Ghent investigated “Semantics-Based Design: Can Ontologies Help in a Preliminary Design Phase?” (Pauwels et al, 2009).
Review of the use of ontologies in architecture A research group in Genève (personal
communication Gilles Falquet, 2009) developed ontology for architectural styles. A thesaurus is also a form of ontology, like the one developed by English Heritage.
Review of the use of ontologies in architecture Bjørn Sandaker from the Oslo School of
Architecture and Design is holding a key-note lecture at the International Conference on Structures and Architecture 2010 on “An Ontology of the Structured Space”, which is also a topic of teaching within the e-archidoct doctoral online school.
Review of the use of ontologies in architecture A current call as well of the Global
Earthquake Model foundation calls for risk ontology and taxonomy projects in the built environment subjected to earthquakes.
World Housing Encyclopedia is partner in the consortium which won this call
Review of the use of ontologies in architecture In frame of the European Science
Foundation COST (European Cooperation in Science and Technology) actions, already the second action is running on an ontology based topic. The first one was Transport and Urban Development Action C21 “Towntology – Urban Ontologies for an Improved Communication in Urban Civil Engineering Projects” (end date: June 2009).
Review of the use of ontologies in architecture The Information and Communication
Technologies Call 6 (2010) of the European Commission includes one on “Cultural heritage, digital libraries and digital preservation in FP7”, which, on its turn, includes digital archives.
Review of the use of catastrophe photography In the 20th century the concept on
catastrophe photography changed, August Sander wrote in September 1946 at the begin of his albums that the photos of the destruction of Cologne in World War II should be a warning of how the beauty of a city can be destroyed.
Review of the use of catastrophe photography It encourages us that catastrophe
photography is a topic still actual, even if not from its architectural/artistic side. Today it is more used to document damages.
Examples of such databases Cambridge University Earthquake Damage
Database Karl V. Steinbrugge Slide and Photograph
Collection of the University of California at Berkeley.
Review of the use of catastrophe photography Obtaining 3D data from stereo images
has been recently performed by Randolph Langenbach (independent researcher in Oakland, USA) in the aftermath of the Haiti earthquake from January 2010 using Pictometry satellite images in order to identify the damage on architecture heritage buildings (Gingerbread district).
Stereo images also in 19th century photography
Previous research
The archives of Collection of the Canadian Centre for Architecture
archives of also turn of the century photography of the Tzigara-Samurcaş collection (Brătuleanu, 2009)
World Housing Encyclopedia 3D Geoinformation Training School of COST
TU0801 EGU sessions – urban areas, as the
topographical photography in the 19th century
Previous research
uses of pairs of images of the same damaged buildings have been provided by groups from the Universität Karlsruhe, Germany, in frame of the Collaborative Research Centre SFB461 “Strong earthquakes”, subproject C7 “Novel rescue technologies” in the aftermath of the 2001 Gujarat earthquake using the software Photomodeller (Schweier et al, 2004).
Application: Ontology of the digital databases of photography of the impact of catastrophes on architecture Digital archives
Inventory of archive material Ontology for photography archives
Database of photographs to catastrophe ontology
How to populate the database with characteristic photographs Ex. How to link photographs from online archives
Resources about photographers Ruins to be virtually reconstructed in 3D