better farming series

farming with animal power

14

f81D AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS

n -s designed I I

I

es h e been pubi ed in is s, handboo a-year in

u I educ and ining c u h be pu h ed a or ind idual

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

tne I ing pi2tnt; . the ot he plant: the m; the buds; the !e es he plant: the flower he soil: how the soil is made up he soii: how to conserve e soil he soil: how imp ve e soil

p farming al husband al husband

p duce

eding and care of ani als : animal diseases; how ani als

business su ey 1. e eding

12. heep and go b eding 13. eping chic ns 1 . Fa ing w ani a! r 15. e als 1 and bers 17. 18. anana

a ga ening 20. pland rice 21. et paddy or amp rice 22. 23. o e 2 . he oil palm 25. The bber tree 26. The odern farm busine

1

. Published arrangement with lnstitut africain pour le developpement economique

B 8008, Abidjan, d'Ivoire

Rome 1977

4

First printing 1

ISBN 92-5-100157-X

© French edition, lnstitut africain pour le developpement economique et social ( I NADES) 1971

© English edition, FAQ 1977

Th manual is a tra lation and adaptati H cu re attelee/' published the Agri~Service que the lnsti africain pour le developpement economique social (IN DES), and forms rt of a series booklets. Grateful acknowledgement is made to the publishers making available this text, which it is hoped wil I find widespread use the intermediate level of agricultural education and training in English-speaking countries.

The original texts were prepared for an African environment and this is naturally reflected in the English version. However, it is expected that .many of the manuals of the series - a list of which wiH be found on the inside front cover - will also be of value for training in ma other parts of the world. Adaptations can be made to the text where necessary owing to different climatic and ecological conditions.

Applications for permission to issue this manual in other languages are welcomed. Such applications should be addressed to: Director, Publications Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, ia delle Terme di Caracalla, 00100 Rome, Italy.

The author of this English version is Mr. A.J. Henderson, former Chief of the F Editorial Branch.

• 3

9

Size and shape of fields------------------------------------------ 9 Marking the boundaries of a field -------------------------- 10 Grubbing out the trees in the field ----------------------- 12 Get permission to farm for a long time----------------- 12 Choose the right crops and rotation ---------------------- 13

Choosing oxen for farm work --------------------------------1 n Ing oxen _________ . _____________________________________________ _

Harnessing oxen with a yoke ---------------------------­How to train oxen -------------------------------------------­How many hours a day can oxen work?------------

How to feed working oxen -----------------------------------­Looking after. working oxen ----------------------------------

use

14

14

14 17 18

29

31

38

39

41

Choice of tools ------------------------------------------------------ 41 The plough ________________________________________________________ _ The harrow _______________________________________________________ _

The Ma nga cu It ivator ---------------------------------------- 43 The seed dri 11 -----------------------------------------------------The ca rt ____________________________________ --------.. ______ -------- 45

Other tools --------·---·-·········---------··--·------------------- 46

1

• • •

Is

mgs m

2

51 51

57

I

In tradit nal farming ali the in the fields is done hand, with very few tools,

man-power alone,

Everything is carried on the. head. Each trip you carry on iy a sma 11 amount of goods -a basket of cocoa beans,

of groundnuts, of rice,

a can of oil, a load of wood,

for tilling, sowing, hoeing and tran u can make use of the strength

With animal power the farmer gets less tired. He lives better.

The farmer can pay for the animals and tools.

e has more money than when he does everything by hand.

3

In

E with trad ional farming,

the farmer makes 8 CF francs a r.

With animal power, He can make 30 000 francs. Each year he repays part of the cost of the oxen, the plough, and the cultivator, that is, 12 francs. So he has left: 30 000 less 12 000 = 18 francs. Thus he makes 1 000 francs more than with traditional farming.

( with traditional farming,

the farmer makes 17

With animal power

,

francs.

he can make 66 000 francs. Each year he pays 29 000 francs for the donkey, the cultivator, fertilizers and pesticides. So he has left 66 000 less 29 000 = 000 francs. Thus he makes 19 000 francs more than with traditional farming.

save time, because work is done much faster with animals;

get farming jobs done in good time;

• do some of his jobs better;

have bigger fields.

IS much animals.

i { to grow a hectare of groundnuts, that is, an area equa I to a football field, 190 eight-hour days are needed each year if work is done by hand.

But with animal power only 1 eight-hour days are needed each year.

To grow a hectare of food crops such as millet, maize or sorghum requires 85 working days a year if work is done by hand.

With animal power only 57 working days a year are needed.

The time the farmer saves by using animal power should be used to work other fields.

But although the work is done more quickly, the farmer has to spend some time in looking after his oxen, his donkey, in training them and feeding them.

5

J

saw in an earl (Booklet No, 7) that crop y ids are much better if the ng 1s ne the right time,

Cotton sown the beginning of the rains yields 656 kilogrammes per hectare;

but cotton sown one month after the first rains yields only kilogrammes per hectare.

Sowing seed and applying fertilizer by hand on ·a one-hectare field requires 30 working days,

With animal power, sowing the seed and applying the fertilizer requires 4 working days.

Animal power is useful chiefly because with it you can get certain jobs done well and quickly,

6

j r

a k

Ti Hing is more regular a · (see klet , 7, page 8).

Sowing in rows (see klet No. 7, page 15)

is done at a good density (see Booklet , 1

1 page 1

i ntercu !tivations are done more often (see Booklet No. 7, page 21).

Harvesting is quicker,

r

animal power, as the done more qu ickl

ii

the farmer makes better use of his time and can rm bigger fields.

( ) , a farmer works by hand

a field of 1 hectare.

With animal power he ,can work a field of 2 to 4 hectares.

7

ma a ice fields and them out wei1 1 that is:

choose fertile land; lay out big, rectangular fields; clear all the fields and grub out all the

make a good choice of crops;

• make a good choice of oxen and donkeys;

• train the animals well: teach them to work;

• feed the animals well: a well-fed animal is strong, so make a reserve of food for the dry season;

take good care of the animals;

make a good choice of tools, and take care of them;

• work out correct what animal power costs and what it brings in.

8

I

Choose land where plants grow weH; if you see tall herbage, the land there is good.

If u can, choose fields near your house,

I

so as not to lose time getting there and back. II the time spent getting to and fro

is time lost on the fields.

The fields should be and especially they should be long.

If a field is very short, you lose a lot of time turning the oxen at the end of the field. You get more tired turning the plough.

The fields should have a regular shape; they should be rectangles. That shape makes it easier to plough,

to sow in rows, to hoe and cultivate.

If you must have several fields, make them as close to each other as possible, so as not to lose ti me getting from one to the other with the animals and tools.

9

u

u wa a field 1 re.

This field should either squa

Field 1 hectare

The corner of this booklet is a right angle.

Measure 4 metres a long side

Square corner (right angle)

and 3 metres along side OB. Now the l~ngth of B

shou id be '5 metres.

a

B

or rectangular. Th is means that its corners must right angles.

3 metres

It is easy to calculate the area of such a field. You can reckon better the density of sowing

(see Booklet No. 1, page 26). You know how much fertilizer to apply. You know whether the field yields a good

or a poor harvest.

• is easier till imals.

10.

A

Right angle

E F FIE

icu late the area a fie with angles at the rners, multiply the length the of the fie ,

: a field is 1 metres iong and 1 metres wide; its area is 1 1 = 10 uare metres (m2

),

= 10

: a field is 200 metres long and 50 metres wide; its area is 200 50 = 10 m2

•

It is also 1 hectare.

100 metres·

fields 1 hectare

field which is 71 metres long and 71 metres wide

has an area of 71 71 = 5 041 m2•

A field which is 100 metres long and 50 metres wide

has an area of 100 50 = 5 000 m2•

These are both fields of half a hectare.

1 1

0 0 N

50 metres

In

•

You cannot use animal power on fie_lds with tree mps. u must grub out the tree stumps so as not to break r tools (see Booklet o. 6, page 21).

This requires a lot of work, but once it is done, it is done for good.

It does not have to be done again every year.

Each year grub out the trees on a part of the field.

At the end of two or three )/'ears the whole field is cleared,

In savanna country you need 120 working days to clear a hectare and grub out the tree stumps.

Do, this during the dry season when there is not too much other work.

• G perm1ss1on a long me

Before grubbing out the trees, ask the land authorities for permission to farm the field for a very long time, so as to get the benefit of your work.

12

•

u use animal

m ur (see B

ind

r example:

) '

Grow a I (see Bo let No, 5, page and cereals such as rice or maize or rghum as (see Booklet No. page 14).

Grow more cash crops such as cotton or groundnuts.

ith the extra money earned, pay off the cost of the oxen and the tools.

After the cash crops, raise food crops for your family.

The food crops wili benefit from the remains of the fertilizers used on the cash crops. The harvest wiH be better.

u wi I! get enough food for your family from a smaller field.

Using animal power means you have to use a good crop rotation.

13

•

•

I

u

The bigger an the stronger it is.

that is nnot do u

Some n are ii for clearing the land and deep p mg .

anima m breathe easily and not ugh. The bones and muscles must be weli developed. The legs, especial must be strong.

hocks (joints) must be well formed, the hoofs must be solid and smooth.

An animal that walks with difficulty is not good

Look at how an animal walks and you will see whether it will make a good working

14

•

•

•

d

If an ox is easi ,

for then it wi !I be r be the

ir less and lazy

B in that case that it

it is not for training, it wil! not much work .

If one bigger n the the cannot fit well, Then the the and they n welL

If one is stronger than the other, strength of the stronger

is not fully used,

They will be able to work together r several years.

15

19)

0 ' icult m,

not take animals that are ng, They are not ng en u

they have not finished growing, Their bones are not rd enough,

animal that when it is too ng does n grow,

2 3

you can begin to train If you begin ear the oxen get into good habits, But before the age let them do on light

oxen are strong enough to work hard. u can then keep them for several years,

Oxen can wo up to the age of 10 years,

16

i

ve are well

a ne and hoid the p

are needed: one in front lead; one at the side, to make the n go fo one behind, hold the plough,

it takes time train oxen well, but this time is not wasted, Afterward only one man wii I be needed

drive the and Id the plough,

Never leave them too ng harnessing them,

If u do not harness your oxen for 6 months, they wiU lose their good habits, In the d season when there is no ploughing or cultivating to do, harness your oxen for transport, Then they wili n0t lose their good habits,

17

Ring ing chain

oxen

18

Ho.ok for fixing chain

chains between 1 a 2 F f n .

Horn oth between and n .Head yoke:.

ing rope

The head ke is most used for oxen other than zebus.

is ke gradua Hy develops the neck m do not th work

that is too nng.

1

rness one animal.

SI

, - -·---- -- -

· Hooks for ' fixing two

chains

It can also be used as a collar, in the same way as for donkeys (see page 37),

with collar

The yoke shou Id be rather short. The oxen should be quite close to each But there should be 25 centimetres between the two oxen so that the chain that puils the tool does not bother them.

So the yoke shou Id be 1. 10 to 1 .30 metres long, If the animals have large horns, make the yoke a little longer.

For certain work, iike ridging or cultivating between rows of crops, longer yokes are sometimes used, so that there are two rows of crops between the two an i ma Is.

So you must have two yokes, a and a long

Longer yoke Chain pulling cultivator

Two oxen harnessed with a long yoke cultivating

21

Crop rows

•

•

u

m

B u mu

being Putting

If a man is unki his if h

id and become vicious,

If a man his become quieter.

man a animals must friends .

E

n

before beginning ming, tie the for a urs a tree. The anima II get used to being tied, and will be quieter.

Aiwa sa

The left-hand ox m always on the left, and right-hand must always be the

n

u need a It is better

to walk in a

e animals are used ring the ke

and walking side side, m or a

midd the other end

fix a piece

Ii

ind· ,

m

Yoke

Training oxen

When the oxen are used to wearing the yoke, and to walking while dragging something, you must teach them to walk straight ahead,

to stop, to turn to the left, to turn to the right.

You can get oxen to obey at the words:

The driver's voice

Hu , .. , , . Forward Hoo . . , . . Stop Dia , . , . , , Left Ya . , . , . . Right

should be the chief means of driving the oxen,

You have to do the same movements over and over again,

The oxen learn to obey by this means. To get them to obey better,

you can give each one a name, and give them orders by calling their names,

You must teach the oxen to walk steadily in a straight line,

mnmg mmg, use the oxen on , su as cultivation and light transport.

Gradually make them do ten days,

harness the oxen to a plough (see page ) ,

The oxen must waik in a straight line, and pull steadily, To begin with, do a light ploughing (see Booklet No. 7, page 8).

At the end of each furrow, let the animals rest for 1 or 2 minutes,

In this way the oxen gradually become used to all kinds of work,

and the farmer also becomes used to handling the tools,

In some places there are imal training stations where the farmer can learn how to train his oxen,

Remember that oxen should not do very tiring work before they are 4 years old (see p·age 16i).

The animals must do some work such as transport even outside the main farming season; they must not lose the habit of work.

25

a n an

r less tiring wo , like light tra ,

can be worked a I itt nger.

is best make the oxen when the sun is n

1n morni When it is hot,

E

the oxen get tired more quick , and less.

u must not work the oxen too iong. They will get too tired and wi II fa !I sick. The farmer must know his oxen we!!, so that he can judge what work they can do and remain well.

26

man 0 wen weiL

Ii nnot we!L

know that catt !e need a lot ti me to feed,

that works has less time to get its food than animals that do n work,

So rich pastures near the village must be kept for working oxen, and

m u must for the d season,

by making (see Booklet No. 8, page ),

that works 5 hours a day must have, besides green fodder, a

well-fed works well and does not get thin.

The oxen stay well, can be used for a longer time, and then sold for a good price. You spend money to feed the oxen well, but you earn more by their work and by selling them.

27

are advised give work.ing 2 feed units for light , and 3 feed un for heavy work (see Booklet . 8, page 13).

This feed supplement is provided by: 2.5 kilogrammes of rice bran mixed

with crushed maize, or 2.5 kilogrammes of rice bran mixed

with crushed sorghum, or 6 ki iogrammes of groundnu-c stems and leaves, or 5 kilogrammes of good brush hay.

must also give a mineral su

For example,

day.

calcium carbonate mixed with dicalcium phosphate.

And do not forget a salt lick.

Even when the animals are not working, you must give them enough to eat.

If you do not do this, when you need them for working, they will be too weak, they will take too long doing the work; sowing will be late, and the harvest will not be so good.

Without good feeding, animal power is useless.

28

r

Working oxen must be ab le to rest,

shelter them from the wind, sun and ram 1

bu i Id a shed for them. Use wood, millet straw, other local materials.

The shed should not cost much.

Next to the shed, make a paddock,

In the paddock put feeding racks or troughs for the feed supplement you give the oxen (see page 27).

Manure heap

@ '

~ ( . -f~i. ~' 1m11row1111i\11 ww1iiViltiviit,

29

•

over

we!!;

and their strength.· u can kill ticks w

can also be paraffin or mineral oiL

out.

. . . o out r any mJunes.

u

If an is injured, find out Has it got a thorn in its fo.ot? Has a piece of or iron torn itsskin? To avoid hurting the , the yoke must be weil placed (see page 19); make sure that the 1s in place.

When you have found what hurts the take away the cause of the mJ u Do not make the work. It is better to lose a few days' work than to lose an

Clean the wound with hot water. Add disinfectant to the water to prevent the wound getting' infected, for example, soap, or potassium permanganate or creso!. Wash the wound often,

wound that is kept clean soon heals.

30

don is not it is usefu I for light

as ing, hoeing and don harnessed side

can do ploughing in light i!s,

mg. side

The donkey ve usefu I for transport. It iks easiiy over rough tracks,

donkey costs much less than an It is seldom rn and it is easy to feed and look after.

like oxen, a working donkey must: • be in good health; • have strong feet; • have hard hoofs.

donkey can be trained from the age

31

18 months.

eat herbage. donkey stomach has only one gut;

it has no rumen. Donkeys are not ruminants.

donkey needs and some during the night. When a donkey is working, give a feed supplement such as 1 kilogramme of crushed millet or sorghum mixed with rice bran.

A donkey likes clean to drink. But do not let it drink at once after working when it is hot and sweating.

If a donkey is used to carry water, let it drink while at the spring.

Do not leave a donkey at large, but keep it iii a paddock (see Booklet No. 8, page 32), or tie it with a long rope a post so that it cannot damage the crops.

32

a r as did r

Bui a wail on the side where the wind blows most often.

The shelter will protect the donkeys from wind and rain.

Put on the floor, The donkeys will rest better, and there wi ii be ror the fields,

donkey needs an area 3 metres long by 1.75 metres wide,

For the donkey's feed supplement, make a from a hollowed tree trunk, or from a barrel cut in half, Fix the trough to the wa 11 so that the donkey cannot knock it over,

For the hay make a (a kind of ladder made of bamboo),

Then the hay will not get mixed with the manure and will always be clean.

33

Li

•

•

r don

nkeys are resista except

The animal husband have medicame

wili a

r treating is illness, and others

I oiL

prevent the animals falling ilL

m

There are no donkeys in rest regions because the sleeping sickness.

n .

•

• a piece called a

is the pads; • leather or

can sadd on

• Baskets are fixed on the pack-sadd ie,

u can easily make a pack-saddle yourself, The pads are made with

animal

old sacks stuffed with grass and sewn up, The back-strap and the girths

can be made of leather or plaited rope,

The donkey must get used to carrying the pack-saddle, first put it on without a load,

then gradually increase the load,

35

Donkey with pack-saddle

donkey can carry 100 kilogrammes of goods over long distances and bad tracks.

A donkey can also pull a light cart. Do not put a load of more than 300 kilogrammes in the cart.

The pack-saddle is used for carrying loads in places where a cart cannot go.

When a donkey is to pull a cart or an implement, give it a (see page 37) or a breastQstrap (see page 313) and fix a chain to each side of it.

donkey is not as strong as an ox. But it can easily pull a harrow, a hoe or a seed drill. Two donkeys can plough in light soil.

36

-Hook for fixing chain

It is difficult to make a good lar.

It must not hu the donkey.

Donkey with collar

37

a

Rope

Cloth to

In

B

Horse

The nger don b more difficu in welL

• ese s are learn: a male horse caiied a I a female is called a a ung horse is called a or

• horse needs the same care as a

• like e donkey, the horse eats g n it is working,

give it a feed su lement every d such as 2 to 4 kilogrammes of crushed miilet or um mi with rice bran, for iight work 0

and 4 kilogrammes of millet for

u are a

u are a

u b

u

In some

hiny p

a

are more

u ima caHed h hinny is the mg a stall and a she-d

ha

page

colla1·

Camels eat even when it is d

They need 6 7 hours a day at pasture. When they are working in the day

they go pasture at night. But they need 3 or 4 hours rest during the day. need 15 litres water a day.

But they can store up water, and drink every 3 or 4 days up to 80 litres of water.

In

• • •

r tools at once. It is best to buy first

the Is that are m useful and that enable get your done in time.

If have sandy soii (see Booklet o. 17), ploughing win n big dods.

So it is useless a rrow (see Booklet No. 7, page 12),

big branch 11 do the job.

There are many makers of Is, many different brands.

You must buy tools of a brand that is well known in your cou for it is easier get them mended.

Choose strong tools, even if they cost a little more.

They will last longer.

41

lly plou

holding are

Mouldboard

Hitch

is u breaking clods. between 2 and 5

Teeth

Iron harrow

IS

It

• if you x h it does i

• if fix two pl ghshares it will up the c

only s used a

The cultivator costs

43

J as a p

machine

15

/ /

driH IS

nu ,

each ze seed.

The seed dri !i is d must fol low the advice

of the dealer o sells the drill, or the extension service technician.

Oxen can pu I I a seed drill that sows several rows at once.

seed driH costs a I between 9 and 15 CF francs. Several farmers can get together to buy a drill between them.

Wheel to press down the earth

Seed tube places seed in soil

, Teeth to cover the seeds

Seed drill

Cart

cart costs between 25 000 and 30 000 CF A francs.

It is very useful for carrying manure, harvests, wood, water.

You can also transport things for other farmers.

Some kinds have iron wheels, others have ti res.,

Oxen can pull a cart loaded with 1 000 kilogrammes of goods.

45

•

•

E

lifting plough

It is used for cutting cereals, for example, rice.

A good farmer

takes care of his tools; knows how to mend them; protects them from rain.

46

I

r y, rmer

on buying his animals and is, on feeding I ng on mending the tools.

animals get old, the tools wear out.

After five or six years 0

you have to buy new oxen and new tools.

farmer must know how much money he spends on farming th animal power.

m h

The farmer al5o knows

animals,

how much money he makes from working by hand. He knows

how much money he gets from working with animals.

on:

Prices va country to country and from region to regi The prices given here

do not apply to all of Africa. They are on two examples.

Let us take two farmers, Toumba and Gambara.

Toumba and Gambara each buy

a plough ................ . a pair of oxen ............ .

They each spend ............. .

Toumba buys a plough for 8 000 francs. In 5 years the plough is worn out. Toumba has· to buy another one. He needs money.

8 000 francs 32 000 francs

000 francs ( F )

But he never thought of putting aside any money. So he cannot buy a new plough. Toumba cannot1 :use his oxen any more. He cannot farm with animal power.

Gambara also buys a plough for 8 000 francs. At the end of 5 years the plough is worn out. But Gambara has put some money aside every year. So he can buy a new plough and go on farming with animal power.

48

Putting money aside

•

•

replace is called

ap

The plough costs 8 It lasts 5 years.

ncs.

To get 8 francs in 5 years, you must put aside each

8 = 1 francs.

5 These 1 600 francs are the amortization of the plough .

The oxen cost 32 000 francs. After 6 years they are too old

and are sold for 20 000 francs. In 6 years the oxen have lost in value

francs less francs = 12

In order to have enough money in 6 years' time to buy new oxen a farmer must put money aside every year for the amortization of the oxen, that is:

12 000 _ 6

francs = 2 000 francs.

For the amortization of the plough and the oxen the farmer must put aside every year

francs.

1 600 francs plus 2 000 francs = 3 600. francs.

means putting aside every year the money to replace your tools and oxen.

am

Garn

B mba hasn't he asks a friend or a bank

francs. iend him

is friend, or a bank that has francs, could use the money to buy a shop and do business.

francs would

m

!f the bank lends you 1 francs for one vear, and asks you to pay back 105 francs at the end of the

%) The extra 5 francs

k

are the price you must pay for the loan 1 francs one year.

For a farmer who is lent francs, interest at 5% a year works out as foil

000 francs 5 = 2 francs interest each year. 1

I is the money a farmer pay each year for the use of money lent to him

50

•

•

his pl

on Ill fl D !11 Ill D a a G Ill Q Cl Iii El Ill D Q Ill

Total

lace his animals and his plough,

3 2

5

ambara aside each r ... , . . . 5

ambara gives a feed supplement to his working oxen -(see page ). Each animal gets 2 kilogrammes sorghum on days when it works.

Instead of giving the sorghum the animals Gambara could have sold the sorghum at, say, 12 francs a kilogramme.

Gambara shou id know how much money he could have got for this

working day the food for the him: 4 kilogrammes 12 francs = francs.

The oxen work 100 days a r, Their food costs him:

francs 1 = 4 francs .

Work wears out tools. They must be mended,

the ploughshare must be replaced. Gambara spends 500 francs a year

mending tools.

51

•

•

him:

amortization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 interest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 animals' food. , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 upkeep of . , ................ .

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

Before he used animal power Gambara earned:

for cotton for food crops for groundnuts

francs francs

15 francs

kg .. kg .. kg ..

7 2 3

francs francs francs

Total, , ...... , , , , , , .... , , . . . 12 800 francs

With animal power, Gambara earns more money because he gets bigger yields:

for cotton for food crops for groundnuts

26 francs 20 francs

francs

By using animal power

800 kg .. kg ..

600 kg ..

Gambara has earned more, namely,

20 800 francs 8 francs

12 000 francs

.. 40 800 francs less 12 800 francs = 28 000 francs. But Gambara has spent 10 800 francs

for the costs of animal power farming. So the animal power has brought in,

has raised his income by 28 000 francs less 10 900 francs = 17 1 francs.

using animal power fl must out

more mcome you can earn

52

For animal you m a , in

feed the

If the oxen work less than 1 days, they cost too much.

The amortization and the interest to be paid per working day are too costly.

For amortization and interest on his oxen and tools, Gambara must pay 5 600 francs.

If the oxen work 100 days, amortization and interest cost him:

5 600 francs = 56 francs a day 100

If the oxen work days, amortization and interest cost him: 5 5oo francs = 112 francs a day

50

If a farmer has not got enough land to keep his oxen working,

he can combine with other farmers, so as to give the oxen more work.

53

can ca can clear land

a to buy a tractor,

tractor costs

I

ail ii

between francs and 1

also need plenty money to buy the tools.

plough to use th a costs much more than a plough for oxen. It is bigger and more complicated,

You also need plenty money to buy petrol (gasolene); to buy lubricating oil; to pay for repairs; to pay insurance.

54

I

francs.

m there is no m

are

pay for al! thi must farm a I iandu

say must

that bring in a I

places agricul raise

Farmers can to have these in their fields.

can hire them.

55

animal power enables rmers to farm fields 3 times as big, . and harvest 3 times as much on the same area.

The harvest is 9 times as big.

with animal power fields twice as big were farmed, and the farmers earned twice as much.

with animal power one man can farm more than 2 hectares instead of 1 hectare.

Empire)

the production of cotton per family is: 1 kilogrammes without animal power, 473 kilogrammes with animal power.

56

FILL IN E R

With animal power you can make use of the ........... of animals.

You can farm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . fields.

You must . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . in the fields

in order not to break your tools.

Animals that can be used are ............................ .

or ...................... or ...................... .

Oxen are strong enough to work at the age of ................. .

Oxen are harnessed with a ............................. .

The left-hand ox must always remain on the ................. .

The right-hand ox must always remain on the ................ .

Oxen can work ............................. hours a day.

When oxen are working give them a ............... supplement.

It is best to choose .................................. .

that are I ight, strong, simple and not too dear. A good farmer takes

care of his tools.

He . . . . . . . . . . . . them and ............. them from the rain.

With a ...................... : . work is done more quickly,

but it costs a lot of .................... · .............. .

ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS

At what age should oxen be harnessed?

How should tools be chosen?

What is a feed supplement?

Do you know an animal training station near where you live?

Where is it?

What sort of oxen should be chosen for work?

Two oxen bought in 1964 cost 30 000 francs. They are resold in 1970

for 18 000 francs. Calculate the annual amortization.

If you are going to use animal power, how should the fields be laid out?

57

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P-69 ISBN 92-5-100157-X