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Slide 1/31March 2010
Research Summary
Department of Fire Protection EngineeringUniversity of Maryland
College Park, MD 20742, USA
http://www.fpe.umd.edu
March 2010
Slide 2/31March 2010
Faculty Research Areas
M. di Marzo suppression (water- or foam-based)
A.W. Marshall fire flows, combustion, suppression
J.A. Milke structures, detection, egress
J.G. Quintiere fire dynamics, scaling, flammability
S.I. Stoliarov pyrolysis, flammability, fire growth
P.B. Sunderland soot, fire dynamics, diagnostics
A. Trouvé turbulent combustion, fire modeling
Full-Time Faculty
Slide 3/31March 2010
Faculty Research Areas
H. Baum applied math, CFD
V. Brannigan regulation and law
T. Kashawagi material flammability
F.W. Mowrer flammability, detection, fire modeling
Other Faculty
Slide 4/31March 2010
Ignition and Flame Spread Flame Spread on Polymers (Stoliarov) Modeling UL 94V (Quintiere) Spontaneous Ignition for Investigation (Quintiere)
Burning Rate Burning Rates of Charring Polymers (Stoliarov) Candle Flames (Quintiere/Sunderland) Emulated Burning Rate (Quintiere/Sunderland) Flame-Wall Interactions (Trouvé) N-Heptane Pool Fires (Quintiere) Spill and Burning Behavior of Flammable Liquids (Quintiere) Tools for Numerical Experiments (Trouvé)
Heat Transfer Near Wall Mixing and Heat Transfer (Marshall/Trouvé)
Fire Chemistry Flame Design (Sunderland) Pyrolysis Modeling (Trouvé) Smoke Points in Microgravity (Sunderland) Soot Oxidation (Sunderland)
Outline
Slide 5/31March 2010
Outline
Plumes Dispersion (Marshall/Quintiere) Flame Length Under a Ceiling (Quintiere) Modeling of Turbulent Wall Fires (Trouvé)
Detection Smoke Detection (Milke)
Compartment Fires New MQH Formula for Temperature (Quintiere) Physical Scale Modeling for Investigation (Quintiere/Marshall) Under-Ventilated Fires (Quintiere) Vent Flows (Quintiere)
Human Behavior Egress (Milke)
Suppression Spray Suppression (Marshall/Baum)
Slide 6/31March 2010
Faculty: Stoliarov M.S. Students: I. Leventon Title: Two-Dimensional Burning Model for Aircraft Materials Sponsor: FAA Objective: Understand and predict the initial rate of flame spread
on typical representative aircraft interior or body materials.
Ignition and Flame Spread
Flame Spread on Polymers
x
y
mat
eria
l HFrad(mF)HFconv(mF)
mF
x
HFrad(MF, y)
HFconv(MF, y)
yy mFMF
mFy
1D
2D
Slide 7/31March 2010
Ignition and Flame Spread
Modeling UL 94V
Faculty: Quintiere, with R. Lyon, FAA M.S. Student: B. Downey, currently with SAIC Title: An Investigation of the UL 94V Plastics Flammability Test, 6th
Int. Sem. on Fire and Explosions (2010) Sponsor: FAA Objective: Predict rating for UL 94V in terms of properties.
Slide 8/31March 2010
Faculty: Quintiere, with T. Minnich, U Cent Fla M.S. Student: J. Worden Title: Spontaneous Ignition (Oven Test Method) Sponsor: NIJ Objective: Help fire investigators better assess
spontaneous ignition.
Baskets with Thermocouples
Supercritical
Subcritical
Linseed Oil with Cotton Rags
Ignition and Flame Spread
Spontaneous Ignition for Investigation
Slide 9/31March 2010
Faculty: Stoliarov Ph.D. Students: TBD Title: Prediction of the Burning Rates of Charring Polymers Sponsor: Minta Martin Funds Objective: Develop and validate a detailed numerical model for burning
of charring and intumescing polymers in a cone calorimeter.
Burning Rate
Burning Rates of Charring Polymers
Slide 10/31March 2010
W f / D 2.710.70 /
L f / D Cxn , x Ra1/4 (L / D) – 2
C as 0.526 and 0.470, and n as 0.75 and 0.60 for
tetracosane and paraffin, respectively
Burning Rate
Candle Flames
Faculty: Quintiere, Sunderland M.S. Student: Tabaka, Visiting Scholars: Lian/Chiu Title: Analysis and Measurement of Candle Flame Shapes Submitted: Combustion Symposium, Beijing (2010) Objectives: Measurements, theory and correlations for flame
height and flame width as a function of wick dimensions.
Slide 11/31March 2010
Faculty: Quintiere, Sunderland Ph.D. Student: K.T. Dotson Title: Experimental Investigation of Emulated Burning Rate at Various
Gravity Levels Sponsor: NASA Glenn Objective: Measure and correlate the steady burning rates of a range of
fuels as a function of orientation and gravity.
NuBfk
xcm p ,''
RafNu 3Txg
Ra
L
TTcYrHB spoxrc )(1 ,
Heat of Combustion, ΔHc: 5 – 50 MJ/kg
Heat of Gasification, L: 0.5 – 5 MJ/kg
Surface Temperature, Ts: 50 – 500°C
Gravity, g: 10-4 – 1.5gAngle, θ: 0 – 180°
Fuel''m
''q'''' qm Heat Flux Gage
Experiment Theory Parameters
Fuel Properties
Burning Rate
Emulated Burning Rate
Slide 12/31March 2010
Burning Rate
Flame-Wall Interactions
Faculty: A. Trouvé, with U. Piomelli (Queens U.) PhD Students: L. Bravo, A. Voegele Title: Numerical Modeling of Non-Premixed Flame-Wall Interactions in Turbulent
Boundary Layer Flows Sponsors: NSF, NASA Objective: Develop a high-fidelity, parallel, LES solver for turbulent combustion.
Application to simulations of boundary layer combustion (fundamental studies; CFD model development and validation).
2009 Results: Extension of initial constant density code to variable mass density and combustion.
LES simulation of a film cooling configuration
Slide 13/31March 2010
Faculty: Quintiere, with Bing Chen Collaborator: L.S. Lu (USTC, China) Title: Pool fire under different initial fuel temperatures Sponsor: National Natural Science Foundation of China Objective: Study the effects of initial fuel temperature on
pool fire behavior. Application to fire hazards of high-temperature fuel.
Burning Rate
N-Heptane Pool Fires
Slide 14/31March 2010
SL
SG
Faculty: Quintiere M.S. Student: M. Benfer Collaborators: D. Gottuk and C. Mealy (Hughes) Sponsor: NIJ Objective: Develop and validate a flammable liquid spread
and burning behavior model by assessing the spreading dynamics and burning behavior of liquids over a flat surface.
Spill Formation Substrate
Preliminary Spill Results
Burning Rate
Spill and Burning Behavior of Flammable Liquids
Slide 15/31March 2010
Burning Rate
Tools for Numerical Experiments
Faculty: A. Trouvé, PhD student: P. Narayanan, Post-doc: V.R. Lecoustre Collaborators: H.G. Im (UMich), D. Haworth (PSU), T. Lu (UConn), R.
Sankaran (ORNL), K.-L. Ma (UC-Davis) Title: Petascale Computing, Visualization, and Science Discovery of
Turbulent Sooting Flames Sponsor: NSF Objective: Develop a massively-parallel, high-fidelity, DNS solver to
simulate soot-flame-radiation interactions in turbulent combustion. 2009 Results: Basic study of radiation extinction in sooting, luminous,
laminar and turbulent diffusion flames.
temperatureextinction
soot mass fraction
Radiation extinction in a turbulent diffusion flame
Increasingsoot levels
Slide 16/31March 2010
Faculty: Marshall, Trouvé Ph.D. Students: A. Voegele, F. Raffan Collaborator: C. Cadou (UMD) Title: Detailed Experiments and Model Development for Thrust
Chamber Film Cooling Sponsor: NASA Marshall Objective: Characterize the detailed mixing and transport processes near
film cooled surfaces to support near-wall CFD model development.
Film cooling effectiveness and near wall diagnostics
Heat Transfer
Near Wall Mixing and Heat Transfer
Slide 17/31March 2010
Faculty: SunderlandPh.D. Student: V.R. LecoustreCollaborators: V. Lecoustre, R.L.
Axelbaum, D.L. Urban, B.H. ChaoTitle: Flame Design: A Novel Approach
to Clean Efficient Diffusion FlamesSponsor: NASA GlennObjectives: Study the effects of fuel
and oxidizer dilution on soot formation and flame extinction. Application to smoke and extinction.
Preparing for testing aboard the International Space Station.
(a) 18% C2H4 27% O2 (b) 18% C2H4 28% O2
30 mm30 mm
(c) O2 12% C2H4 (d) O2 13% C2H4
Fire Chemistry
Flame Design
Slide 18/31March 2010
Fire Chemistry
Pyrolysis Modeling
Faculty: A. Trouvé, MS students: R. Webster, M. McKeever, Z. Ghorbani Collaborator: M. Lázaro (U. Cantabria, Spain) Sponsor: NIJ Objectives: Develop thermal properties and burning item database (the database
has a material property component populated by cone calorimeter test data and an object property component populated by furniture calorimeter test data). Develop models to describe the formation of flammable vapors from pyrolysis of solid fuel sources.
2009 Results: Construction of preliminary version of database. Evaluation of limitations of current methodologies for pyrolysis modeling.
Slide 19/31March 2010
Faculty: SunderlandM.S. Student: K.T. DotsonCollaborators: D.L. Urban, Z.G.
YuanTitle: Smoke Points in Coflow
Experiment (SPICE)Sponsor: NASA GlennObjectives: Study the effects of
fuel type and coflow on soot emissions. Application to spacecraft fire safety.
Images shown are from the International Space Station.
Fire Chemistry
Smoke Points in Microgravity
75% C3H6
1.6 mm Burner
uf = 41.9 cm/s
75% C3H6
1.6 mm Burner
uair= 50.5 cm/s
uf = 28.2 32.9 37.6 42.3 cm/s
uair = 59.0 55.2 47.7 36.4 cm/s
30 mm
Slide 20/31March 2010
Faculty: Sunderland
Title: Soot Oxidation in Hydrocarbon-Free Flames
Sponsor: NSF
Objectives: Establish soot oxidation kinetics for OH, O2, O, CO2 and H2O. Application to smoke emission and radiation.
Measurements to be performed include soot volume fraction, soot temperature, soot structure, and gas compositions.
Fire Chemistry
Soot Oxidation
hydrogen diffusion
flame
propylene diffusion
flame
70 m
m
Wide View Close-Up
Slide 21/31March 2010
*
Faculty: Marshall, Quintiere M.S. Students: C. Haus, A. Goodman, T. Layton Title: Characterizing Buoyancy Induced Dispersion via Scale Modeling Sponsors: NIJ, Combustion Science and Engineering Objective: Apply PLIF, PIV, and other non-intrusive diagnostics for use in
dispersion studies. Current focus is salt-water dispersion experiments (used for: applied studies of smoke transport and detector response; plume dispersion studies; CFD model validation).
Dispersion measurements; impinging plume (above); centerline unconfined plume (right)
Preliminary visualization of a plume in cross-flow
Plumes
Dispersion
Slide 22/31March 2010
Plumes
Flame Length Under a Ceiling
Faculty , J. G. Quintiere Title: Prediction of the flame length under a ceiling Sponsor: JL Bryan funds Objective: Develop a theoretical basis for correlating
a wide range of data for ceiling flame length
cj
jc
p
p hsn
mh
sn
mQ
52*62.1 D
f QD
r
Slide 23/31March 2010
Plumes
Modeling of Turbulent Wall Fires
Faculty: A. Trouvé PhD Student: A. Ojofeitimi, Intern: F. Collonval Sponsor: FM Global Objectives: Develop next-generation CFD tool for fire modeling
(OpenFOAM framework) - Adapt FireFOAM (developed by FMG) to treat wall fire configurations.
2009 Results: Validation study focused on convective heat transfer in classical buoyancy-driven turbulent vertical wall boundary layer flow.
Wall model to calculate convective heat flux in buoyancy-driven turbulent boundary layer
Slide 24/31March 2010
Faculty: Milke Title: Comparative loss of life and injury analysis between: fully
sprinklered occupancies, smoke detector-only occupancies and sprinklered in combination with smoke detector-protected occupancies
Sponsor: NEMA Objective: Conduct a literature review and statistical analysis of the losses
that have occurred in fire incidents in U.S. buildings with sprinklers and smoke detectors.
Death rates/ 100 U.S. Resid. Fires,
2003-06
Sprinkler performance in U.S. Resid. Fires (2003-06) (% of fire
incidents)
Detection
Smoke Detection
Slide 25/31March 2010
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2
y
Q*2/3 / H* 1/3 MQH w=0.43
w=0.67 w=1.00
Type X Gypsum Wall Board
For H*=0.025
• Faculty: Quintiere• M.S. Student: P. Sharma• Publication: “Compartment Fire Temperatures,” JFPE (2010)• Objective: Use new vent flow formula to compute compartment fire
temperatures and compare to MQH formula.
y T T
T
Q Q
cp,T g A
oH
o
DimensionlessTemperature
&HRR
Compartment Fires
New MQH Formula for Temperature
Slide 26/31March 2010
Full Scale 1/8th Scale
Faculty: Quintiere M.S. Student: A.Carey Collaborators: Marshall, C. Chan, D.T. Sheppard
(ATF) Title: Scale Modeling of Static Fires in a Complex
Geometry for Forensic Fire Applications Sponsor: NIJ Objective: Apply Froude scaling to various fuels
to develop a methodology for fire investigators. Presented at 2009 ESSCI Conference.
2/5*
gTc
p
Compartment Fires
Physical Scale Modeling for Investigation
Slide 27/31March 2010
• Faculty: Quintiere, with B. Chen• Collaborators: L.S. Lu (USTC, China)• Title: Flow through ceiling vents in enclosure fire• Sponsor: National Natural Science Foundation of China• Objective: Investigate the smoke flowing through the horizontal vent in
enclosure fires. Understand the critical condition of the unidirectional and bidirectional flow, and compute the volumetric flow.
Compartment Fires
Under-Ventilated Fires
Slide 28/31March 2010
Faculty: Quintiere, with L. Wang, China U Mining & Tech. “The Mixture Fraction to Predict Product Species in Fire,” Int J Eng Perf
Fire Codes (2007) “An analysis of compartment fire doorway flows,” FSJ (2009) “A general formula for the prediction of vent flows,” FSJ (2009) Sponsor: Chinese government Objective: Develop new analytical formulas to estimate vent flows in
compartment fires, and a new algorithm for predicting species in a zone model.
Schematic of flows Doors Windows
Compartment Fires
Vent Flows
Slide 29/31March 2010
Faculty: Milke Title: Analysis of Observations of People Movement
Characteristics during Evacuation of High Rise Office Buildings Sponsor: NIST Objective: Assess the linear relationship commonly assumed
between stairwell width and the speed and flow of occupants evacuating from high-rise buildings.
Evacuation Times for 24 Story Building-A
Human Behavior
Egress
Slide 30/31March 2010
Faculty: Marshall, Baum Ph.D. Students: N. Ren, P.Y.H. Zheng M.S. Student: B. Salyers Collaborator: P. Tartarini (U. Modena) Title: Fire Suppression Spray Characterization Sponsors: NSF, FM Global Objective: Characterize the initial sprinkler spray for analysis/simulation
of water-based fire suppression systems. Application to sprinkler systems and integration into CFD solvers (e.g., FDS).
Atomization experiments for fire suppression devices
Ddef = 25 mm
Suppression
Spray Suppression
Slide 31/31March 2010
• …has many state-of-the-art capabilities Advanced diagnostics (PIV, PLIF, etc) High-fidelity numerical solvers (FDS, LES, DNS) Analysis and scaling
• …is a leading institution in Fire Science Fluid mechanics and heat transfer in fires Fire modeling (scale modeling, zone modeling, CFD modeling)
• …is a leading institution in FPE professional practice Evaluation and development of standards Testing combined with analysis
Summary
The FPE Department…