Post on 26-May-2015
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External FactorsFactors Affecting Students’ Listening
ComprehensionExternal Factors
… are mainly related to the type of language input and task and the context in which listening occurs.
Factors
In the late 1960s, two elderly American tourists who had been touring Scotland reported that, in their travels, they had come to a Scottish town in which there was a great ruined cathedral. As they stood in the ruins, they saw a small boy and they asked him when the cathedral had been so badly damaged.
He replied…
In the war
Their immediate interpretation, in the 1960’s was that he must be referring to the Second World War which has ended only twenty years earlier. But then they thought that the ruins looked as if they had been in their dilapidated state for much longer than that, so they asked the boy.
Which they eventually discovered had formerly ended in 1745.
Brown (1998)
Which war do you mean?
The war with the English
Co-text
Co-te
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Co-text
Another major factor influencing the interpretation of meaning.
The study of what speakers mean, or “speaker meaning”; The study of “invisible” meaning
Example
It refers to the linguistic context or the textual environment provided by the discourse or text in which a particular utterance occurs.
2 Kinds of Context
Linguistic Context (also Known as co-text)
Physical Context
Co-textis the set of other words used in the same phrase or sentence.
•The surrounding co-text has a strong effect on what we think the word probably mean.
Example
“bank”Steep or
overgrown
Place where you can
Withdraw some cash
We know how to interpret words on the basis of physical context
When we see the word bank on the wall of a building in a city
Example
Constrains the way in which we interpret the response.
Example
Are you coming going to Bagiuo
with us?
I have a paper to finish by Monday.
Tell me more about your new boyfriend….
Is he handsome? He’s sweet, kind, caring and a lot more better than my past.
Marisol S. AquinoBSEd 3-d1