Executive Functions in the Classroom: How they affect Learning … · 2016. 9. 8. · Executive...

Presented by

George McCloskey, Ph.D.

Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine

gmccloskz@aol.com or

georgemcc@pcom.edu

Executive Functions in the

Classroom: How they affect

Learning and Behaviour

Mentally healthy persons maintain many illusory beliefs, including:

– Overly positive view of themselves

– Convenient “forgetting” of negative facts about themselves

– Perceptions of having greater control over events than is actually the case

– “Unrealistic” optimism about themselves

– “Unrealistic” optimism about the future

– “Abnormal” cheerfulness

Brain/Mind Bulletin, UC Berkeley Study

Newberg’s Best Ways to Exercise Your Brain

Maintain Faith (Positive Belief System)

Dialogue with Others

Engage in Aerobic Exercise

Meditate

Consciously Relax

Stay Intellectually Active

Benefits of Yawning

Stimulates alertness & concentration

Optimizes brain activity and metabolism

Improves cognitive functioning

Increases memory recall

Enhances consciousness and introspection

Lowers stress

Relaxes every part of your body

Improves voluntary muscle control

Enhances athletic skills

Fine tunes your sense of time

Increases empathy and social awareness

Enhances pleasure and sensuality

Emotions Actions

Perceptions

Thoughts

Key Concept

Executive Functions:

Directive capacities of the mind

Multiple in nature, not a single capacity

Part of neural circuits that are routed through the frontal lobes

Cue the use of other mental capacities

Direct and control perceptions, thoughts, actions, and to some degree emotions

– Naïve: First exposure to the task;

responses required immediately.

– Practiced: Time given to rehearse

responses to the task; responses

delivered after rehearsal period.

System 2 – Slow, effortful,

non-automatic

System 1 – Fast, effortless,

automatic

Basic math facts and multiplication

tables

Things that are Taught to Automaticity

in Early Elementary School

Basic math facts and multiplication

tables

The alphabet and sight word

recognition

Graphomotor functioning for quick

handwriting of letters and words

Things that are Taught to Automaticity

in Early Elementary School

– Novel: Second exposure to the

task, but responses required

immediately to a set of all new items.

– Naïve: First exposure to the task; responses

required immediately; high demand for executive

functions (EFs)

– Practiced: Time given to rehearse responses to

the task; minimal demand for EFs

– Novel: Second exposure to the task, but

responses required immediately to a set of all

new items; moderate demand for Efs

– Source:

Posner, M.I. & Raichle, M.E. (1994). Images of

Executive functions are used to cue, direct, coordinate and integrate all the processes, skills, abilities, and knowledge bases used when reading writing or doing math.

Key Concept

Ph.D.14

VisuospatialLanguage Reasoning

Decoding

Unfamiliar

and/or

Nonsense

Comprehending Words and Text

indicate

Executive

Function

processing

at work

Working

Memory

Initial

Registration

(Immediate

Memory)

Retrieval

from Long

Term Storage

Reading

Familiar

(Sight)

+ Prosody =

Reading Rate

“Fluency”

General & Specific

Knowledge LexiconsSemantic Lexicon

Word & Phrase Knowledge

Orthographic Processing

Oral Motor FunctioningPhonological Processing

An Integrative Model Specifying Processes, Abilities, Knowledge Bases,

Skills, Memory and Achievement in Reading

Many executive functions difficulties

related to reading are the result of a

lack of adequate maturation of the

neural networks involved in the use

of these executive functions for

reading.

Interventions for Executive Functions

Difficulties Related to Reading

The most effective form of intervention

for maturational difficulties with executive

functions cues is increased practice of

the complete act of reading, i.e., applying

the integration of all processes, skills,

abilities and lexicons while reading

connected text while receiving feedback

from an external source.

Interventions for Executive Functions

Difficulties Related to Reading

Assessment of the

Use or Disuse of

Executive Functions

Hinges on Careful

Observation of

Behavior.

Key Concept

What’s the difference between a

Similarities Scaled Score of 12

(75th percentile) …

Behavior Observation and

Inferences about Brain Function

…and a Similarities Scaled Score

of 12 (75th percentile)?

Task Performance is

directed by Executive

Functions or an

Executive Functions

substitute.

The neural networks used to

perform a task depend on

perceptions about how the

task should be done.

Key Concept

Most of what a

teacher says to

students is intended

to activate specific

areas of the

students’ brains.

Key Concept

The more specific the

language used by a

teacher, the more

likely it is that students

will be activating the

necessary brain areas.

Key Concept

The concept of executive

functions is not synonymous with

the traditional concepts of

intelligence or “IQ”

Executive functions are not

directly assessed with standard

intelligence tests

Executive Functions and Intelligence

Directions for the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST):

I can’t tell you much about how to do this task. Which of these do you think this one goes with? I’ll tell you if your answer is right or wrong.

Measuring Executive Functions

with a Reasoning Task

The more classroom instruction

resembles tests of executive functions

like the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test

(figure out what we’re learning, I’ll tell

you whether you are right or wrong), the

more executive difficulties are going to

impact classroom learning and

performance.

Executive Functions and School

“There is nothing more practical than a good theory.”

The Wisdom of Kurt Lewin

Known for his field theory of behavior that posits that human behavior is a function of an individual’s psychological environment.

“Despite the frequency with which it is

mentioned in the neuropsychological literature,

the concept of executive functions is one

that still awaits a formal definition.

Research efforts aimed at exploring the

different aspects of this construct have often

yielded contradictory evidence, resulting in a

lack of clarity and even controversy regarding

the true nature of executive abilities.”

Jurado & Rosselli, 2007, page 213.

What Are Executive Functions?

EF as the Conductor of the Brain’s

Orchestra (i.e., EF as “g”)

Appropriate Metaphors for Executive Functions:

The conductor and section leaders of the mind’s Orchestra

The management structure of a multinational mind corporation

The coaching staff of team mind

Executive Functions Are Not a Unitary Trait

Executive

Functions cue

and direct in

different ways at

different levels.

Key Concept

Activation

ef ef ef ef ef

ef ef ef

ef ef ef ef efef ef

efef ef

Co-Conductors in a Holarchical Model of EF

Self-Generation

Trans-Self Integration

Self-DeterminationSelf-Realization

Self-Regulation

Self-Activation

Activation

ef ef ef ef ef

ef ef ef

ef ef ef ef efef ef

efef ef

Self-Generation

Self-DeterminationSelf-Realization

Self-Regulation

Self-Activation

Perception

Cognition

ActionE

Domains of Functioning Directed by Executive Functions

Action

Executive control of modes of output

including behavior in the external

world and storage and retrieval of

internal representations

Cognition

Executive control of thoughts

and thought processing

Emotion

Executive control of moods, feelings,

and the processing of emotions

Perception

Executive control of modes of

perceptual input including external

sensory stimuli (visual, auditory,

kinesthetic) and internal

(representational) stimuli

Holarchy

Hierarchy

Holarchy vs Hierarchy

EF Tiers within the Holarchical Model of Executive

Functions

Perceive

Sustain

Energize

Initiate

Inhibit

Interrupt

Flexible

Modulate

Evaluate/Compare

Decide

Sense Time

Sequence

Execute

Manipulate

Retrieve

Self-Activation

Self-RealizationSelf-Awareness

Other-Awareness

Self-Analysis

Self-DeterminationGoal setting

Long-range Planning &

Foresight

Self-Generation

Monitor

Correct

Balance

Anticipate

Estimate Time

Analyze

Generate

Associate

Organize

Prioritize

Self-Regulation

ef ef ef ef ef

ef ef ef

ef ef ef ef efef ef

efef ef

Self-Activation

Initiation and “ramping up” of

basic executive functions

related to an awakened state

of mind and to overcoming

sleep inertia.

Self Activation

Self-Activation

It is important to recognize that language does not necessarily connote consciousness

Language can be used by executive functions as a form of conscious expression and as a tool to modify brain function

Executive Functions and Language

How do you take control of a brain whose control center is not awake?

Self Activation Interventions

Self-Activation

System 2 – Slow, effortful,

non-automatic

System 1 – Fast, effortless,

automatic

How do you take control of a brain whose control center is not awake?

Use classical conditioning to create an automatically activated stimulus-response routine (alarm rings, get out of bed, turn on lights, get in the shower)

Self Activation Interventions

Self-Activation

Functions

Perceive

Sustain

Energize

Initiate

Inhibit

Interrupt

Flexible

Modulate

Evaluate/Compare

Decide

Sense Time

Sequence

Execute

Manipulate

Retrieve

Self-Activation

Other-Awareness

Self-Analysis

Foresight

Self-Generation

Monitor

Correct

Balance

Anticipate

Estimate Time

Analyze

Generate

Associate

Organize

Prioritize

Self-Regulation

ef ef ef ef ef

ef ef ef

ef ef ef ef efef ef

efef ef

Activation

A set of control capacities that cue and direct functioning across the domains of perception, emotion, cognition, and action

The current model posits 33 self-regulation executive functions

Self Regulation

ef ef ef ef ef

ef ef ef

ef ef ef ef efef ef

efef ef

Perceive

Sustain

Energize

Initiate

Inhibit

Interrupt

Flexible

Modulate

Balance

Monitor

Correct

Anticipate

Est Time

Analyze

Generate

Associate

Organize

Prioritize

Compare/Eval

Decide

Sense Time

Sequence

Execute

Manipulate

Retrieve

33 Self-Regulation EFs

It is important to

distinguish between

Key Concept

Executive

Functions

Executive

Skills.

Executive Functions involve the part of the executive network that that is used to become aware of the need for the use of executive skills and other mental capacities and used to cue and direct the use of the needed executive skills.

Self Regulation Executive Functions

Executive Skills are responsible for cueing the specific areas of the brain needed to perform specific tasks (e.g., attending, inhibiting, modulating, planning, organizing, associating).

Self Regulation Executive Skills

ef ef ef ef ef

ef ef ef

ef ef ef ef efef ef

efef ef

ef ef ef ef ef

ef ef ef

ef ef ef ef efef ef

efef ef

Executive

Functions

Executive

Skills

Executive

Capacities

Self-regulation

Executive Functions

can be organized

into 7 basic clusters.

Key Concept

Self Regulation Executive Function “Clusters”

Sense Time

Sequence

Execute

EFFICIENCY

Energize

Initiate

Inhibit

Flexible

ENGAGEMENT

Monitor

Modulate

Balance

Correct

OPTIMIZATION

Perceive

Sustain

ATTENTION

Manipulate

Retrieve

MEMORYAnticipate

Analyze

Estimate Time

Compare

INQUIRY Generate

Associate

Prioritize

Organize

Decide

SOLUTION

Functions

Perceive

Sustain

Energize

Initiate

Inhibit

Interrupt

Flexible

Modulate

Evaluate/Compare

Decide

Sense Time

Sequence

Execute

Manipulate

Retrieve

Self-Activation

Other-Awareness

Self-Analysis

Foresight

Self-Generation

Monitor

Correct

Balance

Anticipate

Estimate Time

Analyze

Generate

Associate

Organize

Prioritize

Self-Regulation

ef ef ef ef ef

ef ef ef

ef ef ef ef efef ef

efef ef

Activation

Directs cognitive processes that engage in awareness of self and others, reflection about self and others and self-analysis.

Cues cognitive processes to access accumulated information about self and apply it in specific situations.

Self Realization (of self & others)

Functions

Perceive

Sustain

Energize

Initiate

Inhibit

Interrupt

Flexible

Modulate

Evaluate/Compare

Decide

Sense Time

Sequence

Execute

Manipulate

Retrieve

Self-Activation

Other-Awareness

Self-Analysis

Foresight

Self-Generation

Monitor

Correct

Balance

Anticipate

Estimate Time

Analyze

Generate

Associate

Organize

Prioritize

Self-Regulation

ef ef ef ef ef

ef ef ef

ef ef ef ef efef ef

efef ef

Activation

Foresight/Long-Term Planning and Goal Generation

Directs the use of cognitive processes to construct visions of the future and plans for action over longer periods of time. Attempts to toalign daily self-regulation with long-term goals.

Self Determination

Functions

Perceive

Sustain

Energize

Initiate

Inhibit

Interrupt

Flexible

Modulate

Evaluate/Compare

Decide

Sense Time

Sequence

Execute

Manipulate

Retrieve

Self-Activation

Other-Awareness

Self-Analysis

Foresight

Self-Generation

Monitor

Correct

Balance

Anticipate

Estimate Time

Analyze

Generate

Associate

Organize

Prioritize

Self-Regulation

ef ef ef ef ef

ef ef ef

ef ef ef ef efef ef

efef ef

Activation

Directs the posing of speculative questions related to the meaning and purpose of life and/or the ultimate source(s) of reality and physical existence, mind-body relationships, spirit, and soul; contemplates existence beyond the physical plane.

Directs the generation of a philosophy of life used to guide self-awareness, self-realization and the other levels of executive function processes; serves as a basis for an ultimate source of intentional behavior direction.

Self Generation EF

Functions

Perceive

Sustain

Energize

Initiate

Inhibit

Interrupt

Flexible

Modulate

Evaluate/Compare

Decide

Sense Time

Sequence

Execute

Manipulate

Retrieve

Self-Activation

Other-Awareness

Self-Analysis

Foresight

Self-Generation

Monitor

Correct

Balance

Anticipate

Estimate Time

Analyze

Generate

Associate

Organize

Prioritize

Self-Regulation

ef ef ef ef ef

ef ef ef

ef ef ef ef efef ef

efef ef

Activation

Directs the engagement of mental processes that enable realization and experiencing of a trans-self state of ultimate or unity consciousness.

In most spiritual traditions, this state is considered the highest achievement of human consciousness and therefore very different from the maladaptive states characteristic of clinical diagnoses of dissociative states.

Trans-Self Integration EF

Effective use of

Executive Functions

can vary by Arena of

Involvement as well

as by Domain of

Functioning.

Key Concept

Environment

Control of Self in

Relation to

Surroundings

Symbol System

Control of Self in

Relation to Academics

(Reading, Writing, Math)

Interpersonal

Control of Self in

Relation to Others

Intrapersonal

Control of Self in

Relation to Self

Arenas of Involvement

Executive Functions

are developing form

birth; maturational

delays can cause

difficulties.

Key Concept

Some EF-based clinical syndromes, such as ADHD, demonstrate clear patterns of delayed developmental progression. Barkley (1998) estimates developmental delays of about 30% associated with various EF processes such as Inhibit, Manipulate, Shift, Sustain, Time, Monitor, Correct.

Executive Function Development

Chronological Age

6 8 10 15 21 30 39 60 90

Developmental Progression with a 30% Delay

EF Development does not progress

by continuous equal intervals

EF Development does not progress

by continuous equal intervals

Virtually all

individuals who

struggle with

psychological

disorders exhibit

executive function

difficulties.

Key Concept

“Deficits in PFC [prefrontal cortex, aka

frontal lobes] function are evident in

every neuropsychiatric disorder

(indeed, the term “psychiatric problem”

seems synonymous with PFC

dysfunction).”

Arnsten & Robbins 2002 in Principles of Frontal

Lobe Function

Executive Functions and

Clinical Diagnoses

Most of the clinical conditions

described in the DSM-V reflect

some form of Executive Dysfunction

The DSM-V can be thought of as “A

User’s Guide to All the Things That

Can Go Wrong With the Frontal

Lobes”

Clinical Diagnoses

A sampling of conditions involving EF deficits:

Autism Asperger’s Syndrome

ADHD and ADD

Conduct Disorder

Oppositional Defiant Disorder

Depression and/or Anxiety

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

Clinical Diagnoses

All individuals with

ADHD exhibit EF

deficits but not all

individuals that

exhibit EF deficits

are ADHD.

Key Concept

Executive Function Deficits

All individuals with ADHD have executive functions deficits…

Executive Function Deficits

…but not all individuals with executive

functions deficits have ADHD.

Executive Functions and ADHD?

EF and ADHD are not synonymous terms;

rather ADHD is a condition involving EF

deficits in:

Focus/Select, Sustain, Inhibit, Modulate

Nearly all persons with ADHD also have

additional self-regulation difficulties; the

nature of these additional difficulties is what

makes ADHD so variable from one person

to the next and what causes confusion in

diagnosis.

Executive Functions and ADHD

Initiate

Modulate

Execute

Focus Sustain

Monitor

Interrupt

Inhibit

Perceive Organize

Manipulate

Retrieve

Balance

Correct

GenerateGauge

Associate

Initiate

Execute

Monitor

Interrupt

Perceive Organize

Manipulate

Retrieve

Balance

Correct

Generate

Est Time

Associate

ModulateFocus Sustain Inhibit

Sense Time

Different Constellations

Analyze

Evaluate

Energize

Sequence

SequenceAnalyze

Decide

Flexible

Anticipate

Sense Time

Energize

Flexible Anticipate

Est Time

Evaluate

Decide

Alan Age 10

Katie Age 11

Pharmacological treatment of ADHD usually

only addresses the problems associated

with the EFs specific to ADHD (Inhibit,

Modulate, Focus/Select, Sustain)

Most persons with ADHD will require

additional interventions to assist with the

additional self-regulation difficulties that

persist even when medication is being used

effectively to treat the primary ADHD

problems.

Executive Functions and ADHD

Although executive functions are used to guide cognitive processing involved in new learning, many new learning situations are structured in ways that reduce the need for strong executive direction.

In contrast, demonstrating what has been learned usually requires significant involvement of executive control processes.

Executive Functions and School

Executive Functions

activation can be

internally or

externally driven;

EFs can cue the use

of learned strategies.

Key Concept

The neural circuits for executive function activation are routed differently depending on whether the activation is based on an internally driven desire or command versus an external demand.

Internal versus External Control

Because internally driven production is much easier to accomplish than externally demanded production for children with “producing difficulties” their lack of production on demand often stands in stark contrast to their seemingly effortless production “when the spirit moves them.”

The on-demand deficiencies observed by others are often attributed to negative personal characteristics such as lack of responsibility, apathy, passive aggressive stance, or oppositional defiance.

Nucleus

Accumbens

Executive

Functions

Internal Command Pathway:

Intrinsically Rewarding

External

Demand

External Demand

Pathway

???Internal

Command

Extrinsic

Rewards &

Punishments

Engagement of Self-Regulation

Nucleus

Accumbens

Executive

Functions

Internal Command Pathway:

Intrinsically Rewarding

External

Demand

External Demand

Pathway

???Internal

Command

Extrinsic

Rewards &

Punishments

Engagement of Self-Regulation

Teach how to self-

regulate in a way that

increases the desire

to self-regulate

Do you believe it is possible to

raise a child’s FSIQ from 70 to

100 through intervention?

Can it be done in 6 months? A

year? Two years?

Questions about Intelligence

FSIQ 70 99 103

GAI 83 105 108

VCI 73 95 106

PRI/FRI 94 117 112

VSI -- -- 111

WMI/AWMI 62 97 94

PSI 68 85 98

11/2010 4/2013

Martin’s WISC Score Changes

9/2015

Wd Reading 71 94 98

Wd Decoding 81 97 98

Rdg Fluency 66 95 100

Rdg Comp -- 87 82

Rdg Vocab -- 93 112

11/2010 4/2013

Martin’s Achievement Score Changes

9/2015

Producing difficulties

are different from

learning difficulties;

producing difficulties

reflect poor use of

executive functions.

Key Concept

Executive Function difficulties of a severe nature (especially in the Symbol System Arena) do not result in Learning Difficulties; they result in Producing Difficulties.

Producing versus Learning

Learning Difficulties

AndProducing Difficulties

Producing Difficulties

Often NOT recognized as a Learning Disability, even when severe, unless an evaluation involving process assessment is done

Recognized fairly quickly as a Learning Disability

When severe, typically attributed to lack of motivation, character flaws, or behavior/personality problems

A General Model for Conceptualizing Learning and Producing Difficulties

EF Intervention Continuum

Orienting Strategies

External Control Strategies

Bridging Strategies

Internal Control

Strategies

Executive Functions in the Classroom: How they affect Learning … · 2016. 9. 8. · Executive...

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