EXAM #3 Review Slides

Open pit coal mine and a lump of anthracite coal.

Oil pumpjack near Lubbock, Texas and an oil derrick (drilling rig) in Okemah, Oklahoma circa 1922.

Natural gas processing plant and basic processing steps.

Pitchblende, a uranium bearing ore and a nuclear power plant in Pennsylvania.

World

Nuclear power6% Hydropower, geothermal,

solar, wind7%

NaturalGas12%

Biomass11%

Oil32%

Coal21%

United States

Nuclear power8%

Hydropowergeothermalsolar, wind4%

Biomass4%

NaturalGas23%

Oil39%

Coal22%

Solar water heater

Nellis solar power plant on Nellis Air Force Base, Nevada.

Thorntonbank wind farm off the coast of Belgium and a wind farm in

southern California.

Three Gorges Dam in China, the largest hydro-electric power station.

The Nesjavellar Geothermal Power Plant in Iceland.

Types of vegetation that can be used as biomass fuels.

Energy consumption in the U.S., 1860 to 2000.

Mined coalPipeline

Pump

Oil well

Gas well

Oil storage

CoalOil and Natural Gas Geothermal Energy

Hot waterstorage

Contourstrip mining

PipelineDrillingtower

Magma

Hot rockNatural gas

Oil

Impervious rock

Water Water

Oil drillingplatformon legs

Floating oil drillingplatform

ValvesUndergroundcoal mine Water is heated

and brought upas dry steam orwet steam

Waterpenetratesdownthroughtherock

Area stripmining

Geothermalpower plant

Coal seam

MEXICO

UNITED STATES

CANADA

PacificOcean

AtlanticOcean

GrandBanks

Gulf ofAlaska

Valdez

ALASKABeaufortSea

Prudhoe Bay

ArcticOcean

Coal

Gas

Oil

High potentialareas

Prince WilliamSound

Arctic National Wildlife Refuge

Trans Alaskaoil pipeline

The Hydrologic (Water) Cycle

The distribution of water at the Earth’s surface.

The water molecule & phase changes.

Water may flow over the surface or infiltrate into the soil.

Three basic components of a groundwater system.

Unconfined aquifer & Groundwater characteristics and dangers.

Confined aquifer & Groundwater characteristics and dangers.

Confined groundwater system (aquifer)

Springs along the Snake River, Idaho.

Development of ground subsidence.

Saltwater encroachment

5,500

5,000

4,500

4,000

3,500

3,000

2,500

2,000

1,500

1,000

500

1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000

Wat

er u

se (c

ubic

kilo

met

ers

per y

ear) Total use

Agricultural use

Industrial use

Domestic use

Year

United States China

Industry 11% Public 10%

Powercooling38%

Agriculture41% Agriculture 87%

Public 6% Industry 7%

Acute shortage

Shortage

Adequate supply

Metropolitan regions with populationgreater than 1 million

High None

NorthAmerica

SouthAmerica

Level of Stress

Africa

Europe

Asia

Australia

Level of stress on major river basins, comparing the amount of water available with the amount used by humans.

Large lossesof water throughevaporation

Flooded landdestroys forestsor cropland anddisplaces people

Downstreamflooding is reduced

Downstreamcropland andestuaries aredeprived ofnutrient-rich silt

Reservoir isuseful forrecreationand fishing

Can producecheap electricity(hydropower)

Migration andspawning ofsome fish aredisrupted

Provides waterfor year-roundirrigation ofcropland

North BayAqueduct

South BayAqueduct

California Aqueduct

CALIFORNIA

NEVADA UTAH

MEXICO

Central ArizonaProject

Colorado RiverAqueduct

Los AngelesAqueduct

Shasta Lake

Oroville Dam andReservoir

FeatherRiver

Lake Tahoe

Sacramento

Fresno

Hoover Damand Reservoir(Lake Mead)

Salton Sea Phoenix

Tucson

ARIZONA

ColoradoRiver

SacramentoRiver

San Francisco

San Luis Damand Reservoir

Santa Barbara

Los Angeles

San Diego

This plant supplies 25 MGD

by filtration & reverse osmosis

processes.

Tampa Bay, FL desalination plant.

• Lining canals bringing water to irrigation ditches

• Leveling fields with lasers

• Irrigating at night to reduce evaporation

• Using soil and satellite sensors and computer systems to monitor soil moisture and add water only when necessary

• Polyculture

• Organic farming

• Growing water-efficient crops using drought-resistant and salt-tolerant crop varieties

• Irrigating with treated urban waste water

• Importing water-intensive crops and meat

• Redesign manufacturing processes

• Landscape yards with plants that require little water

• Use drip irrigation

• Fix water leaks

• Use water meters and charge for all municipal water use

• Raise water prices

• Require water conservation in water-short cities

• Use water-saving toilets, showerheads, and front-loading clothes washers

• Collect and reuse household water to irrigate lawns and nonedible plants

• Purify and reuse water for houses, apartments, and office buildings

• Not depleting aquifers

• Preserving ecological health of aquatic systems

• Preserving water quality

• Integrated watershed management

• Agreements among regions and countries sharing surface water resources

• Outside party mediation of water disputes between nations

• Marketing of water rights

• Wasting less water

• Decreasing government subsides for supplying water

• Increasing government subsides for reducing water waste

• Slowing population growth

The primary gases of the lower atmosphere.

The various layers of the modern atmosphere.

The 3 primary variable gases in the lower atmosphere.

Steady rise in carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere.

Rise in atmospheric methane gas.

Water vapor in the atmosphere.

The Antarctic Ozone “Hole” on Sept. 24,

2006.

Ultraviolet light hits a chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) molecule, such as CFCl3, breakingoff a chlorine atom and leaving CFCl2.

UV radiation

Sun

Once free, the chlorine atom is off to attack another ozone moleculeand begin the cycle again.

A free oxygen atom pulls the oxygen atom off the chlorine monoxide molecule to form O2.

The chlorine atom and the oxygen atom join to form a chlorine monoxide molecule (ClO).

The chlorine atom attacksan ozone (O3) molecule, pulling an oxygen atom off it and leaving an oxygen molecule (O2).

ClCl

ClC

F

ClCl

OO

Cl

OO

O

ClO

OO

ClO

O

Summary of ReactionsCCl3F + UV→ Cl + CCl2FCl + O3 ClO + O2

Cl + O Cl + O2

Repeated many times

Break-up of Ozone

Human Health

• Worse sunburn • More eye cataracts • More skin cancers • Immune system suppression

Food and Forests

• Reduced yields for some crops • Reduced seafood supplies from reduced phytoplankton

• Decreased forest productivity for UV-sensitive tree species

Wildlife

• Increased eye cataracts in some species • Decreased population of aquatic species sensitive to UV radiation

• Reduced population of surface phytoplankton • Disrupted aquatic food webs from reduced phytoplankton

Air Pollution and Materials

• Increased acid deposition • Increased photochemical smog • Degradation of outdoor paints and plastics

Global Warming

• Accelerated warming because of decreased ocean uptake of CO2 from atmosphere by phytoplankton and CFCs acting as greenhouse gases

Potential effects of decreased levels of stratospheric ozone.

Pressure & altitude show an inverse relationship. Pressure decreases as altitude increases.

Tº is a function of pressure & volume. The average molecular motion of an object or substance is its temperature (Tº).

Trend in T˚ change as

compared to today’s T˚.

Oxygen isotope analysis of marine

fossils.When seawater

T°s are colder the ratio in ice cores is

more16O than 18O than

under warmer conditions, and

in seashells more 18O than 16O than

under warmer conditions.

Recent climate variations using ice core samples from Greenland.

Use of tree rings to decipher past climatic change.

Pine pollen under the microscopefor use in palynology studies.

Pollen cores being taken at Ft. Bragg, NC.

Trend in CO2 levels over past 250 years.

Trend in Earth’s average T˚ over the last 120 years.

Correlation of carbon

emissions, CO2 atmospheric

levels, & T˚ change

over past 1000 years.

CO2 emissions per mile (pounds per passenger)Type of Transportation

1.6 (0.45 kilogramsper kilometer)

Sports utility vehicle(1 person, 15 mpg)

Average car(1 person, 21.5 mpg)

Jet(U.S average occupancy)

Mass transit(1/4 full)

Economy car(1 person, 40 mpg)

Intercity train(U.S average occupancy)

Carpool(3 people, 21.5 mpg)

Mass transit(3/4 full)

Bike or walk 0

1.1 (0.31 kilograms per kilometer)

0.97 (0.27 kilograms per kilometer)

0.75 (0.21 kilograms per kilometer)

0.59 (0.71 kilograms per kilometer)

0.45 (0.13 kilograms per kilometer)

0.37 (0.10 kilograms per kilometer)

0.26 (0.07 kilograms per kilometer)

The simplistic “Greenhouse Effect”.

The atmosphere is more complex than a greenhouse, so the term “Atmospheric Effect” is a more appropriate term.

• Increased deaths from heat and disease

• Disruption of food and water supplies

• Spread of tropical diseases to temperate areas

• Increased respiratory disease and pollen allergies

• Increased water pollution from coastal flooding

Human Health

• Rising sea levels• Flooding of low-lying islands and

coastal cities• Flooding of coastal estuaries,

wetlands, and coral reefs• Beach erosion• Disruption of coastal fisheries• Contamination of coastal aquifiers

with salt water

Sea Level and Coastal Areas

• Changes in forest composition and locations

• Disappearance of some forests

• Increased fires from drying

• Loss of wildlife habitat and species

Forests

• Changes in water supply

• Decreased water quality

• Increased drought

• Increased flooding

Water Resources

• Shifts in food-growing areas• Changes in crop yields• Increased irrigation

demands• Increased pests, crop

diseases, and weeds in warmer areas

Agriculture

• Extinction of some plant and animal species

• Loss of habitats

• Disruption of aquatic life

Biodiversity

• Prolonged heat waves and droughts

• Increased flooding from more frequent, intense, and heavy rainfall in some areas

Weather Extremes

• Increased deaths

• More environmental refugees

• Increased migration

Human Population

Major urban region at risk Islands at risk

Areas at risk from sea level rise.

• Less severe winters

• More precipitation in some dry areas

• Less precipitation in some wet areas • Increased food production in some areas

• Expanded population and range for some plant and animal species adapted to higher temperatures

Ultra FineParticles

FineParticles

LargeParticles

Sea salt nuclei

Carbon black

Pollens

Cement dust

Oil smoke

Combustion nuclei

Metallurgical dust and fumes

Photochemical smog

Insecticide dusts

Coal dust

Average particle diameter (micrometers or microns)0.001 0.01 2.5 10.0 100.0

Tobacco smoke

Paint pigments

Fly ash

Milled flour

Example of point source or primary pollution.

Primary Pollutants

Secondary Pollutants

SourcesNatural

Stationary

CO CO2

SO2 NO NO2

Most hydrocarbons

Most suspendedparticles

SO3

HNO3 H2SO4

H2O2 O3 PANs

Most and saltsNO3–

Mobile

SO42 –

Photochemical reactions