Ex 29

BloodBlood

connective tissue which consists of:

plasmacells

centrifuge 55% plasma55% plasma

45% RBC’s & WBC’s45% RBC’s & WBC’s

Hematocrit = % RBC’s in whole blood

HematocritHematocrit = % of blood occupied by cells

female normal range

37 - 48% (average of 42%)

male normal range

42 - 52% (average of 46%)

testosterone

Hemoglobin

protein in RBC that carries oxygen (and more)

Male 13-18g/dL, Female 12-16g/dL

Hct usually = 3x Hg

Anemia

not enough RBCs or not enough hemoglobin

Red Blood Cell

Cellnuclear

appearancecytoplasm function count/mm3

red blood cell

anucleate red with pale center due to biconcave shape

carries O2

and CO2

4-6 million

Hct= 42% women and 47% men (+/— 5%)

Red Blood Cell Variations

Cell nuclear appearance cytoplasm function count/mm3

reticulocyte

none-fragments of nucleus visible

bluish-red RBC precursorincreased when RBCturnover is high

1-2%

sickle cell sickle shape to cell

due to gentetic defect in RBC protein, malaria resistance to heterozygotes

iron deficient RBC

pale red, small

White Blood CellsWBC’s

immune cellsphagocytesantibody producing cellsmediators of immunity

Divided into two groupsgranulocytes

chemicals stored in cytoplasm stain distinctive colorsusually with a multi-lobular nucleusneutrophil, eosinophil, basophil

agranulocytesclear cytoplasmusually has a round or horseshoe-shaped nucleuslymphocyte, monocyte

Granulocytes

Cellnuclear

appearancecytoplasm function count/mm3

neutrophil

lobular—2-5 lobes

intermediate colored granules

phagocytosis of bateria and fungi, mediates inflammation

varies

3,000-7,00050-70% of WBC’s

band cell immature neutrophil

Granulocytes

Cellnuclear

appearancecytoplasm function count/mm3

eosinophil

lobular—2 lobes

red granules combats parasitic infection, phagocytizes immune complexes, reduce inflammation

100-400

2-4% of WBC’s

Granulocytes

Cellnuclear

appearancecytoplasm function count/mm3

basophil lobular—U to S shaped with 2-3 constrictions

deep blue-purple granules

granules contain histamine and heparin, mediates inflammation

20-50 (hard to find on slides)<1% of WBC’s

Agranulocytes

Cellnuclear

appearancecytoplasm function count/mm3

lymphocyte

round—takes up most of cell

pale blue mount immune response by direct attack or via antibodies, mediates other cellular immune response, includes B and T cells

1,500-3,000

20-30% of WBC’s

Agranulocytes

Cellnuclear

appearancecytoplasm function count/mm3

monocyte

U or kidney shaped

large in size

grey-blue in color

phagocyes

called macro-phages in tissues

100-700

2-8% of WBC’s

Platelets

Cellnuclear

appearancecytoplasm function count/mm3

platelets none- fragments of a bone marrow cell called a megakaryocyte

reddish-purple

mediates blood clotting chemically and mechanically

150K-500K

coagulation: process by which platelets and blood proteins stop blood flowcoagulation time: time it takes to clot blood. 2-6 minutes.

Blood TypeGlycoproteins

some people’s RBC’s have substances called glycoproteins on the cell membrane.the glycoprotein determines the blood type

type Atype A type Btype B type ABtype AB type Otype O

Blood Typetype Atype A type Btype B type ABtype AB type Otype O

anti B antibody

anti B antibody

anti A antibody

anti A antibody

no antibody

no antibody

anti A & B antibody

anti A & B antibody

isoantibodies and agglutinins

Blood Type

mixing of incompatible blood types causes hemolysis

type Atype Arecipient

type Btype Bdonor

Blood Type

type Atype A

mixing of incompatible blood types causes hemolysis

type Btype B

Blood Type

type Atype A

mixing of incompatible blood types causes hemolysis

type Btype B

•anti B antibodies from recipient’s blood causes hemolysis of the donated type B blood

•anti A antibodies from donated blood causes some hemolysis of the recipient’s blood (but effect is minimal)

Blood Type

recipient

type ABtype ABdonor

type Otype O

Blood Type

type ABtype AB type Otype O

Blood Type

type ABtype AB type Otype O

• there are neither anti A or B antibodies in recipient’s blood, no hemolysis of donated blood occurs

• anti A and B antibodies from donated blood causes some hemolysis of the recipient’s blood (but effect is minimal)

Blood Type

A B AB O

compatible donor A,O B,O

A,B, AB,O(universal recipient)

O

incompatible donor B,AB A,AB —

A,B,AB(universal

donor)

Blood TypeGenetics

•follows classic “Mendelian” genetics•A and B share dominance and O is “recessive”

type A

AA

type B

BB

AB AB AB AB100% type AB

Blood TypeGenetics

•follows classic “Mendelian” genetics•A and B share dominance and O is “recessive”

type A

AA

type O

OO

AO AO AO AO100% type A

Blood TypeGenetics

•follows classic “Mendelian” genetics•A and B share dominance and O is “recessive”

type A

AB

type O

OO

AO AO BO BO50% type A, 50% type B

Blood TypeGenetics

•follows classic “Mendelian” genetics•A and B share dominance and O is “recessive”

type A

AO

type O

BO

AB AO OB OO25% AB, 25% B, 25% A, 25% O

Blood TypeRh Factor

named after a protein on monkey RBC’s where it was first described85%-100% of various populations are Rh + (they have the Rh antigen on their RBC’s)Rh— people produce Rh antibodies only when exposed to Rh+ blood (usually no problems with first transfusion)once Rh antibodies are produced they persist foreverif another transfusion occurs they will likely have a hemolytic reaction as discussed previously)

Blood TypeHemolytic Disease of the Newborn

Rh — mother / Rh + fatherif fetus is Rh + it can sensitize the mother to produce Rh antibodies when some blood mixture occurs during pregnancy

Subsequent pregnancy with an Rh+ fetus will be a problemRh antibodies produced by the mother cross the placenta and cause hemolysis in the Rh+ fetus, usually results in death

Prevented by injecting Rh— mother with Rh antibodies prior to delivery