EVOLUTION & EVOLUTION & SPECIATIONSPECIATION

Mr.NicholsMr.NicholsPHHSPHHS

QUIZ TIME!!!!QUIZ TIME!!!!• 1.) What is evolution and how does it explain 1.) What is evolution and how does it explain

natural selection?natural selection?

• 2.) How can gene flow give a population an 2.) How can gene flow give a population an overall greater fitness?overall greater fitness?

• 3.) Why do small populations evolve faster? 3.) Why do small populations evolve faster? Provide an allele example.Provide an allele example.

• 4.) Why are hybrids not considered their own 4.) Why are hybrids not considered their own species?species?

• 5.) How does unnatural selection lead to 5.) How does unnatural selection lead to declines in genetic diversity? Why is that declines in genetic diversity? Why is that bad?bad?

Breaking News!Breaking News!• Sonya Prior ran away from home Sonya Prior ran away from home

yesterday evening after dinner. yesterday evening after dinner.

• Police have been searching for her and Police have been searching for her and have been unsuccessful.have been unsuccessful.

• CONFIDENTIAL: CONFIDENTIAL: Sonya takes medication Sonya takes medication for a rare heart condition, if she does not for a rare heart condition, if she does not take her medication every 18 hours she’s take her medication every 18 hours she’s in serious danger. in serious danger.

• WE MUST FIND HER!!!!!!WE MUST FIND HER!!!!!!

• Founder Effect:Founder Effect: a cause a cause of genetic drift of genetic drift attributable to attributable to colonization by a colonization by a limited number limited number of individuals of individuals from a parent from a parent populationpopulation

• Gene FlowGene Flow: : genetic exchange genetic exchange due to the due to the migration of migration of fertile individuals fertile individuals or gametes or gametes between between populations populations (reduces (reduces differences differences between between populations)populations)

• Nonrandom matingNonrandom mating: inbreeding and : inbreeding and assortive mating (both shift assortive mating (both shift frequencies of different genotypes)frequencies of different genotypes)

Sexual selectionSexual selection• Sexual Sexual

dimorphismdimorphism: : Gender Gender phenotypic phenotypic differences in a differences in a species. species.

• Sexual selectionSexual selection: : selection selection towards sex towards sex characteristics characteristics that leads to that leads to sexual sexual dimorphismdimorphism

• Natural Natural SelectionSelection: : differential differential success in success in reproduction. reproduction.

Generation 1: 1.00 not resistant0.00 resistant

Resistance to antibacterial soap

How natural selection works

Resistance to antibacterial soap

Generation 1: 1.00 not resistant0.00 resistant

How natural selection works

Resistance to antibacterial soap

mutation!

Generation 1: 1.00 not resistant0.00 resistant

Generation 2: 0.96 not resistant0.04 resistant

How natural selection works

Resistance to antibacterial soap

Generation 1: 1.00 not resistant0.00 resistant

Generation 2: 0.96 not resistant0.04 resistant

Generation 3: 0.76 not resistant0.24 resistant

How natural selection works

Resistance to antibacterial soap

Generation 1: 1.00 not resistant0.00 resistant

Generation 2: 0.96 not resistant0.04 resistant

Generation 3: 0.76 not resistant0.24 resistant

Generation 4: 0.12 not resistant0.88 resistant

How natural selection works

Natural Selection on Polygenic Natural Selection on Polygenic TraitsTraits

• Shifts to Shifts to

middle rangemiddle range

• Shifts to Shifts to

2 extremes2 extremes

• Shifts to Shifts to

1 extreme1 extreme

SPECIATIONSPECIATION• THE THE FORMATION OF NEW SPECIESFORMATION OF NEW SPECIES

• AS NEW SPECIES EVOLVE, AS NEW SPECIES EVOLVE, POPULATIONS BECOME POPULATIONS BECOME REPRODUCTIVELY ISOLATEDREPRODUCTIVELY ISOLATED

• REPRODUCTIVE ISOLATIONREPRODUCTIVE ISOLATION – MEMBERS – MEMBERS OF 2 POPULATIONS CANNOT OF 2 POPULATIONS CANNOT INTERBREED & PRODUCE FERTILE INTERBREED & PRODUCE FERTILE OFFSPRING.OFFSPRING.

3 ISOLATING 3 ISOLATING MECHANISMS……..MECHANISMS……..• BEHAVIORAL ISOLATION-BEHAVIORAL ISOLATION- CAPABLE OF CAPABLE OF BREEDING BUT HAVE DIFFERENCES IN BREEDING BUT HAVE DIFFERENCES IN COURTSHIP RITUALS (EX. COURTSHIP RITUALS (EX. MEADOWLARKS)MEADOWLARKS)

• GEOGRAPHICAL ISOLATIONGEOGRAPHICAL ISOLATION – – SEPARATED BY GEOGRAPHIC SEPARATED BY GEOGRAPHIC BARRIERS LIKE RIVERS, MOUNTAINS, BARRIERS LIKE RIVERS, MOUNTAINS, OR BODIES OF WATER (EX. SQUIRREL)OR BODIES OF WATER (EX. SQUIRREL)

• TEMPORAL ISOLATIONTEMPORAL ISOLATION – 2 OR MORE – 2 OR MORE SPECIES REPRODUCE AT DIFFERENT SPECIES REPRODUCE AT DIFFERENT TIMES.TIMES.

Table 23.1aTable 23.1a

TigonTigonResult of male tiger and female lion mating incaptivity. Offspring are infertile.

Separated both geographically and ecologically.

LigerLiger

Result of male lion and female tiger mating in captivity. Offspring are infertile.

Table 23.1bTable 23.1b

Fig. 23.6Fig. 23.6

Four species of leopard frogs: differ in their mating calls. Hybrids are inviable.

These squirrels live on opposite sides of the Grand Canyon. This is an example of allopatric speciation.

Hawaiian HoneycreepersHawaiian Honeycreepers

FOUNDER SPECIES

An example of adaptive radiation – these species all diverged from a common ancestor (founder species)

Evidence of EvolutionEvidence of Evolution

1.1. Fossil RecordFossil Record

2.2. Geographic Distribution of Living Geographic Distribution of Living SpeciesSpecies

3.3. Homologous Body structuresHomologous Body structures

4.4. Similarities in EmbryologySimilarities in Embryology

Evidence of Evidence of EvolutionEvolution

Fossil Record Fossil Record provides provides evidence that evidence that living things have living things have evolvedevolved

Fossils show the Fossils show the history of life on history of life on earth and how earth and how different groups different groups of organisms of organisms have changed have changed over timeover time

Cartoon of the Day!Cartoon of the Day!

Organism of the Day 1Organism of the Day 1

North American Destroying Angel: North American Destroying Angel: Amanita Amanita bisporigerabisporigera

Kingdom: FungiKingdom: FungiPhylum: BasidiomycotaPhylum: BasidiomycotaClass: AgaricomycetesClass: AgaricomycetesOrder: AgaricalesOrder: AgaricalesFamily: AmanitaceaeFamily: AmanitaceaeGenus: AmanitaGenus: AmanitaSpecies: Amanita bisporigeraSpecies: Amanita bisporigera

‘‘Fun’gi Facts…..lolFun’gi Facts…..lol

• It is commonly known as the North American destroying It is commonly known as the North American destroying angel or the destroying angel. Amanita bisporigera is angel or the destroying angel. Amanita bisporigera is considered the most toxic North American Amanita considered the most toxic North American Amanita mushroom, with little variation in toxin content between mushroom, with little variation in toxin content between different fruit bodies.different fruit bodies.

• This causes cellular necrosis, especially in cells which This causes cellular necrosis, especially in cells which are initially exposed and have rapid rates of protein are initially exposed and have rapid rates of protein synthesis. This process results in severe acute liver synthesis. This process results in severe acute liver dysfunction and, ultimately, liver failure. Amatoxins are dysfunction and, ultimately, liver failure. Amatoxins are not broken down by boiling, freezing, or drying.not broken down by boiling, freezing, or drying.

More ‘Fun’gi FactsMore ‘Fun’gi Facts• The first reported poisonings resulting in death from the The first reported poisonings resulting in death from the

consumption of A. bisporigera were from near San Antonio, consumption of A. bisporigera were from near San Antonio, Mexico in 1957, where a rancher, his wife, and three children Mexico in 1957, where a rancher, his wife, and three children consumed the fungus; only the man survived.consumed the fungus; only the man survived.

• Amanita poisoning is characterized by the following distinct Amanita poisoning is characterized by the following distinct stages: The incubation stage is an asymptomatic period stages: The incubation stage is an asymptomatic period which ranges from 6 to 12 hours after ingestion. In the which ranges from 6 to 12 hours after ingestion. In the gastrointestinal stage, about 6 to 16 hours after ingestion, gastrointestinal stage, about 6 to 16 hours after ingestion, there is onset of abdominal pain, explosive vomiting, and there is onset of abdominal pain, explosive vomiting, and diarrhea for up to 24 hours, which may lead to dehydration, diarrhea for up to 24 hours, which may lead to dehydration, severe electrolyte imbalances, and shock. In the cytotoxic severe electrolyte imbalances, and shock. In the cytotoxic stage, 24 to 48 hours after ingestion, clinical and stage, 24 to 48 hours after ingestion, clinical and biochemical signs of liver damage are observed, but the biochemical signs of liver damage are observed, but the patient is typically free of gastrointestinal symptoms. The patient is typically free of gastrointestinal symptoms. The signs of liver dysfunction such as jaundice, hypoglycemia, signs of liver dysfunction such as jaundice, hypoglycemia, acidosis, and hemorrhage appear.acidosis, and hemorrhage appear.

Fungi and PicturesFungi and Pictures

• Like most other Amanita Like most other Amanita species, A. bisporigera is species, A. bisporigera is thought to form mycorrhizal thought to form mycorrhizal relationships with trees. This relationships with trees. This is a mutually beneficial is a mutually beneficial relationship where the relationship where the hyphae of the fungus grow hyphae of the fungus grow around the roots of trees, around the roots of trees, enabling the fungus to enabling the fungus to receive moisture, protection receive moisture, protection and nutritive byproducts of and nutritive byproducts of the tree, and giving the tree the tree, and giving the tree greater access to soil greater access to soil nutrientsnutrients

Bunny Ears!Bunny Ears!

Cartoon of the Day!Cartoon of the Day!

Cartoon of the Day 2Cartoon of the Day 2

Skyrim ‘Lolness’Skyrim ‘Lolness’

More T-shirtsMore T-shirts

Favorite (Ordered)Favorite (Ordered)

Organism of the Day!Organism of the Day!

• Yeti Crab: Yeti Crab: Kiwa hirsutaKiwa hirsuta• Kingdom:Kingdom: AnimaliaAnimalia

• Phylum:Phylum: ArthropodaArthropoda

• Subphylum:Subphylum: CrustaceaCrustacea

• Class:Class: MalacostracaMalacostraca

• Order:Order:DecapodaDecapoda

• Infraorder:Infraorder: AnomuraAnomura

• Family:Family: KiwaidaeKiwaidae

• Genus:Genus: KiwaKiwa

• Species:Species: K. hirsutaK. hirsuta

Yeti Crab Fun FactsYeti Crab Fun Facts

• The animal has strongly reduced eyes that lack pigment, The animal has strongly reduced eyes that lack pigment, and is thought to be blind. The "hairy" pincers contain and is thought to be blind. The "hairy" pincers contain filamentous bacteria, which the creature may use to filamentous bacteria, which the creature may use to detoxify poisonous minerals from the water emitted by the detoxify poisonous minerals from the water emitted by the hydrothermal vents where it lives. Alternatively, it may feed hydrothermal vents where it lives. Alternatively, it may feed on bacteria, although it is generally thought to be a on bacteria, although it is generally thought to be a carnivore.carnivore.

• Kiwa hirsutaKiwa hirsuta is a squat lobster, more closely related to crabs is a squat lobster, more closely related to crabs and hermit crabs than true lobsters.and hermit crabs than true lobsters.

• Most of the crabs were living at depths of about 2,200 Most of the crabs were living at depths of about 2,200 meters (7,200 feet) on recent lava flows and areas where meters (7,200 feet) on recent lava flows and areas where warm water was seeping out of the sea floor. warm water was seeping out of the sea floor.

• Discovered in March 2005.Discovered in March 2005.

Organism of the Day!Organism of the Day!

• Emperor Penguin:Emperor Penguin: Aptenodytes Forsteri Aptenodytes Forsteri

• Kingdom: AnimaliaKingdom: AnimaliaPhylum: ChordataPhylum: ChordataClass: AvesClass: AvesOrder: SphenisciformesOrder: SphenisciformesFamily: SpheniscidaeFamily: SpheniscidaeGenus: AptenodytesGenus: AptenodytesSpecies: A. forsteriSpecies: A. forsteri

Emperor Penguin Fun FactsEmperor Penguin Fun Facts

• The Emperor Penguin (Aptenodytes forsteri) is the tallest and heaviest of all living penguin species and is endemic to Antarctica. The male and female are similar in plumage and size, reaching 48 inches in height and weighing anywhere from 49 to 99 pounds. 

• The only penguin species that breeds during the Antarctic winter, it treks 31–75 mi over the ice to breeding colonies which may include thousands of individuals. The female lays a single egg, which is incubated by the male while the female returns to the sea to feed; parents subsequently take turns foraging at sea and caring for their chick in the colony. The lifespan is typically 20 years in the wild, although observations suggest that some individuals may live to 50 years of age.

More Fun FactsMore Fun FactsThe Emperor Penguin breeds in the coldest environment of any bird species; air temperatures may reach −40 °F, and wind speeds may reach 89 mph. Water temperature is a frigid 28.8 °F, which is much lower than the Emperor Penguin's average body temperature of 102 °F. The species has adapted in several ways to counteract heat loss. Feathers provide 80–90% of its insulation, and it has a layer of sub dermal fat which may be up to 3 cm (1.2 in) thick before breeding.

•While diving, the Emperor Penguin's oxygen use is markedly reduced, as its heart rate is reduced to as low as 15-20 beats per minute and non-essential organs are shut down, thus facilitating longer dives.

Fun Facts Plus PicturesFun Facts Plus Pictures

• Emperor Penguins are serially monogamous. They have only one mate each year, and stay faithful to that mate. However, fidelity between years is only about 15%. After laying, the mother's nutritional reserves are exhausted and she very carefully transfers the egg to the male, before immediately returning to the sea for two months to feed. The transfer of the egg can be awkward and difficult, and many couples drop the egg in the process. When this happens, the chick inside is quickly lost, as the egg cannot withstand the freezing temperatures on the icy ground.

Cute!Cute!

NEW VOCABULARYNEW VOCABULARY

• POPULATIONPOPULATION – GROUP OF – GROUP OF INDIVIDUALS OF SAME SPECIES INDIVIDUALS OF SAME SPECIES THAT INTERBREEDTHAT INTERBREED

• GENE POOLGENE POOL –ALL GENES PRESENT –ALL GENES PRESENT IN A IN A POPULATIONPOPULATION

• NATURAL SELECTIONNATURAL SELECTION - - INDIVIDUALS BETTER ADAPTED INDIVIDUALS BETTER ADAPTED TO THE ENVIRONMENT ARE ABLE TO THE ENVIRONMENT ARE ABLE TO SURVIVE & REPRODUCE.TO SURVIVE & REPRODUCE.– A.K.A. A.K.A. ““SURVIVAL OF THE FITTESTSURVIVAL OF THE FITTEST””

Gene PoolGene PoolCombined Combined

genetic info. genetic info. of all of all membersmembers

Allele frequency Allele frequency is # of times is # of times alleles occuralleles occur

Variation in Variation in PopulationsPopulations2 processes can 2 processes can

lead to this:lead to this:

MutationsMutations - -

change in DNA change in DNA

sequencesequence

Gene ShufflingGene Shuffling – –

from sexual from sexual

reproductionreproduction

Genetic Drift changes Genetic Drift changes populations…….populations…….•Random change in allele Random change in allele

frequency causes an allele to frequency causes an allele to become commonbecome common

Cartoons of Cartoons of the Day!the Day!

Organism of the Day Organism of the Day

• Red Panda: Ailurus fulgensRed Panda: Ailurus fulgens

• Kingdom: AnimaliaKingdom: AnimaliaPhylum: ChordataPhylum: ChordataClass: MammaliaClass: MammaliaOrder: CarnivoraOrder: CarnivoraFamily: AiluridaeFamily: AiluridaeGenus: AilurusGenus: AilurusSpecies: A. fulgens Species: A. fulgens

Panda FactsPanda Facts

• The red panda (Ailurus fulgens, or shining-cat), is a The red panda (Ailurus fulgens, or shining-cat), is a small arboreal mammal native to the eastern small arboreal mammal native to the eastern Himalayas and southwestern China. Slightly larger Himalayas and southwestern China. Slightly larger than a domestic cat, it has reddish-brown fur, a long, than a domestic cat, it has reddish-brown fur, a long, shaggy tail, and a waddling gait due to its shorter shaggy tail, and a waddling gait due to its shorter front legs. front legs.

• It feeds mainly on bamboo, but is omnivorous and It feeds mainly on bamboo, but is omnivorous and may also eat eggs, birds, insects, and small mammals. may also eat eggs, birds, insects, and small mammals. It is a solitary animal, mainly active from dusk to It is a solitary animal, mainly active from dusk to dawn, and is largely sedentary during the day.dawn, and is largely sedentary during the day.

‘‘Panda’moniumPanda’monium

• The red panda is specialized as a bamboo The red panda is specialized as a bamboo feeder with strong, curved and sharp semi-feeder with strong, curved and sharp semi-retractile claws standing inward for grasping of retractile claws standing inward for grasping of narrow tree branches, leaves and fruit. narrow tree branches, leaves and fruit.

• Like the giant panda, it has a “false thumb” that Like the giant panda, it has a “false thumb” that is an extension of the wrist bone. When is an extension of the wrist bone. When descending a tree headfirst, the red panda descending a tree headfirst, the red panda rotates its ankle to control its descent, one of rotates its ankle to control its descent, one of the few climbing species to do so.the few climbing species to do so.

It’s a ‘Panda’ meicIt’s a ‘Panda’ meic

• Shortly after waking, red pandas clean their fur like a cat, licking Shortly after waking, red pandas clean their fur like a cat, licking their front paws and then rubbing their back, stomach and sides. their front paws and then rubbing their back, stomach and sides. They also rub their back and belly along the sides of trees or They also rub their back and belly along the sides of trees or rocks. Then they patrol their territory, marking it with urine and a rocks. Then they patrol their territory, marking it with urine and a weak musk-smelling secretion from their anal gland. They search weak musk-smelling secretion from their anal gland. They search for food running along the ground or through the trees. Red for food running along the ground or through the trees. Red pandas may alternately either use their forepaw to bring food to pandas may alternately either use their forepaw to bring food to their mouth or place food directly into the mouth. Red pandas their mouth or place food directly into the mouth. Red pandas are able to reproduce at around 18 months of age, and are fully are able to reproduce at around 18 months of age, and are fully mature at 2–3 years. Adults rarely interact in the wild except to mature at 2–3 years. Adults rarely interact in the wild except to mate. Both sexes may mate with more than one partner during mate. Both sexes may mate with more than one partner during the mating season from mid-January to early March.the mating season from mid-January to early March.

• The average lifespan is 8–10 years, but individuals have been The average lifespan is 8–10 years, but individuals have been known to reach 15 years.known to reach 15 years.

Cuteness OverloadCuteness Overload

More CUTE!More CUTE!

Cartoon of the Day!Cartoon of the Day!

Cartoon of the Day!Cartoon of the Day!

Cartoon of the Day!Cartoon of the Day!

Organism of Day!Organism of Day!

• Cheetah: Cheetah: Acinonyx jubatus

• Kingdom :AnimaliaKingdom :Animalia

• Phylum: ChordataPhylum: Chordata

• Class: MammaliaClass: Mammalia

• Order: CarnivoraOrder: Carnivora

• Family: FelidaeFamily: Felidae

• Genus: AcinonyxGenus: Acinonyx

• Species: A. jubatusSpecies: A. jubatus

Cheetah Fun FactsCheetah Fun Facts

• The cheetah is the only extant member of the genus The cheetah is the only extant member of the genus Acinoyx, most notable for modifications in the species' Acinoyx, most notable for modifications in the species' paws. As such, it is the only felid with non-retractable paws. As such, it is the only felid with non-retractable claws and pads that disallow gripping (therefore cheetahs claws and pads that disallow gripping (therefore cheetahs cannot climb vertical trees, although they are generally cannot climb vertical trees, although they are generally capable of reaching easily accessible branches). capable of reaching easily accessible branches).

• The cheetah, however, achieves by far the fastest land The cheetah, however, achieves by far the fastest land speed of any living animal—between 70 and 75 mph in speed of any living animal—between 70 and 75 mph in short bursts covering distances up to 1,600 ft, and has short bursts covering distances up to 1,600 ft, and has the ability to accelerate from 0 to over 62 mph in three the ability to accelerate from 0 to over 62 mph in three seconds.seconds.

Cheetah Fun Facts 2Cheetah Fun Facts 2• The cheetah has unusually low genetic variability. This is The cheetah has unusually low genetic variability. This is

accompanied by a very low sperm count and deformed accompanied by a very low sperm count and deformed flagella.flagella.

• The king cheetah is a rare mutation of cheetah The king cheetah is a rare mutation of cheetah characterized by a distinct fur pattern. Twenty-two such characterized by a distinct fur pattern. Twenty-two such skins were found between 1926 and 1974. Since 1927, skins were found between 1926 and 1974. Since 1927, the king cheetah was reported five more times in the the king cheetah was reported five more times in the wild. Other rare color morphs of the species include wild. Other rare color morphs of the species include speckles, melanism, albinism and gray coloration.speckles, melanism, albinism and gray coloration.

• Females give birth to up to nine cubs after a gestation Females give birth to up to nine cubs after a gestation period of ninety to ninety-eight days, although the period of ninety to ninety-eight days, although the average litter size is three to five. Life span is up to average litter size is three to five. Life span is up to twelve years in the wild, but up to twenty years in twelve years in the wild, but up to twenty years in captivitycaptivity

CUTE!!!CUTE!!!

We’ve got Mail!We’ve got Mail!

YOU'RE ALL INVITED!!!!

Anthony James Tovas & Goldie Marie Prior

TOGETHER WITH OUR FRIENDS AND FAMILYINVITE YOU TO JOIN US

WHEN WE EXCHANGE MARRIAGE VOWS JANUARY 22ND

TWO-THOUSAND AT THE ARRINGTON ESTATE.

DRESS IS FORMAL! THERE WILL BE A SHORT RECEPTION TO FOLLOW.