Post on 29-Dec-2015
Evolution and BiodiversityEvolution and Biodiversity
ConceptsConcepts
Origins Origins
Evolutionary Processes Evolutionary Processes
Ecological Niches Ecological Niches
Species Formation Species Formation
Species Extinction Species Extinction
Origins and Early Evolution of LifeOrigins and Early Evolution of Life
Chemical evolutionChemical evolution
Biological evolutionBiological evolution
Click to view animation. Animation
Stanley Miller's experiment animation.
Plants begininvadingland
Evolution and expansion of life
First fossilrecord ofanimals
Age of reptiles
Age of mammals
Insects and amphibians invade the land
Modern humans(Homo sapiens)appear about2 secondsbefore midnight
Recorded humanhistory begins1/4 secondbefore midnight
Origin of life(3.6–3.8 billionyears ago)
noon
midnight
Evolution ConceptsEvolution Concepts
MicroevolutionMicroevolution
MacroevolutionMacroevolution
Gene poolGene pool
MutationMutation
Natural selectionNatural selection
Natural SelectionNatural Selection
Differential reproductionDifferential reproduction
Adaptive traitAdaptive trait
CoevolutionCoevolution
Natural SelectionNatural Selection
Directional SelectionDirectional Selection
Stabilizing SelectionStabilizing Selection
Disruptive SelectionDisruptive Selection
Click to view animation.
Example of directional selection animation.
Click to view animation.
Stabilizing selection animation.
Click to view animation.
Disruptive selection animation.
Ecological NichesEcological Niches
Ecological niche Ecological niche
Fundamental niche Fundamental niche
Realized niche Realized niche
Broad and Narrow NichesBroad and Narrow Niches
Generalist species r - selected
Generalist species r - selected
Specialist speciesk - selected
Specialist speciesk - selected
Black skimmerseizes small fishat water surface
Flamingofeeds on minuteorganismsin mud
Scaup and otherdiving ducks feed onmollusks, crustaceans,and aquatic vegetation
Brown pelican dives for fish,which it locates from the air
Avocet sweeps bill throughmud and surface water in search of small crustaceans,insects, and seeds
Louisiana heron wades intowater to seize small fish
Oystercatcher feeds onclams, mussels, and other shellfish into which it pries its narrow beak
Dowitcher probes deeplyinto mud in search ofsnails, marine worms,and small crustaceans
Knot (a sandpiper) picks upworms and small crustaceansleft by receding tide
Herring gull is atireless scavenger
Ruddy turnstone searchesunder shells and pebbles for small invertebrates
Piping plover feedson insects and tinycrustaceans on sandy beaches
NichesNiches
Unknown finch ancestor
Insect and nectar eatersFruit and seed eaters
Greater Koa-finch
Kona Grosbeak
Akiapolaau
Maui Parrotbill
Kuai Akialoa
Amakihi
Crested Honeycreeper
Apapane
Adaptive RadiationAdaptive Radiation
SpeciationSpeciation
Speciation Speciation
Geographic isolation Geographic isolation
Reproductive isolation Reproductive isolation
ExtinctionExtinction
Background extinction Background extinction
Mass extinction Mass extinction
Adaptive radiation Adaptive radiation
Mass depletion Mass depletion
Human Impacts Human Impacts
EURASIA
AFRICASO
UTH
AM
ER
ICA
IND
IA
135 million years ago
Present65 million years ago
225 million years ago
120°80° 0°
120°120°
120°
80°80° 80°80°40°
40°120° 120°
120°GONDWANALANDGONDWANALAND
120°
LAURASIALAURASIA
PA
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AE
A
PA
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AE
A
ANTARCTICAANTARCTICA AUSTRALIA
AUSTRALIAMADA-
GASCARMADA-
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Terrestrialorganisms
Marineorganisms
Qu
ate
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Ter
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Tri
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Per
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1.8 06514520525029035541044050054535000
1600
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800
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Millions of years ago
Human Impacts on EvolutionHuman Impacts on Evolution
Artificial Selection
Genetic Engineering
Concerns about Genetic Engineering
Artificial Selection
Genetic Engineering
Concerns about Genetic Engineering
Crop
Crossbreeding
Desired trait(color)
ApplePear
Offspring
Crossbreeding
Best results
Newoffspring
Desiredresult
Phase 1Make Modified Gene
Identify and extractgene with desired trait
Identify and removeportion of DNAwith desired trait
Remove plasmidfrom DNA of E. coli
Insert extracted DNA(step 2) into plasmid(step3)
Insert modifiedplasmid into E. coli
Grow in tissueculture tomake copies
cell
gene
DNA
plasmid
E. coliDNA
Geneticallymodifiedplasmid
plasmid
Phase 2Make Transgenic Cell
Transfer plasmidcopies to a carrier
agrobacterium
Agrobacteriuminserts foreignDNA into plantcell to yieldtransgenic cell
Transfer plasmidto surfacemicroscopic metalparticle
Use gene gunto inject DNAinto plant cell
A. tumefaciens(agrobacterium)
Plant cell
Nucleus
Host DNA
Foreign DNA
Phase 3Grow Genetically Engineered Plant
Transgenic cellfrom Phase 2
Cell division oftransgenic cells
Culture cellsto form plantlets
Transgenic plantswith new traits
Transfer to soil
Click to view animation.
Evolutionary tree of life animation.
Click to view animation.
Evolutionary tree diagrams interaction.