Post on 09-Apr-2020
“Evaluate the Modulus of Elasticity of Concrete with Partial Replacement of
Cement by Thermal Industry Waste and Paper Industry Waste”
Author: SAnitha
Co-author: Prof. S Govindhan.
Department of civil engineering,
SembodaiRukmaniVaratharajan Engineering college,Sembodai, Vedaranyam, Tamil Nadu, India.
anithasricivil@gmail.com
Abstract -The use of fly ash in replacing cement to certain percentage is accepted in recent years. It saves
cement, consumes industrial waste and makes durable concrete. Coal fly ash is a widely used byproduct material.
It has been in use as a concrete additive for more than two decades. It is beneficial to relieve from disposal
facilities. It reduces cost for both the fly ash producers and users. Out of the total ash produced, Fly ash
contributes to a small percentage, majority being Pond ash and bottom ash. In the past, fly ash for the most part
was given off into the air. Now, with new techniques particulate material can be collected for reuse. Other waste
material paper mill sludge is a major economical an environmental problem for the paper and board industry. To
produce low cost concrete by replacing cement with hypo sludge. To reduce disposal and pollution problems
due to hypo sludge it is most essential to develop profitable materials used for mankind from it. The innovative
use of hypo sludge and fly ash in concrete formulations as a supplementary cementations material was tested as
an alternative to conventional concrete. The cement has been replaced by hypo sludge and fly ash accordingly in
the range of 0%, 10%, 20%, 30% and 40% by volume for M-25 and M-40 mix. Concrete mixtures were
produced, tested and compared in terms of modulus elasticity with the conventional concrete. The test was
carried out to evaluate the modulus of elasticity after 56 days. This study includes different concrete mixtures
which were produced to determine the influence of hypo sludge derived from J.K.Papers mill Pvt.Ltd, plant
near Songadh, Tappi District and Maize Products (A division of Sayaji Industries Ltd) Power plant near
kathwada, Ahmedabad District in Gujarat State referring to the Modulus of Elasticity. The modulus of elasticity
of concrete is a very important mechanical parameter reflecting the ability of the concrete to deform elasticity.
For concrete material, the secant modulus is defined as the slope of the straight line drawn from the origin of
axis to the stress-strain curve at 1/3 of the ultimate strength.
KEYWORDS: Hypo-sludge, Fly ash, Modulus of elasticity, Supplymentary Cementitious Material
(SCMs).
I. INTRODUCTION
India at present produces around 120 Million Tonnes of Ash per annum. Energy requirements of the country
are rapidly increasing with increase in growth of the industries. India depends on Thermal power as its main
source of energy; as a result the quantity of Ash produced shall also increase. This creates big problems to utilize
the ash. For the economic development of the country “to save energy” is the backbone of nation’s progress.
Well-developed technologies by producing carbon credit are the key to development of any nation. Conversion
of waste into a resource material is an age-old practice of Indian civilization. The Pozzolanic property of fly ash
makes it a resource for making cement and other ash based products.
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The advancement of concrete technology can reduce the consumption of natural resources and energy sources.
In recent years, many researchers have established that the use of supplementary cementations materials (SCMs)
like fly ash (FA), blast furnace slag, silica fume, metakaolin (MK), and rice husk ash (RHA), hypo sludge etc. can,
not only improve the various properties of concrete - both in its fresh and hardened states, but also can
contribute to economy in construction costs.
It is agreed that one of the most important elastic properties of concrete for design of plain, reinforced, and
prestressed concrete required to be defined is a modulus of elasticity. This is to assess for the performance of
the structure, serviceability concrete members, and then to calculate the deflection and stresses under short-term
and long-term loading.
The modulus of elasticity is considered as a function of compressive strength of concrete, therefore all the
parameters that have influence on the properties of concrete should necessarily have its effects on the value of
the modulus of elasticity. These parameters should take accounts of water to cement ratio, properties and
proportions of fine and coarse aggregates, age of concrete, rate of loading, and other factors.
The major challenges of our present society are to protect the environment. Some important elements are to
reduce the consumption of energy and natural raw materials. This research is getting considerable attention
under sustainable development nowadays. The use of recycled aggregates from construction and demolition
wastes is showing positive application in construction as alternative to natural aggregates. It conserves natural
resources and reduces the space required for the landfill disposal. In order to determine the effect of this
recycled aggregate on Modulus of Elasticity of concrete, different concrete mixtures were produced. The test
samples differ in the type and amount of the aggregate. As reference, a concrete sample containing 100% natural
dense aggregate was used. In different aggregate mixtures, the natural dense aggregate was partly replaced by
recycled aggregate. The experience shows, that in general the Modulus of Elasticity from concrete made of
recycled aggregate is lower than the modulus of elasticity of concrete made with natural dense aggregate. The
research of this study is to investigate the Modulus of Elasticityof concrete made with recycled aggregate
Industrialization is key to success for every country. It helps in strengthening of economic sector which is hence
developing the country. But to unlock this success, country should be efficient to overcome its consequences
too. The main problem regarding industrialization is disposal of waste produced from industries, which is again
a challenging job. Rapid industrialization plays an important role in polluting the environment and causes severe
degradation in hydrosphere and atmosphere. Water used in industries creates a waste that has potential hazard
for our environment because of the introduction of various contaminants such as heavy metals into soil and
water resources.
Paper making generally produces a large amount of solid waste. This paper mill sludge consumes a large
percentage of local landfill space for each and every year. To reduce disposal and pollution problems from these
industrial wastes, it is most essential to develop profitable building materials from them. The amount of sludge
generated by a recycled paper mill is greatly dependent on the type of furnish being used and end product being
manufactured. Hypo sludge contains, low calcium and maximum calcium chloride and minimum amount of
silica. Hypo sludge behaves like cement because of silica and magnesium properties. This silica and magnesium
improve the setting of the concrete. Paper sludge consists of cellulose fibres, calcium carbonate and china clay
and residual chemicals bound up with water. Hypo sludge contributes beneficial properties to the concrete while
helping to maintain economy.
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The environmental aspects involved in the production of and use of cement, concrete and other building
materials are of growing importance. Producing one ton of cement results in the emission of approximately one
ton of CO2. SO2 emissions is also very high, but is dependent upon the type of fuel used .Energy consumption is
also very high at 90-150 KWT/ton of cement produced. It is costly to erect new cement plants. Substitution of
waste materials will conserve resources, and will avoid environmental and ecological damages caused by
quarrying and exploitation of the raw materials for making cement. While the developed, industrialized countries
are called upon to reduce pollution of the environment and their share of the usage of the world’s resources,
including energy, the developing countries need to avoid the mistakes of the past. This problem is particularly
acute, since cement production as well as fly ash generation in China and India are expected to increase
significantly in the next few decades. There is an increasing demand for concrete worldwide, estimated to double
within the next 30 years. This demand can be met without a corresponding increase in greenhouse gases by
using supplementary cementitious materials to replace a maximum amount of the cement in concrete; we can
reduce energy and resource consumption, reduce CO2 emissions, and reduce the negative environmental
impact. There is a further environmental benefit in that most commonly used supplementary cementitious
materials (such as hypo sludge, fly ash) are waste products and would otherwise end up in landfills. Paper
making generally produces a large amount of solid waste. It means that the broken, low-quality paper fibers are
separated out to become waste sludge. This paper mill sludge consumes a large percentage of local landfill space
every year and also contributes to serious air pollution problems. To reduce disposal and pollution problems
emanating from these industrial wastes, it is most essential to develop profitable building materials from them.
This report concisely explains the technical and environmental benefits of supplementary cementitious materials
use, as well as the limitations, applications and specifications.
This research work describes the feasibility of using the thermal industry waste in concrete production as partial
replacement of cement. The use of fly ash and hypo sludge in concrete formulations as a supplementary
cementations material was tested as an alternative to traditional concrete. Modulus of elasticity of concrete is a
very important property to determine the deflection of the structural elements. This study includes different
concrete mixtures were produced to determine the influence of hypo sludge derived from J.K.Papers mill
Pvt.Ltd, plant near Songadh, Tappi District and Maize Products (A division of Sayaji Industries Ltd) Power
plant near kathwada, Ahmedabad District in Gujarat State referring to the Modulus of Elasticity. The cement
has been replaced by fly ash and hypo sludge accordingly in the range of 0% (without fly ash and hypo sludge),
10%, 20%, 30% & 40% by weight of cement for M-25 and M-40 mix. Concrete mixtures were produced, tested
and compared in terms of modulus of elasticity with the conventional concrete for 56 days water curing.
II. MATERIALS ANS METHOD
The materials used for the project are cement, coarse aggregate, Fine aggregate, Fly ash, and Hypo sludge.
A. i)Cement
The important property that when mixed with water a chemical reaction (hydration) takes place.
Hydration produces a very hard and strong binding medium for the aggregate particles. The cement to be used
in a particular concrete or mortar will be selected on the basis of the particular properties required.
ii)Ordinary Portland Cement:
Ordinary Portland cement is a controlled blend of calcium silicates, aluminates and ferrate, which is
ground to a fine powder with gypsum and other materials. After 1987 OPC was divided into 3 types based on
the strength obtained at 28 days
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1. OPC 33 grade:-strength not less than 33N/mm2 at 28 days
2. OPC 43 grade:-strength not less than 43N/mm2 at 28 days
3. OPC 53 grade:-strength not less than 53N/mm2 at 28 days
Portland cement gets its strength from chemical reactions between the cement and water. The process is
known as hydration. This is a complex process that is best understood by first understanding the chemical
composition of cement.
B. Water
It is a transparent and nearly colorless chemical substance that is the main constituent of
Earth's streams, lakes, and oceans, and the fluids of most living organisms. Its chemical formula is H2O,
meaning its molecule contains one oxygen and two hydrogen atoms that are connected by covalent bonds.
Strictly speaking, water refers to the liquid state of a substance that prevails at standard ambient temperature and
pressure; but it often refers also to its solid state (ice) or its gaseous state (steam or water vapor).
C. Fine Aggregate
The river sand, passing through 4.75 mm sieve and retained on 600μm sieve, conforming to Zone II as
per IS 383-1970 was used as fine aggregate in the present study. The sand is free from clay, silt and organic
impurities. The aggregate was tested for its physical requirements such as gradation, fineness modulus, specific
gravity and bulk modulus in accordance with IS: 2386-1963.
D. Coarse Aggregate
Throughout the investigations, crushed coarse aggregates of 20mm procured from the local crushing plants
were used. The aggregate was tested for its physical requirements such as gradation, fineness modulus, specific
gravity and bulk density etc. in accordance with IS:2386-1963 and IS:383-1970
E. Fly ash
Fly ash is defined in cement and concrete terminology as the ‘finely divided residue resulting from the
combustion of ground or powdered coal, which is transported for the fire box through the boiler by flue gases’.
Fly ash is fine glass powder, the particles of which are generally spherical in shape and range in size from 0.5 to
100um. Fly ash is classified into two types according to the coal used. Anthracite and bituminous coal produces
fly ash classified as class F. Class C fly ash is produced by burning lignite or sub-bituminous coal. Class C fly
ash has self cementing properties.
F.Hypo Sludge
The preliminary waste from paper industry is named as hypo sludge. The hypo sludge contains, low
calcium, maximum calcium chloride and minimum amount of silica. Hypo sludge behaves like cement because
of silica and magnesium properties. This silica improves the setting of the concrete. The sludge which used in
present investigation is brought from Vamsadhara paper mills Ltd. at Madapam.
III. TESTING
MIX PROPORTIONS: Based on the Indian standard guidelines the mix proportions of concrete were prepared
for M25 and M40 grade.
A. Compressive strength test
In order to find the mechanical properties compressive strength tests were conducted at 28 days of cube
(150mm X 150mm X 150 mm) specimens. For each combination, two specimens were tested.
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ISSN NO: 2347-6060
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Fig 1:Chat for Compressive strength of fly ash and hypo sludge concrete
Fig 2:
B.Spilt tensile strength test
In order to find the split tensile strength of concrete 28 days of cylinder ( 150mm X 300mm )
specimens are cast. For each combination two specimens were tested.
Fig 3:
C. Flexural strength test
In order to find the Flexural strength of concrete 28 days of cylinder
100mm) specimens are cast. For each combina
0
5
10
15
20
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Chat for Compressive strength of fly ash and hypo sludge concrete
Fig 2:Chat for Flexural strength test
In order to find the split tensile strength of concrete 28 days of cylinder ( 150mm X 300mm )
specimens are cast. For each combination two specimens were tested.
Fig 3: Chat for split tensile strength test
find the Flexural strength of concrete 28 days of cylinder
specimens are cast. For each combination two specimens were tested.
0
5
10
15
20
0% 10% 20% 30% 40%
7 days
28 days
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
140
%
10
%
20
%
30
%Avg
% change
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0%
10
%
20
%
30
%
40
%
Avg
% change
Chat for Compressive strength of fly ash and hypo sludge concrete.
In order to find the split tensile strength of concrete 28 days of cylinder ( 150mm X 300mm )
find the Flexural strength of concrete 28 days of cylinder (500mm X 100mmX
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D. Compressometer test
i) Testing the modulus of elasticity
Modulus of elasticity of concrete is very important to determine the deflection of the structural elements.The
testing is just carried out after 56b days of casting. The resting specimen was 150mm diameter and 300mm
height.
Fig 5: Chat for %
E.Sorptivity test
The sorptivity can be determined by the measurement of the capillary rise absorption rate on reasonably
homogeneous material. Water was used of the test fluid. The cylinders after casting were immer
90 days curing. The specimen size 100mm dia x 50 mm height
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
0
1
2
3
4
Fig 4:Chat for flexural strength test
Modulus of elasticity of concrete is very important to determine the deflection of the structural elements.The
testing is just carried out after 56b days of casting. The resting specimen was 150mm diameter and 300mm
: Chat for % replacement of fly ash and hypo sludge
The sorptivity can be determined by the measurement of the capillary rise absorption rate on reasonably
homogeneous material. Water was used of the test fluid. The cylinders after casting were immer
90 days curing. The specimen size 100mm dia x 50 mm height
Fig 6: Chat for sorptivity test
0% 10% 20% 30%
Average
% change
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
0%
10
%
20
%
30
%
40
%
Amount of replacement of cement by fly ash and hypo sludge versus
modulus of elasticity(Mpa)
M25
M40
0
1
2
3
4
0% 10% 20% 30% 40%
M25
M40
Modulus of elasticity of concrete is very important to determine the deflection of the structural elements.The
testing is just carried out after 56b days of casting. The resting specimen was 150mm diameter and 300mm
replacement of fly ash and hypo sludge
The sorptivity can be determined by the measurement of the capillary rise absorption rate on reasonably
homogeneous material. Water was used of the test fluid. The cylinders after casting were immersed in water for
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE RESEARCH EXPLORER
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ISSN NO: 2347-6060
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F. Water absorption test
The 100mm dia x 50 mm height cylinder after casting were immersed in water for 90 days curing. These
specimens were then oven dried for 24 hours at the temperature110°C until the mass became constant and again
weighed. This weight was noted as the dry weight (W1) of the cylinder. After that the specimen was kept in hot
water at 85°c for 3.5 hours. Then this weight was
absorption = [(W2– W1) / W1] x 100
Where, W1 = Oven dry weight of cylinder in grams W2 = After 3.5 hours wet weight of cylinder in grams.
Fig 5: Chat for water absorption test
Based on limited experimental investigation
drawn:
• Modulus of elasticity decreases with % replacement of fly ash and hypo sludge.
• Use of fly ash and hypo sludge in concrete can save the disposal costs and produces a
construction.
• For M40 grade10% replacement with fly ash and hypo sludge gives modulus of elasticity same as M40 grade
traditional concrete
• This research concludes that fly ash and hypo sludge can be used as Construction Material where less strength is
required.
REFERENCES
1. A. Oner , S. Akyuzb, R. Yildiza,(2004)“An experimental study on strength development of concrete containing fly ash and
optimum usage of fly ash in concrete” Cement and Concrete Research , Vol.35, Issue 6, pp 11651171.
2. A. Oner , S. Akyuzb, R. Yildiza,(2004)“An experimental study on str
optimum usage of fly ash in concrete” Cement and Concrete Research , Vol.35, Issue 6, pp 11651171.
3. Ali Ergun (2011), “Effects of the usage of diatomite and waste marble powder as partial replacement of
properties of concrete”, Construction and Building Materials, 25(2), pp 806812.
4. Ali Ergun (2011), “Effects of the usage of diatomite and waste marble powder as partial replacement of cement on the mechanic
properties of concrete”, Construction and Building Materials, 25(2), pp 806812.
5. Bhatty, JI., J Gajda, PE., Botha, F. and MM Bryant, PG. 2006. Utilization of Discarded Fly Ash as a Raw Material in the
Production of Portland cement.Journal of ASTM International, Vol. 3,
6. Bhatty, JI., J Gajda, PE., Botha, F. and MM Bryant, PG. 2006. Utilization of Discarded Fly Ash as a Raw Material in the
Production of Portland cement.Journal of ASTM International, Vol. 3, No. 10.
7. Gambhir M.L. “Concrete Technology” Tata McGraw Hill
The 100mm dia x 50 mm height cylinder after casting were immersed in water for 90 days curing. These
then oven dried for 24 hours at the temperature110°C until the mass became constant and again
weighed. This weight was noted as the dry weight (W1) of the cylinder. After that the specimen was kept in hot
water at 85°c for 3.5 hours. Then this weight was noted as the wet weight (W2) of the cylinder. % water
Where, W1 = Oven dry weight of cylinder in grams W2 = After 3.5 hours wet weight of cylinder in grams.
Fig 5: Chat for water absorption test
IV. CONCLUSION
limited experimental investigation concerning the modulus of concrete, the following conclusions are
Modulus of elasticity decreases with % replacement of fly ash and hypo sludge.
Use of fly ash and hypo sludge in concrete can save the disposal costs and produces a
For M40 grade10% replacement with fly ash and hypo sludge gives modulus of elasticity same as M40 grade
esearch concludes that fly ash and hypo sludge can be used as Construction Material where less strength is
,(2004)“An experimental study on strength development of concrete containing fly ash and
optimum usage of fly ash in concrete” Cement and Concrete Research , Vol.35, Issue 6, pp 11651171.
A. Oner , S. Akyuzb, R. Yildiza,(2004)“An experimental study on strength development of concrete containing fly ash and
optimum usage of fly ash in concrete” Cement and Concrete Research , Vol.35, Issue 6, pp 11651171.
Ali Ergun (2011), “Effects of the usage of diatomite and waste marble powder as partial replacement of
properties of concrete”, Construction and Building Materials, 25(2), pp 806812.
Ali Ergun (2011), “Effects of the usage of diatomite and waste marble powder as partial replacement of cement on the mechanic
”, Construction and Building Materials, 25(2), pp 806812.
Bhatty, JI., J Gajda, PE., Botha, F. and MM Bryant, PG. 2006. Utilization of Discarded Fly Ash as a Raw Material in the
Production of Portland cement.Journal of ASTM International, Vol. 3, Page. No. 10.
Bhatty, JI., J Gajda, PE., Botha, F. and MM Bryant, PG. 2006. Utilization of Discarded Fly Ash as a Raw Material in the
Production of Portland cement.Journal of ASTM International, Vol. 3, No. 10.
Gambhir M.L. “Concrete Technology” Tata McGraw Hill Company, New Delhi.
0
1
2
3
0% 10% 20% 30% 40%
M25
M40
The 100mm dia x 50 mm height cylinder after casting were immersed in water for 90 days curing. These
then oven dried for 24 hours at the temperature110°C until the mass became constant and again
weighed. This weight was noted as the dry weight (W1) of the cylinder. After that the specimen was kept in hot
noted as the wet weight (W2) of the cylinder. % water
Where, W1 = Oven dry weight of cylinder in grams W2 = After 3.5 hours wet weight of cylinder in grams.
concrete, the following conclusions are
Use of fly ash and hypo sludge in concrete can save the disposal costs and produces a ‘greener’ concrete for
For M40 grade10% replacement with fly ash and hypo sludge gives modulus of elasticity same as M40 grade
esearch concludes that fly ash and hypo sludge can be used as Construction Material where less strength is
,(2004)“An experimental study on strength development of concrete containing fly ash and
optimum usage of fly ash in concrete” Cement and Concrete Research , Vol.35, Issue 6, pp 11651171.
ength development of concrete containing fly ash and
optimum usage of fly ash in concrete” Cement and Concrete Research , Vol.35, Issue 6, pp 11651171.
Ali Ergun (2011), “Effects of the usage of diatomite and waste marble powder as partial replacement of cement on the mechanical
Ali Ergun (2011), “Effects of the usage of diatomite and waste marble powder as partial replacement of cement on the mechanical
Bhatty, JI., J Gajda, PE., Botha, F. and MM Bryant, PG. 2006. Utilization of Discarded Fly Ash as a Raw Material in the
Bhatty, JI., J Gajda, PE., Botha, F. and MM Bryant, PG. 2006. Utilization of Discarded Fly Ash as a Raw Material in the
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE RESEARCH EXPLORER
VOLUME 5, ISSUE 9, September/2018
ISSN NO: 2347-6060
Page No:25
8. Gambhir M.L. “Concrete Technology” Tata McGraw Hill Company, New Delhi.
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