Post on 08-Jan-2016
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Ethical Issues in the Ethical Issues in the Global ArenaGlobal Arena
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Eras of Internationalization
•1945-55 The Post-World War II DecadeA period of reconstruction dominated by the United States.
•1955-70 The Growth YearsJapanese and European firms recover and the first U.S.-based international firms become multinational.
•1970-80 The Troubled YearsA U.S. balance of payments deficit and worldwide oil crisis have a negative impact.
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Eras of Internationalization
• 1980-now The New International OrderThough the U.S. role in the world economy is diminished, it is pressured to be a world leader in the ethics arena.
• 1999-now The New, New WorldA backlash against globalism began.
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Concepts of Global Business
• Internationalization
• Globalization
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Pros and Cons of Globalization
I
M
P
A
C
T
O
N
Globalists Antiglobalists Consumers Free trade promotes lower
costs, etc.Benefits the wealth at the expense of the poor
Employees Faster economic growth promotes
Higher wages, etc.
Places profits above people
Environment Creates resources needed to address the issue
Exploits and destroys ecosystems
Developing
Nations
Promotes national economic development, higher standard of living, etc.
World financial institutions conspire to keep poor nations in debt
Human Rights
Creates cultures that support law and free expression
Corporations pursing profits ignore human rights violations
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MNCs and the Global Environment
• Change scope and nature of U.S.-based multinationals
• Face challenges of operating in new world of business – Corporate legitimacy– MNC and host country philosophy– MNC and host country challenges
• Cultural differences• Business and government differences
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MNCs and the Global Environment
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Ethical Issues in Global Business
• Questionable marketing and safety practices
• Sweatshop and labor abuse• Corruption, bribery, and
questionable paymentsSearch the WebFor student activists interested in sweatshop practices, visit http://www.usasnet.org/
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Arguments For and Against BriberyFor
• Necessary to do business
• Common practice• Accepted practice• Form of
commission, tax, or compensation
Against• Wrong• Illegal• Compromise personal beliefs• Promotes government
corruption• Slippery slope• Prohibits taking a stand for
honesty, etc.• Benefits recipient only• Creates dependence on
corruption• Deceives stockholders
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Trends Against Bribery
• Foreign Corrupt Practices Act enacted
• Transparency International developed
• OCED Antibribery Initiatives launched
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Trends Against Bribery
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Bribes vs. Grease Payments
• DefinitionsDefinitions– Grease Payments—Relatively small
sums of money given for the purpose of getting minor officials to:
• Do what they are supposed to be doing
• Do what they are supposed to be doing faster or sooner.
• Do what they are supposed to be doing better than they would otherwise.
– Bribes—Relatively large amounts of money given far the purpose of influencing officials to make decisions or take actions that they otherwise might not take. If the officials considered the merits of the situation only, they might take same other action.
• ExamplesExamples– Money given to minor officials
(clerks, attendants, customs inspectors) for the purpose of expediting. This form of payment helps get goods or services through red tape or administrative bureaucracies.
– Money given, often to high-ranking officials. Purpose is often to get these persons to purchase goods or services from the bribing firm. May also be users to avoid taxes, forestall unfavorable government intervention, secure favorable treatment, etc.
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Improving Global Business Ethics
The Multinational
Corp.
Home Country Stakeholder Pressures
Host Country Stakeholder Pressures
The Dilemma of the Multinational Corporation
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Improving Global Business Ethics
BroadMiddle Ground
Mix of Home and Host Country Standards
Home Country
ETHICAL IMPERIALISM
Host Country
CULTURAL RELATIVISM
Application of Ethical Principles(see notes)
International LawGlobal Codes of Conduct
• Cultural standards
• Ethical/moral standards of home country
• Cultural standards
• Ethical/moral standards of host country
Ethical Choices in Home vs. Host Country Situations
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Improving Global Business Ethics
Typology of Global Types• Foreign type• Empire type• Interconnection type• Global type
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Improving Global Business Ethics
Integrative Social Contract Theory (ISCT)
• Hypernorms consist of transcultural values including fundamental human rights
• Consistent norms consist of norms that are culturally specific, but consistent with hypernorms
• Moral free space norms consist of strongly held cultural beliefs in particular countries that are in tension with hypernorms
• Illegitimate norms consist of norms that are incompatible with hypernorms
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Improving Global Business Ethics
Four Actions for Improving International Business Ethics
• Create global codes of conduct– Global codes and standards set by
corporations– Global Codes and standards set by
international organizations• Integrate ethics into a global strategy• Suspend activities in host country• Create ethical impact statements
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Improving Global Business Ethics
Global Codes and Standards Developed by International
Organizations• Caux Principles• Global Reporting Initiative• Global Sullivan Principles• OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises• Principles for Global Corporate Responsibility:
Benchmarks• UN Global Compact
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Improving Global Business Ethics
1. The right to physical movement
2. The right to ownership of property
3. The right to freedom from torture
4. The right to a fair trial5. The right to
nondiscriminatory treatment
6. The right to physical security
7. The right to freedom of speech and association
8. The right to minimal education
9. The right to political participation
10.The right to subsistence
Fundamental International Rights
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Improving Global Business Ethics
• Inflict no intentional or direct harm
• Produce more good than bad for the host country
• Contribute to host country’s development
• Respect the human rights of their employees
• Pay their fair share of taxes
• Respect local cultural beliefs that do not violate moral norms
• Cooperate with the government to develop and enforce background institutions
Seven Moral Guidelines for MNCs
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Selected Key Terms
• Anticorruption movement
• Bhopal tragedy• Bribes• Consistent norms• Ethical impact
statements• Globalization• Grease payments• Hypernorms
• Illegitimate norms• Infant formula• Internationalization• Less-developed
countries (LDC)• Moral free space• Multinational
corporation (MNC)• Sweatshops• Transnational
economy