Post on 21-Jan-2016
description
www.leonardo-energy.org
Environmental Performance of Cables, Motors & Transformers
Hans De Keulenaer
European Copper Institute
hdk@eurocopper.org
Web eventFebruary 10, 200614h00 – 15h00 Europe Standard Time
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Content
Introduction to Leonardo ENERGY The W’s of the toolbox Examples Demonstration How to work with the toolbox
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What is Leonardo ENERGY?
A partnership between industry & academia on sustainable electrical energy– Outreach
• Training & professional development– Advocacy
• Energy policy & regulation
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Leonardo ENERGY campaigns
Distributed generation & renewables
Efficiency & eco-design
Electric motors Green building
Home of the future Lighting Policy & finance Power Quality Transformers Transport
Website: www.leonardo-energy.org
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Leonardo ENERGY activities
Application notes Articles Briefing papers Direct (e)mail Minute lectures Polls Press articles Reports
Seminars Software Tools Surveys Webcasts Web events Workshops
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Content
Introduction to Leonardo ENERGY The W’s of the toolbox Examples Demonstration How to work with the toolbox
www.leonardo-energy.org
Why focus on (electrical) energy?
Environmental impacts from energy use:– To atmosphere:
• Sulphur emissions to atmosphere: 85%• Carbon-dioxide: 78%• Particulate emissions: 45%• Lead emissions: 41%• Non-methane hydrocarbon: 40%
– Electricity consumes 40% of primary energy
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Reducing the environmental impact of electricity
2 approaches– Clean generation & efficient conversion
• Renewables• Combined-cycle• …
– Efficient use• Reduce the amount of electricity needed to
provide an energy service
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Why an ecodesign toolbox?
For material producers:– Define environmental performance of active materials in
the use phase• ‘less’ is not always ‘more’
For equipment manufacturers:– Marketing tool for high efficiency– Environmental declaration
For energy users:– Declaration of improved environmental performance
For policy makers:– Environmental impact of policy measures on efficiency– Include externalities into policy making
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Why now?
Availability of good LCI material databases
Availability of tools allowingparametrized LCA
Experience with LCA forelectrical equipment
Electrical equipment catalogswith large # varieties
Ecodesign toolfor parametrized
LCA of equipmentfamilies
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Ecodesign toolbox - how
90% of environmental impact of electrical equipment is caused by electricity use
The remaining part is mainly caused by the extraction, production and transformation of materials
Life-cycle assessment for equipment can be simplified, based on good data for
– Environmental profile for materials– Equipment lifetime, load, efficiency– Environmental profile of electricity
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Which life-cycle stages?
Production– Only material use
Use phase– Only electricity use, based on European grid
mix
End-of-life– Credit for materials re-used
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Which impact categories?
materials use energy use climate change photochemical oxidant formation acidification eutrophication ozone layer depletion end-of-life waste Not included: toxicity, physical effects (noise,
vibration, electromagnetic fields)
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Which equipment types?
Power cable Overhead lines Transformers
– Dry-type– Oil-cooled
Motors
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Next steps
Generic equipment model– Bill-of-materials– Losses or energy use in kWh
(no load modelling)– Including thermal equipment– How to handle power electronics?
Generic generation model– Major types of conventional generation– Wind, ocean, and photovoltaics– Not biomass
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Generation, conversion and end-use
conversionequipment
energyinput
energyoutput
energyloss
end-useequipment
energyinput
energyservice
e.g. transformers, motors, cables e.g. appliances, pumps, lighting systems
generationequipment
primaryenergy
energycarrier
e.g. power stations, wind generators
conversionloss
?
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Modelling
Dismantling transformer_oil pGaBi 4 process plan: Mass
DE: Steel billet (electric
furnace)
RER: Aluminium remelting
EAA 1999
XpDismantling of the
transformer [b]
EU15: Power grid mix
Copper recycling [ap]
Steel recycling [ap]
Alu recycling [ap]DE: Aluminum ingot
DE: Steel billet
Oil incineration [ap]
DE: Copper (99.999%;
electrolyte copper) mix (ECI)Copper recycling (ECI)
RER: Incineration of used
oil
EU15: Power grid mix
Shredder transformer_oil pGaBi 4 process plan: Mass
EU15: Power grid mix DE: Steel billet (electric
furnace)
RER: Aluminium remelting
EAA 1999
XpShredder transformer
[b] Copper recycling [ap]
Steel recycling [ap]
Alu recycling [ap] DE: Aluminum ingot
DE: Steel billet
Landfilling [b]
Oil incineration [ap]
DE: Copper (99.999%;
electrolyte copper) mix (ECI)
Copper recycling (ECI)
EU15: Power grid mixRER: Incineration of used
oil
Utilization transformer pGaBi 4 process plan: Mass
EU15: Power grid mix
XpUse phase
transformer [b]
Manufacturing transformer_oil pGaBi 4 process plan: Mass
XpTransformer_oil
cooled [b]
Mineral oil
Steel tank
Steel sheet
Aluminium sheet
Copper sheet
Ceramic
Non grain oriented silicon
steel (dynamo steel)
Grain oriented silicon
steel (trafo steel)
Transformer oil (AS 1767)
Manufacturing
Utilization
End-of-Life
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Load modelling
Transformers:
Motors:
Cables:
hoursLoadkW
Loss year **)1(*
8760*)*( 2 NLLLoadLLLoss year
hoursloadIA
lLoss ratedyear *)*(** 2
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Content
Introduction to Leonardo ENERGY The W’s of the toolbox Examples Demonstration How to work with the toolbox
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Example 1: amorphous iron transformer100 kVA – 10% loaded
Material 100 kVAAA’
100 kVACC’
100 kVAAmorphous
Oil (kg) 142.5 157.5 195
Steel (kg) 142.5 157.5 195
Copper (kg) 85 115 155
Load loss (kW) 1.75 1.475 1.475
No-load loss (kW) 0.32 0.21 0.06
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Impact - numerical
CML2001 Acidification Potential (AP)[kg SO2-Equiv.]
Eutrophication Potential (EP) [kg Phosphate-Equiv.]
Global Warming Potential (GWP 100 years) [kg CO2-Equiv.]
Ozone Layer Depletion Potential (ODP, steady state) [kg R11-Equiv.]
Photochem. Ozone Creation Potential (POCP) [kg Ethene-Equiv.]
Life cycle (Type 1) 230.15 16.713 47409 0.013441 17.826
Manufacturing 5.0911 0.3869 1379 0.00033042 1.0066
Utilization 225.81 16.441 46170 0.013223 17.079
Life cycle (Type 2) 155.75 11.29 32310 0.0090748 12.264
Manufacturing 6.6579 0.49752 1783.5 0.00040366 1.2407
Utilization 150.38 10.948 30746 0.0088055 11.374
Life cycle (Type 3) 56.222 4.027 11973 0.003243 4.8235
Manufacturing 7.889 0.58293 2032.9 0.00048883 1.4863
Utilization 50.014 3.6414 10226 0.0029286 3.7828
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Impact - graphical
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
CML2001, Acidif ication Potential (AP) [kg SO2-Equiv.]
CML2001, Eutrophication Potential (EP) [kg Phosphate-Equiv.]
CML2001, Global Warming Potential (GWP 100 years) [kg CO2-Equiv.]
CML2001, Ozone Layer Depletion Potential (ODP, steady state) [kg R11-Equiv.]
CML2001, Photochem. Ozone Creation Potential (POCP) [kg Ethene-Equiv.]
Type 3 Type 2 Type 1
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Example 2: High Efficiency Motors1.5 kW – 33% loaded
Material Type 1 Type 2 Type 3
Aluminum (kg) 0.65 0.84 0.88
Copper (kg) 1.53 1.68 2.40
Steel (kg) 11.1 15.9 18.3
Efficiency (%) 77.4 80.7 83.8
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Impact - numerical
CML2001 Acidification Potential (AP)[kg SO2-Equiv.]
Eutrophication Potential (EP) [kg Phosphate-Equiv.]
Global Warming Potential (GWP 100 years) [kg CO2-Equiv.]
Ozone Layer Depletion Potential (ODP, steady state) [kg R11-Equiv.]
Photochem. Ozone Creation Potential (POCP) [kg Ethene-Equiv.]
Life cycle (Type 1) 11.14 0.81 2294.8 6.51E-4 0.85
Manufacturing 0.14 0.01 38.39 4.67E-6 0.02
Utilization 11.04 0.80 2257.1 6.46E-4 0.83
Life cycle (Type 2) 9.19 0.67 1902.3 5.3E-4 0.70
Manufacturing 0.19 0.01 53.07 6.14E-6 0.02
Utilization 9.04 0.66 1848.7 5.2E-4 0.68
Life cycle (Type 3) 7.48 0.54 1557.1 4.3E-4 0.57
Manufacturing 0.22 0.02 62.3 7.51E-6 0.03
Utilization 7.31 0.53 1494.4 4.3E-4 0.55
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Impact - graphical
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Content
Introduction to Leonardo ENERGY The W’s of the toolbox Examples Demonstration How to work with the toolbox
www.leonardo-energy.org
Content
Introduction to Leonardo ENERGY The W’s of the toolbox Examples Demonstration How to work with the toolbox
www.leonardo-energy.org
Practical
I-report models available on a royalty-free licence basis– E-mail request to hdk@eurocopper.org– Complete licencing form– Receive package
Publisher models available on a royalty-bearing licence basis– E-mail request to hdk@eurocopper.org– Order licence– Receive access to intranet with tools, models (including
future models) and knowledge inventory
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Thank you for your attention