English Phonology4.1 The Larynx4.2 Respiration and Voicing

By:Annisa Septiawati (201212501143)Dian Mispraptiwi (201212501150)

The Larynx

The Larynx commonly called the voice box.The Larynx in the production of speech sounds. Larynx is in the neck. Its main structure is cartilage.

Cartilages

Unpaired cartilages:

Thyroid cartilageCricoid cartilage

Epiglottis

Paired cartilages:Arytenoid cartilages

Corniculate cartilages

Cuneiform cartilages

Muscles

The muscles of the larynx are divided into intrinsic and extrinsic muscles.

Respiration and Voicing

•Respiration is the process of oxygen uptake and carbon dioxide in order to obtain the expenditure of energy.

•The process of respiration passes through two stages of external respiration and internal respiration.

Coherently human respiration pathway is as follows:

Voicing

•Voice or voicing is a term used in phonetics and phonology to characterize speech sounds, with sounds described as either voiceless (unvoiced) or voiced.

Voicing contrast in English fricatives

Articulation Voiceless Voiced

Pronounced with the lower lip against the teeth: [f] (fan) [v] (van)

Pronounced with the tongue against the teeth: [θ] (thin, thigh) [ð] (then, thy)

Pronounced with the tongue near the gums: [s] (sip) [z] (zip)

Pronounced with the tongue bunched up: [ʃ] (Confucian) [ʒ] (confusion)

Voicing contrast in English stops

Articulation Unvoiced Voiced

Pronounced with the lips closed: [p] (pin) [b] (bin)

Pronounced with the tongue near the gums: [t] (ten) [d] (den)

Pronounced with the tongue bunched up: [tʃ] (chin) [dʒ] (gin)

Pronounced with the back of the tongue against the palate:

[k] (coat) [ɡ] (goat)