Post on 14-Feb-2016
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ENGL 102- WEEK 5
What did all the great thinkers have in common?
Plato, Galileo, Marx, Darwin, Freud
All the great thinkers have had one thing in common. Look at pictures of Plato, Galileo, Marx, Darwin, and Freud. What do you notice? They’ve all got beards. So the beards must give them great thinking ability.
Weakness of Arguments
For previous argument, X= Beard Y= Great thinking
Possible Associations of X & Y 1. X & Y have no association
Coincidence/ Neither necessary nor sufficient
2. Necessary condition3. Sufficient condition4. Necessary and Sufficient condition
1. Neither necessary nor sufficient Examples of Y w/o X
2. X necessary for Y
If X is absent, Y will not occur. X= be fit Y= finish
marathon * marathon is 42.195 Km*
Does not mean if X is present Y will occur.
3. X is sufficient for Y
If X is present, Y will occur (is true)X= oldest son of king Y= become next kingBeing oldest son of king is enough to become king,but it is not always requirement to become king.
Do exercise on page 59-61
Confusing causes and consequencesHot summer *Few vacations abroad
Post Hoc argument= Because “B” happened after “A”, “A” caused “B”.
Exercise 2- In pairs,try to create 2 examples.
Cause-Effect ArgumentLook for other explanations.
Hot summer > Few vacations abroad
Financial Problems
Bad experience
Assumptions in the argument
People plan to take vacations
Current reservations reflect people’s intentions
Cigarette Advertising
Other explanations?
Strength of Causal ArgumentsRead page 63 (bottom) & 64 (top)
Which is stronger?
Argument 1: No explanation of causal relationship
Argument 2 is stronger
Critiquing Arguments
Is there sufficient evidence?
Are there other plausible explanations?
What is relationship between evidence?
What are the assumptions?
How could argument be made stronger?
Group Activity-
Write an argument that includes a causal
relationship. Ask yourself the questions we
just reviewed. Topics
Health Government Education
Attacking Arguer= Ad hominemStudents should have
8a.m. study hall. This would reduce tardiness
and make students finish homework
Jared has stinky feet. We shouldn’t listen
to him.