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5
external entity. Thus, instead of components having to request dependencies, they are given, or injected, into the component. There are many dependency injection frameworks available. My project focused on Ninject dependency injection framework for .NET applications. It is a fast, ultra‐lightweight framework that expresses the mapping between a service type (generally an interface or abstract class), and an implementation type via Type Bindings in code. Most of the existing frameworks rely on XML mapping files to set up the bindings between types.
Through its fluent interface, Ninject allows to take advantage of the features of the language (like type‐safety) and IDE (like IntelliSense and code completion). It helps to split application into a collection of loosely‐coupled, highly‐cohesive pieces, and then glue them back together in a flexible manner. By using Ninject, the code becomes easy to write, reuse, test, and modify. It was an interesting experience to work under highly accomplished scientists. To see their sincerity and dedication towards their work was awe‐inspiring and extremely motivating. Such an institution really propels one to go in for research field, something really dreaded by most of us! On a whole the PS‐I experience was truly wonderful.
JOURNAL CLUBBPHC
6
The Stock Market Essentials Everyone has at some time or the other in their life heard others talking about the stock markets. And, many of us have often stood there dumbstruck, not understanding half of what is being said. After reading this article, you might not be a pro on the Stock Markets, but will at least be able to listen and be a part of whatever conversation is going on. Let’s first begin with the most basic term, “Stock”. So, what exactly is a Stock? A stock is, in its most primitive meaning, a part of the company. When you own a stock of a company, you are in a way, a part owner of the same company. Stocks are issued by companies in order to raise capitals and are bought by investors in order to acquire a portion of the company. Even a small share of the company will give the investors the right to have a say in how the company is run. Although they gain a portion of the company’s profits, investors do not carry an obligation towards the company’s defaults or lawsuits. A Stock Market, is a place where people trade their share of the company (The Shares/stocks they own). The most important Stock Exchanges in our country are the Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE) and National Stock Exchange (NSE). Other cities like Ahmadabad, Kolkata, etc also have their own Stock Markets.
By -Darshit Shah To own a company’s share, that company must be a publicly listed company in any of the Stock exchanges. Originally, stocks were a piece of paper that said how much of a company’s value it represented. But, today, in the digital age, we have digitized the whole thing, and stocks have been De-materialized (Demat). Hence, to buy or trade in stocks, you need to open a Demat account with a registered Stock Broker. An Initial Public Offering (IPO) is the first distribution of shares of a company when it just gets listed on the public markets for the first time. Companies launch IPO’s when they want to expand and are in need of capital, but do not want the burdens of a bank loan. The listing price of the company depends on the company's management, and you must subscribe to the IPO at that price. Later, the price of that stock is decided by the same factors that influence the market. If you are smart, Stock Markets are an excellent investment option. But, rash and ill-informed decisions can often spell your doom. To use the Stock Markets to your benefit, you must invest smartly. And for smart investments, you must keep track of the News and movements of the Stock markets. The price of a Share depends on various factors. The number of stocks of that
JOURNAL CLUBBPHC
7
company, the dividend paid by it, the Fundamentals of the company, the political state of the country, and most importantly, Public sentiment. Dividend is the bonus that a company pays its stockholders out of the excess profits of the company after covering all costs and re- investments. Stock trading is not just about Buying Low and Selling High, but there are other things also, predicting the future movement of the stock and estimating the real value of a company. There are two basic types of trade cycles on the Stock Market. One is the Buy-Sell cycle while the other is the Short-Cover Cycle. The buy sell is the old, Buy Low Sell High cycle, while the Short-Cover is the opposite. You sell some Stock at a High price in anticipation that it will decrease, and then buy it back from the market to Cover for your sales. To invest in the stock market, you should be able to analyse the market on your own. Basing your investment decisions solely on other’s advice is equivalent of setting all your money on fire. There are two opposite schools of thought on how to analyse the market. We will cover both in brief. But, to know more about either, it is preferred that you go online and read up. The two ways are, Fundamental Analysis and Technical Analysis. Fundamental Analysis is a technique that attempts to determine a security’s value by focusing on underlying factors that affect a company's actual business and its future prospects. It looks to answer questions such as, ●Is it actually making a profit?
●Is it in a strong-enough position to beat out its competitors in the future? ●Is it able to repay its debts? ●Is management trying to "cook the books"? There are literally hundreds of others you might have about a company. It all really boils down to one question: Is the company’s stock a good investment? Think of fundamental analysis as a toolbox to help you answer this question. Most Wall Street and Dalal Street Stock market “experts” favour this technique, including Warren Buffet. But, mind you, this is a very very tough way of analysing and not everyone gets their Fundamental Analysis right. Technical Analysis on the other hand, does on focus on the internals of the company. Technical Analysts believe that everything that is to be known about a company can be known from its past prices. Also, they like to believe that the past price patterns, will always keep repeating itself in the future, and hence they can use these charts to predict the future prices. Hence, Technical Analysts study price history charts and make predictions about the direction in which a particular stock is heading. Neither of these techniques can be “taught”, especially not in one paragraph. It is advisable that you go online and look these up, for a good understanding of the same. With this knowledge, now you can atleast stand there, and understand a part of the discussion on Stock markets. Go ahead, have fun, and invest. Don’t let your money stagnate, it only loses value.
esisof
m civil origin
. Through ce
g, and its r
started whe
of being n
gineering da
on where s
xisted. A 12
s and gypsum
for strength
eness shows
he earliest ty
yan temples
Harappan c
damental s
recent con
a. The open
design ex
ons. The civ
mixed rooms
rds, provide
ms while ke
y made hom
ty, fans, air
re basic nec
The roma
rt water fro
el with ducts
mes used in
were unsuit
Wall of Chin
is 6350 km l
ngineering is
dge of the m
s gained by
is applied w
utilize, econ
fcivile
nated to diffe
enturies, the
ole have ev
en humans b
omads. The
ate back to
structures lik
x 7 x 2.4 me
m, with a lay
h in an era
s that civil
ypes of engin
s in Mexico,
ivilization, s
of planning
ncept had b
public place
xisted in
il engineers
with open s
d light and
eping privac
es livable at
conditioners
cessities of t
ans used a
m sources 1
s as long as 6
verted siph
table for aq
na, built in
ong and is v
the profess
mathematica
y study, ex
with judgme
nomically, the
engine
erentiate fro
e discipline,
volved huge
began to sett
evidences
the Harapp
ke the “Gre
eter pool ma
yer of bitum
a of extrem
engineering
neering.
contempora
still stand ta
g which seem
been there f
es, the focus
all ancie
of the ancie
spaces such
ventilation
cy intact. Th
t a time wh
s did not exi
today’s hum
aqueducts
1000 ft. abo
60 miles. Th
ons in valle
queducts. T
the 15th ‐16
isible from t
sion in which
al and physic
perience, a
ent to develo
e materials
eering
om
its
ely.
tle
of
an
eat
de
en
me
is
ary
all.
ms
for
of
ent
ent
as
in
hey
en
st,
an
to
ove
hey
eys
he
6th
he
h a
cal
nd
op
an
be
pr
fa
tr
th
En
Fi
en
Fr
ce
w
re
ba
in
en
si
in
an
co
te
du
w
Le
g
nd forces of
eing of hum
rotecting th
acilities for
ransportation
he use of hu
gineers)
ig. Various
ngineering d
rom huts to
ement, wood
way. Thousan
esearch and
asics of m
ncrease ou
ngineering
mple practic
n extreme
nalyses and
omputers, ro
echnology. W
ue to the eff
which have be
ess knongineerin
IMHO
first c
know
courty
nature for t
anity in crea
he environm
community
n, and in pro
umanity."(Sou
factors co
esign.
houses, logs
d to steel w
nds of peop
experiment
aterials and
r efficiency
has gradu
ces and meth
environmen
d technique
obotics and
We have com
forts of peop
een mention
own pionng
OTEP (2650
civil engineer
n by name.
yard of king
JOURN
BY
the progress
ating, improv
ment, in p
living, indu
oviding struc
urce: American So
onsidered in
s to bridges
we have com
ple have eng
tation to giv
d have he
y.Over tim
ally evolve
hods, to con
nts using
es with the
other soph
me to this st
ple in the pas
ned below.
neers in
BC) is perh
r and archite
. a dignitar
g Djoser of
NAL CLUBBPHC
9
Y‐Garv Malik
sive well‐
ving, and
providing
stry and
ctures for
ociety of Civil
n a civil
, mud to
me a long
gaged in
ve us the
elped us
me, civil
ed from
struction
complex
e aid of
histicated
tage only
st, few of
n civil
haps the
ect to be
y in the
f ancient
9
Genes
The first
like a s
valley. T
of spans
bamboo
enginee
1716. M
types of
Fig. Dis
architec
Egypt. He is
of the first p
Phidias lived
Greece. He
sculptor. T
Olympia is h
the seven
world.
Lancelot bro
of the first
He designed
career and
greatest Gar
Thomas Tel
engineer. H
designing c
constructed
roads in j
became one
of the
Engineers(IC
sis of brid
t known brid
single log fa
The first man
s of logs, wh
o poles.The
ring was wr
Modern arch
f bridges :
splay of di
ctures.
credited wit
pyramid.
d in the 5th
was a great
The statue
his creation a
wonders of
own (1716‐1
few landsca
d about 170
was known
rdener”.
lford was a
He brought
anals and a
/remodeled
ust 21 yea
e of the foun
institution
CE) in 1828
dges
dges were m
allen over a
n made bridg
hich evolved
e first boo
itten by Hub
hitecture no
ifferent kin
th the buildi
century BC,
t architect a
of Zeus
and was one
f the ancie
1783) was o
ape architec
0 parks in h
as “England
Scottish ci
a new era
aqueducts. H
1200 miles
ars. He lat
nder membe
of Ci
ade by natur
a stream or
ges were ma
to stones a
ok on brid
bert Gautier
ow defines s
ds of brid
ng
in
nd
at
of
ent
ne
cts.
his
d’s
ivil
in
He
of
ter
ers
ivil
re,
r a
de
nd
ge
in
six
dge
Aea
Bof
an
Cco
re
w
A
us
ho
en
A
of
po
ve
A
co
m
or
lo
br
G
Fr
in
ha
by
be
re
an
G
m
th
m
Mdo
an
of
Arch bridgach end shap
Beam brf structural f
n abutment a
Cable-stayonsists of o
eferred
with cables su
cantilevesing cantilev
orizontally in
nd.
suspensif bridge in w
ortion) is hu
ertical suspe
truss bronnected ele
may be stres
r sometimes
oadsCable, C
ridges.
Genesis of
rom the ear
ndicators of
as been its ro
y the Phara
elieved to b
ecord‐a cons
nd 60 feet w
reat Pyramid
miles from
hrough Spai
modern world
Metalled: Town several
nd compacte
f smaller sto
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ped as a curv
ridges: t
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at each end
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to
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nto space, su
ion bridwhich the de
ung below s
nders.
ridge is a bements (typi
ssed from te
s both in re
antilever, Su
f roads
liest times, o
a society's le
oad system.
aoh Cheops
be the earl
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China, acro
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d classifies ro
The route of
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ed, followed
ones, until th
JOURN
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ved arch.
the most
ng suppor
of the deck.
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as towers or
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tures that
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A road built
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by successi
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NAL CLUBBPHC
1
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simple
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00 BC is
road on
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te of the
ed 8,000
nd then
ean. The
ay is dug
e placed
ve layers
face was
10
JOURNAL CLUBBPHC
11
composed of small stones compacted into a
hard, durable surface.
Asphalt: Asphalt also known as bitumen is
a sticky, black and highly viscous liquid or
semi‐solid that is present in most crude
petroleums and in some natural deposits.
Concrete:Concrete surfaces (specifically,
Portland cement concrete) are created using a
concrete mix of Portland cement, gravel, sand
and water.
Composite surfaces: composite
surfaces combine Portland cement concrete
and asphalt. They are usually used to
rehabilitate existing roadways rather than in
new construction.
Bituminous Surface Treatment (BST) is used mainly on low‐traffic roads, but
also as a sealing coat to rejuvenate an asphalt
concrete pavement. It generally consists of
aggregate spread over a sprayed‐on asphalt
emulsion or cut‐back asphalt cement.
Environmental engineering
It is a new sub division of civil engineering
which is emerging nowadays. It has become
the need of the hour as environmental change
is affecting humanity significantly. It focuses
on using alternative materials and practices in
civil engineering to achieve sustainable
development and reduce the burden on
resources. It also includes practices like
recycling construction material to reduce
waste generation. The field needs enormous
advancement and has a lot of scope in the
near future. Rainwater harvesting,
landscaping or climate dependent
architecture, they are branching out from civil
engineering.
Be it The statue of liberty designed by
Frederick Bartholdi, gifted by france to USA,
or the statue of Thiruvalluvar at Kanyakumari
or even the statue of Buddha in Husain sagar
lake in our own Hyderabad are structures
built out in the water, overcoming great
challenges and show great innovation. Civil
engineering has evolved from a basic science
to a highly modernized one over the same
fundamentals. Today it has come to structures
like BurjKhalifa, the 828meter skyscraper in
Dubai. The future of civil engineering is really
bright, with so many more engineers coming
up.
Op
Abbrevia
recognit
of hand
into com
with th
converts
language
to you,
of OCR.
the text
image o
distribut
make a
pixel dis
with th
patterns
So let’s
There ar
processi
Pre‐proc
threshol
resizing
letters.
required
08 or 10
known a
library o
compute
in visual
As I said
distribut
compute
we need
pictures
transfor
stored in
training
the pred
ptical reco
ated as
tion is trans
dwritten, typ
mputer‐text.
is iPhone a
s a menu
e into Englis
but it isn’t. I
In simplest
t from an im
of alphabet
tion for a co
computer u
stribution of
he help of
s it will recog
move on to
re three mai
ing, training
cessing in
lding, dilut
and segmen
Before I pro
d soft wares
0 and open C
as open sou
of programm
er vision. In
studio.
d, an alphab
tion for an
er understa
d to train th
s of an al
rm it into th
n the compu
of the comp
dictions of th
charagnitio
OCR, optic
slation of sc
pewritten o
You all mig
app in whic
card in
h language.
t’s one of th
language, an
mage and rec
‘A’ is just a
mputer. So,
understand t
various alph
these pixel
gnize various
o the techn
in modules o
g and test
cludes pr
ting, erodin
ntation of lin
oceed, let m
s. Microsoft
CV 2.1 or 2.2
urce compu
ming function
clude the op
bet is just a
n alphabet.
nd this pixe
he computer
phabet as
he database
uter’s memo
puter more
he alphabets
acteron
cal charact
canned imag
r printed te
ght be famil
ch the iPho
an unknow
Seems mirac
he applicatio
n OCR extrac
cognizes it. A
random pix
our work is
the pattern
habets, so th
ls distributio
s alphabets.
ical side of
of OCR‐ ‐> pr
ing‐predictio
ocesses li
ng, croppin
es, words, a
me tell you t
Visual Stud
. Open CV al
ter vision is
ns for real tim
pen CV libra
random pix
To make
el distributio
with as ma
possible a
which can
ry. More is t
precise will
.
r
ter
ges
ext
iar
ne
wn
cle
ons
cts
An
xel
to
of
hat
on
it.
re‐
on.
ike
ng,
nd
he
dio
lso
s a
me
ary
xel
a
on,
ny
nd
be
he
be
B
Th
da
Im
a
va
Le
As
it’
Th
sh
or
op
yo
si
Tr
th
br
al
pi
(a
ea
N
w
in
asic Algor
he first ste
atabase is im
mage digitiz
2‐D matrix o
alue of 0 or
et’s make o
ssign a valu
’s a white pi
his would cre
hown in th
riginal image
pen CV, and
ou to get al
milar size.
raining proc
he database
rain, the pix
phabet. Fir
ictures of a
around 100)
ach image of
ext step is t
with (‐1). The
nput matrix M
rithm:
ep in the
mage digitizat
ation – Imag
of pixel, with
1 (for a blac
our own m
e zero to th
xel; else ass
eate the bina
e figure. Yo
e into 45x45
d then digiti
l the binary
cess include
that is to sto
xel distributi
st step is t
n alphabet
.Make digit
f alphabet ‘A
to replace al
e resulting
M.
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generation
tion.
ge can be tr
h each pixel
ck and white
atrix of the
he matrix el
ign it a value
ary image m
ou can res
5, using a fu
ize it. This
y image mat
s the gener
ore in the co
ion pattern
to collect a
say ‘A’ as
tal binary m
A’.
ll the zeros
matrix is ca
NAL CLUBBPHC
1
of the
reated as
having a
e image).
e image.
ement it
e of one.
matrix I as
ize your
nction in
will help
rix I in a
ration of
mputer’s
of every
as many
possible
matrix of
in each I
alled the
12
Now ad
alphabe
txt file. (
Here’s a
There a
‘S’. The
them ar
Observe
not exis
where p
Carry o
alphabe
txt file i
will utili
advanta
doesn’t
reusable
only on
made, w
recognit
characte
image,
edges o
databas
digitizat
dd matrices
t A, and sto
(K= Kth chara
an example‐
re three diff
e binary inpu
e shown, ad
e, the region
st have neg
pixels should
out the sim
t and store
s your datab
ze to recogn
ge of a dat
occupy a
e, i.e. databa
ce. Now, as
we are read
tion. Take
er. Always re
in which th
f the image
e format
ion.
‘M’ of all t
ore this final
cter).
ferent image
ut matrices
ded result is
ns where the
gative value
exist have p
milar proced
in a commo
base, which
nize an alpha
abase in txt
large spac
ase needs to
s our datab
dy to use it
an input i
emember to
he alphabet
: the first st
tion proc
the images
matrix wk is
es of alphab
‘I’ for each
also shown.
e pixels shou
es, and tho
positive value
dure of ea
on txt file. Th
the comput
abet. The ma
t file is that
ce, and it
o be generat
base has be
for charact
mage with
use a cropp
t touches t
tep is same
cess‐ Ima
of
s a
bet
of
.
uld
ose
es.
ach
his
ter
ain
t it
is
ed
en
ter
a
ed
he
as
ge
Te
Sa
ha
ha
co
va
ea
m
th
si
(w
to
Q
W
da
im
th
pr
gr
cr
th
ta
esting and pr
ay the digita
ave to calcul
ave 26 wei
orresponding
alues of Q, f
ach weight m
more confide
he input pa
milar to a
weight matri
o the weight
Q, is the pred
We have no
atabase gen
mage. As tol
he databas
redictions o
reater are t
reate the da
he performa
ake 500 im
rediction‐>
al binary m
ate 3 values
ght matrice
g to each alp
for the input
matrix. Great
nce does the
attern (inpu
pattern al
ix). The alph
t matrix with
icted charact
ow compute
neration an
d earlier gre
se, more
of the algo
the number
tabase of an
ance of the
ages of ea
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atrix is Ik .
shown belo
Fina
get
‘rec
quo
You
es in your d
phabet. Calc
t binary mat
ter is the va
e system, be
ut image) a
ready know
habet corres
h maximum
ter.
ed the pro
d predictio
eater the tra
accurate a
orithm. That
of images
n alphabet,
software. S
ach alphabe
NAL CLUBBPHC
1
You will
w,
ally u will
your
cognition
otient Q’
u will
database
ulate the
trix, with
lue of Q,
estow on
as being
wn to it
sponding
value of
ocess of
n of an
aining of
are the
t means
used to
better is
So, if we
et, while
After c
13
ropping
generati
deal wit
consume
afford to
is limited
So, to so
Runtime
stores i
instead
to crea
templat
CV has
capable
image, i
image
function
on the
templat
available
templat
the dat
We car
alphabe
gets red
1 blank
There a
in the f
generate
alphabe
detectio
used to
As I told
of OCR
predictio
discusse
discuss
step is t
coloured
then car
pixel in
255. Th
above a
ion of the d
th 500x26
e lots of m
o use in a m
d.
olve this prob
e template
mages in t
of using ima
ate a datab
es at runtim
s a pre‐def
of writing
in a given f
and using
n put a singl
blank ima
e. Similarly
e in the func
es of an alp
tabase gene
rried out a
ts. So, the m
uced to the
image. But
re limited n
function we
e more tha
t using a
on is anothe
solve this pr
d you earlier
R software.
on module
ed in the B
the pre‐pro
thresholding
d image into
rry out proc
a coloured i
hresholding
certain valu
database we
images. This
memory, wh
obile where
blem we hav
e generatio
he form of
ages of an al
base, we c
me, using a p
fined funct
a text on
ont. So, we
the abov
e alphabet i
ge, thus ge
y, using di
ction, we gen
habet, and
eration of t
a similar pr
memory usa
amount use
there is a li
umbers of f
e are using.
n 30‐36 tem
bove meth
r technique
roblem.
r there are t
. Training
es have b
asic algorith
ocessing ph
g an image. F
o a grey sca
cess of thres
image has a
converts a
ue called thre
e will have
s process w
hich we can
storage spa
ve a process‐
n‐ Open C
pointers. S
phabet say ‘
created the
program. Op
ion which
a given bla
used a bla
ve mention
n a given fo
enerating o
ifferent fon
nerated all t
used them f
that alphabe
rocess for
age at runtim
d to store on
mitation to
fonts availab
So, we can
mplates of
hod. Conto
which can
three modul
and testin
been alrea
hm. Now le
ase. The fir
First convert
ale image, a
holding. Eve
value from
all the pixe
eshold (usua
to
will
n’t
ace
‐
CV
So,
‘A’
ese
en
is
nk
nk
ed
ont
our
nts
he
for
et.
all
me
nly
it.
ble
n’t
an
our
be
les
ng‐
dy
et’s
rst
t a
nd
ery
0‐
els
ally
12
an
N
an
ex
ea
(d
pr
ha
w
m
ar
be
va
ze
Fo
ho
bl
us
en
ve
th
be
ex
fo
Th
of
in
w
28) to 1, res
nd white ima
Next step is s
nd letters.
xtraction, co
ach row an
dynamic arra
rojection. Th
ave some bl
would be bla
means that if
re zero or s
eginning of
alues in a ve
ero, marks th
or letter se
orizontal pr
lack pixels in
se the same
nd of the le
ery essent
hresholding
efore segm
xtraction of
orming weigh
he process w
f the most
nto the rabb
will find image
st to zero. T
age.
segmentatio
Use the
unt the num
d store the
ay in C++).
he row whe
ack pixels, b
ank with no
two success
some value>
line. Similar
ector, are so
he end of line
egmentation
rojection (co
n each colum
logic to mar
tter, as for t
ial feature
the image
menting it
letter, crop
ht matrix.
we have see
basic metho
bits’ holes m
e processing
JOURN
Thus we get
n, extraction
simple lo
mber of black
e value in
This is your
ere a line be
but the row
o black pix
ive values in
>zero, indic
rly, if two su
ome value>z
e.
, you can
ounting nu
mn) on each
rk beginning
the line. Cro
e of OCR
should be
t. Similarly
p the image
n for the OC
ods. Deeper
more interes
g. So, try it yo
NAL CLUBBPHC
1
t a black
n of lines
ogic for
k pixels in
a vector
r vertical
egins will
above it
xels. This
n a vector
ates the
uccessive
zero and
make a
mber of
line, and
g and the
opping is
R, after
cropped,
y after
e before
CR is one
you dig
sting you
ourself.
14
JOURNAL CLUBBPHC
15
HISTAMINE
By‐Shruti Singh Kakan
The human body is made up of numerous organic substances, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids to name a few. Millions of chemical reactions involving these organic substances is what makes a body living. One of the many classes of substances found in our body is proteins. These are polymeric macromolecules of amino acids, each one unique from the other. They perform multiple functions that are indispensible to run this natural machine. One of the 1000000 or so proteins found in our body is Histamine, and like every other protein,has a unique role to play. It is called so because it is made up of histidine(an amino acid) residues.Histamine acts as a neurotransmitter (chemicals that transmit signals from one brain cell to another) and is involved in many allergic reactions and immune responses.
As a neurotransmitter it is released from neuron cells called histaminergics. The actions of these cells modulate sleep. They fire histamines most when body needs wakefulness, fired more slowly when body is relaxing or feeling tired. And during sleep, the firing is completely stopped. In short histamine is what keeps the body awake. It also protects the body against susceptibility to convulsions (involuntary contraction of muscles), lesions (part of a tissue that is damaged) and stress.
An allergy is a disorder or defect of the immune system that is caused by substances (allergens) that are otherwise harmless. Histamine plays a major role in bringing about these defective responses. It is released when allergens come in contact with the antigen bounded white blood cells (mast cells to be precise) which causes several allergic symptoms. One of them is an inflammatory response. On release, Histamine increases the permeability of the nearby blood vessels and gaps are created between the cells of vascular tissue causing blood fluids to seep out into the regions outside cells. Thus, a swelling or an inflammation is produced. The release of histamine also triggers nearby leukocytes to secrete chemicals that aid in inflammation.When allergens come in contact with the mast cells
present in the nasal cavity, increased vascular permeability causes fluids to escape from capillaries into the tissues. This causes running nose, watery eyes, sneezing and nasal congestion. Another allergic symptom caused by histamine is constriction of smooth muscles. In response to an allergen, histamine with other chemicals brings about this contraction. Often the smooth muscles around the air passage (tracheae) constrict causing suffocation and in extreme cases, there can be a complete closure of the trachea which is obviously a
life threatening situation. This is what happens in asthma attacks. Hence, this allergic response of histamine is one of the major causes of asthma.
The symptoms of some allergic reactions are quite similar to those of bacterial or viral infections. Hence, the true cause of the problem can be difficult to diagnose sometimes. The right diagnosis is very important because only the right medication can
relieve the person from the allergy. This means that in cases of nasal congestion due to allergens, anti‐bacterial or anti‐viral drugs will not be effective. Only anti‐allergic drugs will be able to cure the symptoms.Histamine related allergies are treated by a class of drugs called antihistamines. They have been in use since 1930. These drugs vary in their mechanism of action. Some antihistamines effect result by neutralising histamine so that it does not cause inflammation. Other antihistamines inhibit the inflammation causing chemicals released by leukocytes with the help of histamine. Some common antihistamines are Claritin and Allegra.
Allergic reaction is a response of the immune system that should not happen in the regular course of action because substances that cause allergies should not be dangerous. Living with allergic symptoms is annoying and potentially dangerous. Antihistamines are the drugs that provide us relief and comfort from these faults of our immune system. Our immune system is intended to protect us whereas in this case its actions are contrary. But after all, nothing can be perfect and so there are loopholes in our dazzlingly complex and seemingly foolproof immune system.
Histamine acts as a neurotransmitter (chemicals that transmit signals from one brain cell to another) and is involved in many allergic reactions and immune responses
JOURNAL CLUBBPHC
16
TRUTH behind EUREKA moments
By – Aishwarya Srivastava
Ronak sat in his room flipping through the
newspaper. His horoscope read: you’ll come
across new opportunities and this will help
combat your boredom of daily life.
“Ya sure” thought Ronak. His last few days had
comprised of nothing but studying till late
nights and sitting through endless
examinations. He saw no reason as to why
today should be any different.
His best friend Shubham barged into his room
with a heavy book in his hand. “I am tired of
mugging up these endless formulas. Can’t there
be just one formula to make our lives simple?”.
With a thud he sat on Ronak’s bed.
All of a sudden there was a flash of light. Ronak
and Shubham were taken aback. The two of
them hardly got any time to register what is
happening, when a human figure began to
substantiate /emerge out of thin air. It was a
girl, somewhere in her twenties who seemed a
lot like any other girl they had ever met till date.
However there was something peculiarly
different about her .Her head seemed
abnormally large with a receded hairline. Her
fingers were long and she was dressed in an
entirely white suit. Shubham and Ronak sat
there petrified with their jaws dropped. Then
the figure began to talk “Well, I hope this goes
well. I am Susan and I don’t belong to your time
as a matter of fact nowhere close to it, I m from
2111.”
There was a long pause and the atmosphere in
the room grew tense. Shubham jumped out of
the bed and sprinted towards the door but
Ronak held him back. Shubham turned towards
him and saw a mischievous glint in his eyes
which said “this could be fun”. By now Shubham
was entirely confused to defy or even
comprehend anything so he obediently sat
down. Susan began to talk again, “This went
better than usual. At times people try to throw
me out”.
“What do you mean? Do you time travel very
often?” asked Ronak.
“Yes as a matter of fact I do. I belong to a secret
society named Illuminous. It has comprised of
humongous scientists from all times. It dates
back to the time of Archimedes. Our job is to
safe guard our future by modifying our past, or
better making sure the past is exactly as we
know it. It all started when DrSamule had made
the time machine in 2040. Ever since we have
been going back in time whenever it is
appropriate and let the concerned person know
as to what theory in physics, chemistry and a lot
more things he has to work on or propose‐”
“You are bluffing, how that is even possible?
“Intervened Ronak. Susan smiled and began to
talk again, “Don’t you notice several theories
Do you time travel very often?” asked Ronak.
JOURNAL CLUBBPHC
17
have come up and formulas proposed without a
plausible explanation and we accept it to be the
work of genius or we come to the conclusion
that these great men are very intuitive. Later
however their work is proved by others. Take
David Rutherford for instance he discovered
nitrogen by removing all other components of
air known at that time. How could he be so sure
that the 78% air left with him was purely
nitrogen. Even Laplace seemed to have come up
with his length contraction formula intuitively
with no proof”.
“So who is the real scientist?” asked Shubham
“Even I am in no position to answer that
question .But you could give these scientists
some credit because they are the ones who
were open minded enough to believe in time
travel. Ever since Archimedes’ time Illuminous
has been running and recruiting people. They
have been maintaining record of exactly what
time and place they met people from future for
our reference. You are soon to be approached”
“If I am guessing right we are soon to come up
with some new theory”, was Ronak’s swift
reply.
“You guessed it right noble prize winner Dr.
Ronak Kaushik .”.Susan continued,” You are to
work with light and prisms and make invisibility
a reality. These are your papers”. She dug into
her coat pocket and removed an envelope
which she handed over to Ronak.”As for you
Shubham you are to come up with one formula
which can explain almost all laws of
electromagnetism‐“.
“Hold on”, Shubham seemed to be tensed
“what if you had never approached me would
our future be any different”, ”Very different in
fact” , Susan tried to explain, “By the theory of
parallel universe every time I modify the past a
parallel universe is created. One universe is
deprived of knowledge but the other is not. It is
in our interest to enlighten our past for a better
future.”
“Well in that case I want to stick to this
universe. “was Shubhams firm reply. “I will
work on this formula myself”.
“I knew it you would do that. You are very
famous in our society as you are the first
scientist to reject such an offer. I guess it’s time
for me to leave.”
“Just one last question” said Ronak “Why is it
you are a bit‐ Different”. Well it’s because of
evolution. Long hours of working on the
computer have increased the length of our
fingers. Our brain has been working a lot so it
grew in size and our heating mechanisms are
only improving so hair is of no use now to us.
Now I should get going. All the best and good
day”. There was a pop sound and the room
went silent.
Hundred years down the line Susan appeared
out of thin air inside a cubical box attached to
heavy machinery. As she walked out of the box
she spoke to her colleague, “Mission 57
accomplished. Exactly at the date and time
Dr.Ronak had written in his journal”.
EVO
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21
JOURNAL CLUBBPHC
22
Cloud Computing
Cloud computing – where data and
applications exist as clouds on web server‐
is a developing phase in IT. Few say,
updated version of utility computing:
basically virtual servers, which reduce the
need for physical machines, are available
over the internet. Others say, anything
you consume outside the firewall is in the
cloud including conventional outsourcing.
IT needs to increase or add capabilities on
the fly without investing in new
infrastructure, training new personnel or
licensing new softwares. Cloud
computing encompasses any substitution‐
based or pay‐per‐use service that in real
time over internet, extends IT’s existing
capabilities. In a cloud computing system,
there is a significant workload shift. Local
computers no longer need to do all heavy
lifting when it comes to running
applications. The networks of computers
that form the cloud handle it instead.
Hardware and software needs decrease
on user’s side. The only thing user’s
computer needs to be able to run is the
cloud computing system’s interface which
is as simple as a web‐browser. Therefore,
an improvement in storage, processing
power or technology enables innovations
that were not possible before high speed
internet. For example,it made productions
like You tube possible. And it makes these
opportunities unusually accessible. It is
different from traditional outsourcing;
unless one negotiated a long‐term
contact. One can often switch far easier
than charging IT outsourcers. When cloud
computing is adopted by an organization,
it is thrown into the pool with rest of the
online world in many ways, whether this is
the employment of social tools, SaaS, non‐
relational databases or a host of other
technologies in new cloud. In the end, this
serves many companies acquire the skills
to complete effectively in 21st century by
the awareness of greater internet and
Web‐2.0.
Globalization and recessionary economy
has raised IT standards. Cloud computing
has a vast potential in terms of retail
methodologies that can minimize the
operational cost by using the 3rd party
based IT capabilities as a service. It will
not only increase the ROI but also will
help in lowering the total cost of
ownership. We’ll see some very well‐
funded new cloud start‐ups that lack the
baggage of existing leaders and bring a
new sensibility (radical openness and
transparency, new technology). Business
users will be able to adopt many future
cloud computing solutions entirely using
self‐service with less and less involvement
of IT department. With fewer technical
and economic barriers to create new ways
to improve the business, cloud computing
will promote new budding entrepreneurs
to use tools to create solutions anyway. It
will play a crucial role in revolutionizing IT
sector.
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23
From L
Top Ro
Middle
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ow: Sanjan
e Row :
Chuglani, A
m Row:
eva, N. S
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Arshdeep
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OUR
Apeksha Si
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Photo Credit
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ClubMembers
ExistingmembersReporters:
1. Kedar Apsingekar(Reporting Team Head) 2. Jatin Adlakha 3. Prakhyat 4. Jatin Chuglani 5. Soumya Ganguly 6. Srishti Rani 7. Veda Samhita 8. Kanak Choudhry 9. T.Sagarika
10. Palak Jha
11. Sumedha Acharya
12. Himshi Bachchas
13. Sheetal Modi
14. K.Sowmya
15. Spandana
16. Apeksha
17. Jasleen Sachdeva
18. Shubhankar
Editors & Designers: 1. Arshdeep Singh Takkar (Joint Secretary) 2. Ankush Choudhary (Editing & Designing Team Head) 3. G. Karthik 4. Kriti Poddar 5. Vaidehi Murarka 6. Adharsh Raghavan 7. B.Anusha
8. Sripriya P.
9. Ramit Mehta
10. Sanjana Shah
11. Prathima
12. Aishwarya Reddy
13. Himanshu Rai
14. Aishwarya KVN
15. Garv Malik
16. Sravan Kumar
17. Sri Vaishnavi V.
18. Chaitanya
19. Sahaja