Post on 24-Mar-2020
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ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF RECYCLED MATERIALS AND LG RECYCLED MATERIALS AND LG FOOTPATH SPECIFICATIONS
GRAEME NEWMAN – VicRoads
ARUL ARULRAJAH – Swinburne University of Technology
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Construction and Demolition (C&D) Materials32 million tonnes of solid waste is generated in Australia.
– Approximately 14 million tonnes comprises C&D Approximately 14 million tonnes comprises C&D materials, of which about 50% is recycled.
– Recycled concrete, brick and glass are commonly obtained from household recycling and C&D activities.
Annual stockpiles in Victoria: – 2 million tonnes of crushed concrete– 1.4 million tonnes of crushed brick
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– 500,000 tonnes of crushed rock (excavation stone)– 250,000 tonnes of crushed glass
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Recycled Demolition MaterialsTraditional road base and footpath materials are becoming scarce in some regions. g g
In some cases, the use of these materials is unsustainable from both an environmental and cost perspective. p p
This has led to several joint VicRoads/Swinburneresearch projects on properties of C&D materials since 2006.
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2006.
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Recycled Demolition Materials – Research Projects
These research projects seek to reduce the demand for virgin materials and reduce the quantity of material d it d i l dfilldeposited in landfill.
Recycled crushed brick/crushed glass in blends with crushed rock and crushed concrete with up to:
30% i d b b li i– 30% in road pavement sub-base applications.– 50% in footpath and shared path base applications.
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Schematic diagram of a typical low volume road pavement cross-section
Asphalt Wearing Surface25 mm
Pavement Base (Class 1 & 2)
Pavement Sub base (Class 3)
100-250 mm
Pavement Sub-base (Class 3)150-300 mm
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Schematic diagram of a typical footpath or shared path cross-section
Foothpath Base
Asphalt Wearing Surface35 mm
100 Foothpath Base100 mm
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Recycled Demolition Materials - Definitions
Crushed concrete (CC)– composed of demolished concrete– composed of demolished concrete.
Crushed rock (CR)– originates from “surface floaters” or surface
excavation rock which commonly occurs near the surface to the west and north of Melbourne.
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Recycled Demolition Materials - Definitions
Crushed glass (RG)– composed of crushed food and drink packaging – composed of crushed food and drink packaging
containers, drinking glasses and window glass.
Crushed brick (CB)– composed of crushed fired clay brick.
Recycled Asphalt Pavement (RAP)– composed of spent asphalt removed from roadways on a
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– composed of spent asphalt removed from roadways on a regular basis.
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Particle Size Distribution tests
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Objective:-To determine the percentage of defined size particles in a soil or aggregate sample.
Procedure:- Wash through 75um sieve and dry the retained samples. - Sieve through various size sieves and determine the percentage passing through each sieve.
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Compaction tests
Objective: - To determine the optimum moisture content & maximum dry density of aggregates and soils.
Procedure:Modified compaction: 5 layers, 4.9kg hammer, 450mm hammer drop, 25 blows
Standard compaction: 3 layers, 2.7kg hammer, 300mm hammer drop, 25 blows
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California Bearing Ratio (CBR) testsObjective: - Empirical test for estimating the bearing value of materials for subgrades, sub-bases and bases.
Procedure: - Push a standard plunger into the soil at a fixed rate of penetration, and measuring the force required to maintain that rate. From the resulting load-penetration relationship the California Bearing Ratio (CBR) value can be derived.
Modified CBR: 5 layers, 4.9kg hammer, 450mm hammer drop, 53 blows
Standard CBR: 3 layers, 2.7 kg hammer, 300mm hammer drop, 53 blows
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LA Abrasion Tests
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Objective:-Test to evaluate hardness, durability and susceptibility to abrasion.
Procedure:- Place dry samples of test aggregate with 12 steel balls into a drum rotated for 500 revolutions (ASTM).- Process abrades the aggregate. Percentage that passes a 1.7 mm sieve is taken as the LA value.
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Flakiness Index
Obj i
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Objective:-To determine the percentage of mass of aggregates having a least dimension less than 0.6 times their average dimension.
Procedure:- Sieve the samples of selected entire size fractions through the specified sieves.- Determine the ratio of mass of material passing specially slotted sieves.
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pH tests
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Objective:- To determine the pH value of soil or aggregate samples
Procedure: - Use an electronic pH meter to calibrate the pH meter with buffer solution and to measure the pH of the samples.
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Permeability TestsConstant head method
Falling head method
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Objective:- To determine the coefficient of permeability of a soil or aggregate sample
Procedure: Constant head method: For high permeable soil samples; measure the discharge with timeFalling head method: For low permeable soil sample; measure the falling height with time
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Organic Content Tests
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Objective:- To determine the organic content of aggregates and organic soils.
Procedure: - Place dish in muffle furnace and bring temperature in the muffle furnace to 440 °C +/- 22 °C and hold until the specimen is completely ashed (no change of mass occurs after at least 1 hr. period of heating).
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Water Absorption Tests
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Fine Aggregates
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Repeat Load Triaxial Tests
Objective:T d t i th ili t d l d t d f ti f t t i l
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- To determine the resilient modulus and permanent deformation of pavement materials
Procedure:Permanent deformation test: 3-4 different stages, 10,000 repetitions (Static confining stress: 50 kPa, Dynamic deviator stress: 150, 250, 350 kPa [and 450kPa])
Resilient modulus test : 66 different stress stages, 50 repetitions
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Particle Size Distribution (After Compaction)
Recycled Crushed Concrete (Class 3)Particle Size Distribution (After Compaction) - SUT
110.0
60.0
70.0
80.0
90.0
100.0
sing
(%)
RG50/RCC50 RG40/RCC60
RG30/RCC70 RG20/RCC80
RG15/RCC85 RG10/RCC90
VicRoads upper bound VicRoads lower bound
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
Tota
l pas
s
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0.00.0 0.1 1.0 10.0 100.0
Particle size (mm)Note: For example, RG10/RCC90 refers to 10% recycled glass content blended with 90% crushed concrete by weight
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California Bearing Ratio (CBR) - Modified California Bearing Ratio
203200
220
98
110120
144
176
100
120
140
160
180
CB
R (%
)
0
20
40
60
80
30
0RG50/RCC50 RG40/RCC60 RG30/RCC70 RG20/RCC80 RG15/RCC85 RG10/RCC90
Sample description
CBR - AF VicRoads Requirement
Note: For example, RG50/RCC50 refers to 50% recycled glass content blended with 50% crushed concrete by weight
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Summary of RG with RCC resultsSample Description RG50/
RCC50RG40/RCC60
RG30/RCC70
RG20/RCC80
RG15/RCC85
RG10/RCC90
RCC100
Glass Content (%) by weight 50 40 30 20 15 10 0
Test description Test results
Particle density (Coarse) 2.72
Particle density (Fine) 2.47 2.58 2.58 2.61 2.60 2.65 2.68
Water absorption (Coarse) (%) 4.5
Water absorption (Fine) (%) 2.00 3.89 4.50 6.65 6.70 8.20 6.43
CBR (%) 98 110 120 144 176 203
LA Abrasion 30 28 30 31 32 32 28
Permeability (m/s) 3.6×10-7 8.7×10-8 4.5×10-7 1.1×10-8 1.3×10-8 9×10-9 3.6×10-7
Organic content (%) 1.41 1.54 1.71 1.95 2.65 2.84Organic content (%)
pH 11.16 11.19 11.33 11.24 11.14 11.19
Compaction (Modified)Max dry density 1.90 1.97 1.96 1.93 1.96 1.98
Opt moisture content (%) 11.92 11.72 9.41 11.54 12.23 12.08
Atterberg Limit Plastic limit N.O N.O N.O N.O N.O N.O N.O
Liquid limit N.O N.O N.O N.O N.O N.O N.O
Plasticity Index N.P N.P N.P N.P N.P N.P N.P
Fine content (%) 5.8 6.6 6.5 6.9 6.8 8.6
Fl ki I d * N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 11
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Flakiness Index* N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 11
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Summary of RG with CR resultsSample Description RG50/
CR50RG40/CR60
RG30/CR70
RG20/CR80
RG15/CR85
RG10/CR90
CR100
Glass Content (%) by weight 50 40 30 20 15 10 0
Test description Test resultsTest description Test results
Particle density (Coarse) 2.77 2.76 2.80
Particle density (Fine) 2.61 2.65 2.71 2.79 2.75 2.80 2.87
Water absorption (Coarse) (%) 2.00 2.50 2.00
Water absorption (Fine) (%) 2.00 2.00 2.50 2.00 2.40 2.30 3.25
CBR (%) 121 137 152 165 199 170 181
LA abrasion 25 25 24 24 23 24 24
Permeability (m/s) 7.1×10-8 6.0×10-8 6.0×10-8 9.4×10-8 1.1×10-7 1.7×10-7
Organic content (%) 0.60 0.58 0.62 0.72 0.72 0.78 0.66
pH 9.57 9.68 9.67 9.71 9.71 9.67 9.42
Compaction (Modified) Max dry density 2.13 2.14 2.18 2.21 2.24 2.26 2.30
Opt moisture content (%) 8.81 9.00 9.31 9.14 8.54 8.09 8.67
Atterberg Limit Plastic limit N.O N.O N.O N.O N.O N.O N.O
Liquid limit N.O N.O N.O N.O N.O N.O N.O
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Plasticity Index N.P N.P N.P N.P N.P N.P N.P
Fines content (%) 8.1 8.8 9.2 9.9 10.9 10.5 11.2
Flakiness Index* N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 16
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Summary of CB with RCC resultsSample Description
CB50/RCC50
CB40/RCC60 CB30/
RCC70CB25/RCC75
CB20/RCC80
CB15/RCC85
CB10/RCC90 RCC100
Brick Content (%) by weight 50 40 30 25 20 15 10 0
Test description Test resultsp
Particle density (Coarse)- Series 1(t/m3) 2.69 2.68 2.67 3.08 2.68 2.71 2.47 2.76
Particle density (Coarse)- Series 2(t/m3) 2.71 2.71 2.71
Particle density (Fine) (t/m3) 2.43 2.60 2.41
Water absorption (Coarse) (%)- Series 1 5.36 5.91 5.56 5.23 4.95 5.36 5.69 4.66
Water absorption (Coarse) (%)- Series 2 5.4 5.7 5.5
Water absorption (Fine) (%) 6.9 7.5 8.7
CBR (%) Series1 103 134 117 88 104 169 97 160
Series2 111 190 141 152 132 177 118Se es
LA abrasion 33 32 30 28 30 31 32
Permeability (m/s) 1.1×10-8 1.5×10-8 2×10-8 2×10-8 2×10-8
Organic content (%) 2.15 2.35 2.29 2.23 2.36 2.44 2.14 2.25
pH 10.64 10.96 11.11 11.44 11.30 10.88 11.05 11.49
Compaction (Modified) Max dry density (t/m3) 1.99 1.99 1.95 1.94 1.95 1.99 1.95 1.96
Opt moisture content (%) 11.00 11.50 12.50 12.00 11.70 11.70 12.00 12.00
Plastic limit N.O N.O N.O N.O N.O N.O N.O N.O
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Atterberg Limit Liquid limit N.O N.O N.O N.O N.O N.O N.O N.O
Plasticity Index N.P N.P N.P N.P N.P N.P N.P N.P
Fine content (%) 7.5 5.7 5.8 8.0 4.7 4.8 4.5 3.6
Flakiness Index 14 13 13 13 11 12 11 11
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Summary of CB with CR results
Sample Description CB50/CR50
CB40/CR60
CB30/CR70
CB25/CR75
CB20/CR80
CB15/CR85
CB10/CR90 CR100CR50 CR60 CR70 CR75 CR80 CR85 CR90 CR100
Brick Content (%) by weight 50 40 30 25 20 15 10 0
Test description Test results
Particle density (Coarse)- Series 1(t/m3) 2.67 2.71 2.72 2.75 2.78 2.78 2.76 2.78
Particle density (Coarse)- Series 2(t/m3) 2.76 2.78
Particle density (Fine) (t/m3) 2.82 2.67
Water absorption (Coarse) (%)- Series 1 4.15 3.90 3.75 3.38 3.05 2.83 3.24 3.32
Water absorption (Coarse) (%)- Series 2 3.80 3.10
Water absorption (Fine) (%) 4.60 5.60
Series1 127 129 90 97 98 147 94 121CBR (%) Series1 127 129 90 97 98 147 94 121
Series2 131 143 168 167 176 174
Los Angeles Abrasion 29 29 27 23 22 21 22
Permeability (m/s)9×10-8 4×10-8 4×10-8 3.5×10-8
Organic content (%) 1.10 1.03 1.11 0.84 0.97 0.87 0.98 1.04
pH 9.76 9.83 9.65 9.74 9.87 10.80 9.78 10.92
Compaction (Modified) Max dry density (t/m3) 2.13 2.15 2.12 2.14 2.15 2.17 2.22 2.23
Opt moisture content (%) 9.20 9.30 9.00 9.20 9.00 9.00 9.00 9.30
Plastic limit N.O N.O N.O N.O N.O N.O N.O N.O
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Atterberg Limit Liquid limit N.O N.O N.O N.O N.O N.O N.O N.O
Plasticity Index N.P N.P N.P N.P N.P N.P N.P N.P
Fine content (%) 7.4 7.2 10.1 10.7 9.6 9.9 8.8 10.2
Flakiness Index 12 12 17 18 18 18
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VicRoads specifications (Section 820) -Allowable foreign material content (%)
Y F i M i l T Cl Cl ClYear Foreign Material Type ClassCC2
ClassCC3
ClassCC4
2006 High density materials such as metals, glass and brick.
2 3 5
2009 Crushed brick to be considered as an additive(testing by Swinburne)
2 15 25( g y )
2010? Crushed glass to be considered as an additive(testing by Swinburne)
2 15 25
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FOOTPATH SPECIFICATIONS (DRAFT)
Recycled materials for granular bases in footpaths and shared paths
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Physical Properties
Physical properties Test method Test valuePhysical properties Test method Test value
Foot Path Shared Path
Plasticity Constants Liquid Limit (AS1289 3.1.1) Max 35% Max 35%
Plasticity Index (AS1289 3.3.1) Max 10% Max 10%
Linear Shrinkage (AS1289 3 4 1) Ma 8% Ma 8%Linear Shrinkage (AS1289 3.4.1) Max 8% Max 8%
Bearing Strength California Bearing Ratio (AS1289 6.1.1) Min 40% (1) Min 40% (1)
Aggregate Hardness Los Angeles Abrasion (AS1141.23) Max 60% Max 60%
Particle shape Flakiness Index (AS 1141.15) Max 35% Max 35%
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Permissible Composition of Product
Percentages by mass
Material Type Foot Path Shared Path
Concrete Up to 100% Up to 100%
Brick Up to 50% Up to 50%
Metals, ferrous and non- ferrous Less than 1% Less than 1%Metals, ferrous and non ferrous Less than 1% Less than 1%
Glass cullet Up to 30% Up to 30%
Low density materials such as plastic, rubber, plaster, clay lumps and other friable material
3 3
Wood and other vegetable or decomposable matter 0.5 0.5
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SHARED PATH CONSTRUCTION
Manningham City Council – Andersons Creek Road, Doncaster East
3 sections constructed30% RG AND 70% CR = 85 m length15% RG AND 85% CR = 30 m length
100% CR (Control Area) = 125 m length
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100% CR (Control Area) 125 m length
This project diverted 15 tonnes of recycled glass from landfill.
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TRIAL ROAD PAVEMENT
Alex Fraser Recycling, Laverton
9 sections constructed Each approximately 80 m long
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Cross-section of Trial Pavement
Glassphalt50 mm
Crushed Glass + Crushed Concrete (or Crushed Rock)
Pavement Base
Recycled Asphalt Pavement
200 mm
Pavement Sub-base
Compacted raw feeds
Subgrade clay
0 - 400 mm
200 mm
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Subgrade clay
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Layout of Trial Pavement
Material Label Description Pavement section
CC 100% 20 mm class 3 crushed concrete 1 CC 100% 20 mm class 3 crushed concrete 1
CC-RG10 90% 20 mm class 3 crushed concrete / 10% 5 mm crushed glass 3
CC-RG15 85% 20 mm class 3 crushed concrete / 15% 5 mm crushed glass 4
CC-RG20 80% 20 mm class 3 crushed concrete / 20% 5 mm crushed glass 2
CC-RG30 70% 20 mm Class 3 crushed concrete 5
CR 100% 20 mm Class 3 crushed rock 7 CR 100% 20 mm Class 3 crushed rock 7
CR-RG10 90% 20 mm Class 3 crushed rock / 20% 5 mm crushed glass 8
CR-RG20 80% 20 mm Class 3 crushed rock / 20% 5 mm crushed glass 6
CR-RG30 70% 20 mm Class 3 crushed rock / 30% 5 mm crushed glass 9
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Research OutcomesCURRENT:
– 15% crushed brick and 15% crushed glass for pavement sub-basessub-bases.
– Up to 50% crushed brick and 30% crushed glass for footpath bases.
FUTURE: – Larger percentages may be possible depending on field
performance.
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ConclusionsBoth the crushed brick and crushed glass blends with crushed concrete and crushed rock are suitable for pavement subbase and footpath base applicationspavement subbase and footpath base applications.
Recycled C&D materials are a viable construction material.
– engineering properties comparable in performance to traditional quarry aggregates.
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AcknowledgementsFunding Bodies:
– Sustainability Victoria– Municipal Association of Victoria– Municipal Association of Victoria– VicRoads– Alex Fraser Recycling– Visy Recycling– National Packaging Covenant
A t li F d d G C il– Australian Food and Grocery Council
Current Swinburne PhD Students:– T. Aatheesan (Crushed brick in sub-bases)– M.M. Younus Ali (Crushed glass in sub-bases)
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g– Mahdi Miri Disfani (Glass/Biosolids in embankments)– V. Suthagaran (Biosolids in embankments)