Post on 10-Apr-2018
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PREPARED BY
Department of Engineering Production & MechanicalDesign
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING MANSOURA UNIVERSITY
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CHAPTER ONE
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Introduction
.
Codes of Practice .
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DrawingInstruments
Drawing Board Drawing Pencils Drawing Paper TT-square
Triangle Compasses Box Ruler French Curves
ProtractorEraser Sellotape
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Instruments
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Instruments
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Important Notes
.
T
T 0
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Drawing Paper
A-series paper is used[Designation Size (mm)]
A0 841 x 1189 A1 594 x 841 A2 420 x 594
A3 297 x 420 A4 210 x 297
An A0 sheet has an area of 1m2 The sides are in the proportion 2 : 1 Do not assume that the paper has been cut correctly opposite sides may
not be parallel, and corners may not be exactly 90 degrees
Border (or margin)
The drawing should have a border of about 10 mm Space should be left for binding and hole-punching, if the drawing is to be
placed in a file
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TypesofDrawing Pencils
Grade Hardness Use
7 B6 B
5 B
4 B3 B2 B
B
H BF
H2 H
3 H4 H
5 H
Softest
SoftMedium
MediumHard
Hardest
SpecialArtistic
Work
Sketching and rendering
In artistic work
Sketching,finishing, arrowhead,lettering,centre lines,dimension lines,
leaders, hatching lines.
Special graphic work.
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ScalesofDrawing
Express as ratio drawing unit : real world unit
Enlargement scales: 50:1 20:1 10:1 5:1 2:1
Full size scale 1:1
Reduction scales 1:2 1:5 1:10 1:20 1:50
1:100 1:200 1:500 1:1000 1:2000 1:5000
1. Scales other than those above should only be used in exceptionalcircumstances (ensure that sensible numbers are used, e.g. 1:2500, not1:2384)
2. Check that the scale on the printed drawing is correct this is very
important (measure it)
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Typesof Lines
OBJECT LINES Object lines depict the visible edges of an object. The
edges you would see looking at the object with yournaked eyes. They shown as dark, solid lines.
HIDDEN LINES Hidden lines depict invisible edges inside an object. Theedges you would not see looking at the object with yournaked eyes. They are shown as dashed lines.
CENTER LINES Center lines depict the center of any cylindrical-shapedobject whether it be a cylinder or hole. They are shown asa long line followed by a short line, followed by a longline.
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Typesof Lines
Line Description..........
Continuous Thick
Continuous Thin
Continuous Freehand
Continuous Thin
With Zigzags
Dashed Thick
Dashed Thin
Chain Thin
Chain Thick
Chain Thin
Thick ends
Chain Thin
double-dashed
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BASIC DIMENSIONG
: Extension Lines
Dimension Lines
Leaders Arrow heads
NotesSymbols
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Lettering
.
. .
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Drawing Table
The table should be at the right bottom of thedrawing sheet
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Engineering Graphic
Animation
Becausegraphicalconceptsareoftendifficulttograsponastaticpage,Giesecke havedevelopedanimationsto bringthem tolife. Thissitefeaturesanimationsofconceptsthatappearineach ofthethree
Giesecke texts. Usetheseaidsto helpimproveyourability tothinkinthreedimensions.
Theanimationsutilizethe Flash plug-in. Ifyoudonothavethe Flash plug-in,pleaseclick heretodownloadit. All Flash movieswillopenanew browserwindow.
Giesecke on the Web
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GEOMETRICAL
CONSTRUCTIONS
Refer to the Book for Different
Geometrical Constructions.
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CHAPTER TWO
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Sketching
1. Sketchingisa quickway of visualizingandsolvingadrawingproblem.Itisaneffectiveway ofcommunicatingwithallmembersofthedesignteam.
2. Therearespecialtechniquesforsketchinglines,
circles,andarcs. Thesetechniquesshouldbepracticedsothey becomesecondnature.
3. Moving yourthumbupordownthelengthofapencilatarmslengthisaneasy methodforestimatingproportionalsize.
4. Usingagridmakessketchinginproportionaneasy task. Gridpapercomesina variety oftypes,includingsquaregridandisometricgrid.
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Sketching
1. Youcansketchcirclesby constructingasquareandlocatingthefourtangentpointswherethecircletouchesthesquare.
2. A sketchedlinedoesnotneedtolooklikeamechanicalline. Themaindistinctionbetweeninstrumentaldrawingandfreehandsketchingisthecharacterortechniqueofthelinework.
3. Freehandsketchesaremadetoproportion,butnotnecessarily toaparticularscale.
4. Notesanddimensionsareaddedtosketchesusinguppercaselettersdrawnby hand.
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Sketching
Sketching is one of the primary means ofgraphic communication amongengineers. The ability to sketch is an
essential tool for all engineers assketching is used to convey originalideas from the engineer to the designerand from the designer to the drafter.
There are three types of sketches:-1.Pictorial2.Multiview3.Diagrammatic
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Sketching
Line types are the same for sketching asfor formal drawings. There are variousshort cuts in sketching that can makeyour life easier:- A freehand sketch is adrawing in which all the proportions andlengths are judged by eye and all linesare drawn without the use of drawinginstruments the only tools being pencils,eraser and paper.
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Sketching
The ability to sketch is a skill which isacquired through learning initially todraw freehand squares circles, ellipses
and curves. Circular curves must bedrawn with the ball of the hand inside thecurve and straight lines must be drawnby resting the weight of the hand on thebacks of the fingers as shown below.
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Sketching
Axonometric ProjectionIn this type of projection the isometric view isusually used. Isometric projection is based on theprinciple that a cube representing the projection
axes will be rotated until its front face is 45 degreeto the frontal plane and then tipped forward todownward at an angle of 35.27degree. The resultingrotation displays all the faces equally.
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Sketching
The viewing plane 1-2-3 is parallel to theprojection plane (image plane). This isan isometric view. In true isometricprojection, the three planes make equal
angles of 120o amongst themselves.Isometric sketches are constructedalong three axes, one vertical and theother two at angles of 30o to the
horizontal going both right and left. Alllines are drawn true length and areconsidered to be isometric lines.
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Sketching
Representation of Circles in Isometric ProjectionThere are several ways a circle can beconstructed in isometric projection.
a) SketchSketch an enclosing isometric square.
Sketch bisecting lines, at points of intersection ofthis lines with the square sketch tangential arcs.Sketch remaining parts of the ellipse.
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Sketching
b) Ordinates MethodDraw a circle and divide into equal numberof ordinates.Draw isometric square.Transfer all ordinates from 1 to 2.
Join the plotted points to form an isometriccircle
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Sketching
The mentioned method may be adapted forany irregular shape.
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DIMENSIONING
Dimensioning Practice (Terms)Dimensions
A numeric value expressed in appropriate unitsof measure and indicated on a drawing and inother documents along with lines, symbols, andnotes to define the size or geometriccharacteristic, or both, of a part or part feature.Example: 12.875 (in.), 25 (mm), etc.Reference Dimension
A dimension, usually without tolerance used forinformation only. It is considered auxiliary
information and does not govern Production orinspection operations. A reference dimensionrepeats a dimension or size already given or itderived from other values shown on the drawingor related drawing. Reference dimensions areenclosed in parenthesis eg (23.50).
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DIMENSIONINGDatum
The origin from which the location or geometriccharacteristics of a part are established. Thecorrect identification of datum on a componentand the related dimensioning can be relateddirectly to the methods of manufacturing e.g., CNCco-coordinators for machining features, indicatingwork holding features.
Feature
The general term applied to a physical portion of apart, e.g. a surface, hole or slot.
Datum feature
A geometric feature of a part that is used toestablish a datum. Example: a point, line, surface,hole, etc.
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DIMENSIONINGActual Size
The measured size of the feature.Limits of size
The specified maximum and minimum limits of a feature.Tolerance
The total amount by which a specific dimension is permitted
to vary. The tolerance is the difference between themaximum and minimum limits.
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DIMENSIONING
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TypesofDimensioning
ParallelDimensioning Parallel dimensioning consists of several
dimensions originating from oneprojection line.
SuperimposedRunningDimensions
Superimposed running dimensioningsimplifies parallel dimensions in order toreduce the space used on a drawing. Ingeneral all other dimension lines arebroken. The dimension note can appearabove the dimension line or in-line withthe projection line
Ch
ainD
imensioning Chains of dimension should only beused if the function of the object won't beaffected by the accumulation of thetolerances. (A tolerance is an indicationof the accuracy the product has to bemade to
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TypesofDimensioning
CombinedDimensions A combined dimension uses both chain
and parallel dimensioning.
Dimensioningby Co-ordinates
Two sets of superimposed runningdimensions running at right angles can beused with any features which need theircentre points defined, such as holes.
Dimensioning SmallFeatures
When dimensioning small features, placingthe dimension arrow between projectionlines may create a drawing which is difficultto read. In order to clarify dimensions onsmall features any of the above methodscan be used.
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TypesofDimensioning
For Circles
For Radii
For Holes
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CHAPTER THREE
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ISOMETRIC DRAWINGIsometric drawing is another way of presentingdesigns/drawings in three dimensions. The example oppositehas been drawn with a 30 degree set square. Designs arealways drawn at 30 degrees in isometric projection
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ISOMETRIC DRAWINGSIMPLEEXERCISE
1. Draw two basic 30 degree guidelines, one to the left andone to the right, plus a vertical guideline in the centre ofthe drawing. In this example three edges of the cubehave been drawn over the guidelines (they are slightlydarker).
2. Draw guidelines to help you start constructing the left
and right sides of the cube. Remember to use a 30degree set square for the 'angled' lines.3. Draw the two sides in place. They should be darker than
the faint guidelines.4. Complete the top of the cube by projecting lines with the
30 degree set square as shown opposite.
5. Complete the top of the cube by projecting lines with the30 degree set square as shown opposite.
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ISOMETRIC DRAWING
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ISOMETRIC CIRCLES AND
CYLINDERSDrawing a basic isometric shape such as cubecan be difficult the first time you attempt todraw it using a T-Square and 30 degree SetSquare. However, after a few attempts the
technique for drawing them can be masteredquite easily. On the other hand - isometriccircles and cylinders are more difficult anddrawing them requires practice.
The sequence for drawing both is shown below:
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ISOMETRIC CIRCLES AND
CYLINDERS
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ISOMETRIC CIRCLES AND
CYLINDERS
1. Draw the original circle with a compass and enclose it in abox. Add vertical and horizontal guidelines
2. Number the vertical lines (these are called 'ordinate lines')
as shown on the diagram opposite.3. Draw the grid in isometric using a 30 degree set square,
being careful to use the same measurements as theoriginal grid which surrounds the circle.
4. To draw the circle in isometric projection simply measureeach distance down each vertical line on the normal gridand transfer it to the isometric grid. On the diagramsopposite - distance 'x' on guideline 3 has been transferredto the isometric grid. This is repeated for each of theguidelines 1,2, and 4.
5. Continue around the isometric circle 'plotting' transferringdistances from the original grid to the isometric grid - until
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ISOMETRIC CIRCLES AND
CYLINDERS
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PRODUCING A CYLINDER
SHAPE IN ISOMETRIC
1. Having successfully drawn theisometric circle developing it furtherto change it into a cylinder isrelatively easy. Draw 30 degree
guidelines out from the isometriccircle as shown in the diagram.2. Measure the distance representing
the 'thickness' of the cylinder along
each 30 degree guideline. Startdrawing a curve through each of thepoints.
3. Draw the curve through each of the
points to produce the final cylinder
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PRODUCING A CYLINDER
SHAPE IN ISOMETRIC
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ISOMETRIC CUBES
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ISOMETRIC CUBE EXERCISE
Using a basic isometric cube with 25mmsides or less, build up a shape similar tothe one seen below. Remember, using a
30 degree set square is vital for thisexercise. The only other lines are verticallines. If you feel confident with drawing inisometric use blank paper otherwise use
isometric paper (seen below). This paperhas 30 degree lines and vertical linesalready printed on it (similar to graphpaper).
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ISOMETRIC CUBE
EXERCISE
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CHAPTER FOUR
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Possible Views
Top
Front Right SideLeft Side
Bottom
Back
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Selectionof Views
Not all 6 views have to beshown in an orthographicprojection drawing.
Details are repeated in the top
and bottom, right and left, andthe front and back views.
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Orthographic Projection
The aim of an engineering drawing is toconvey all the necessary information ofhow to make the part to the manufacturing
department. For most parts, theinformation cannot be conveyed in asingle view. Rather than using severalsheets of paper with different views of the
part, several views can be combined on asingle drawing using one of the twoavailable projection systems, first angle,and third angle projection.
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OrthographicDrawing
Orthographicdrawingsaretheresultofprojectingtheimageofathree-dimensionalobjectontooneofsixstandardplanesofprojection. Theplanesofprojectionintersecteachotheratfoldlines. Thesixstandardplanesofprojectionareoftenthoughtofasa "glassbox."
Each viewinanorthographicprojectionis
alignedwithanadjacent view. Theprincipalviewsmostoftenusedaretop,front,andrightside.
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Whatisanorthographic
Projection? An orthographic projection is
a multi-view drawing used toshow all of the features of an
object.
Different views are set up in asystematic way to mentallyconnect them together.
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Objectives
Identify an orthographic projection. Select the best views to describe an
object.
Identify objects from anorthographic projection drawing. Identify the visualization rules of an
orthographic projection drawing.
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Visualization
Visualization is the ability to forma mental picture of what an objectis going to look like when its
completed.
You must compare the top, front,
sides, back and bottom views tosee what shapes the objects havein common.
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Visualization Rules
1. Scan briefly all views shown. 2. Study the front view for shape
description.
3. Move from view to view to findsimilar lines, surfaces, and shapes.
4. Study one feature at a time and
begin to put the shapes together toform the 3 dimensional shape of theobject.
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ProjectionSystems
Oneofthetwoavailableprojectionsystems, firstangle,and thirdangle
projection.
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OrthographicDrawing
Tohelpprojectorverify surfaces youcanlabelthemwithletters,andthecornersof
surfacescanbelabeledwithnumbers.
Therearenormal,inclined,andoblique
surfaces. Normalsurfacesappeartruesizeinoneprincipal viewandasanedgeinthe
othertwoprincipal views.Inclined
surfacesappearasanedge viewinoneof
thethreeprincipal views. Obliquesurfaces
donotappearinedge viewinany oftheprincipal views.
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Orthographic Projection
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Orthographic Projection
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Projectioninthree views
First angle projection
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The Projectionof Views
Must be able to visualize theobject as a whole and be ableto mentally put the views
together. Views are projected at right
angles (90 Deg) to each other.
There are 6 different viewspossible in an orthographicprojection.
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Summary
The purpose of an orthographicprojection is to show an object inits true shape and size.
The different views in anorthographic projection are
projected at 90 degrees to eachother.
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Summary
Four rules should be consideredwhen selecting which views touse.
Visualization involves being ableto form a mental picture of whatthe object is to look like.
Use the 4 visualization rules tohelp form a mental picture of theobject.
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Summary Questions
What is an orthographic projection? What are the proper locations of all six views
that can be produced in an orthographicprojection?
Out of the six possible views, why do we usuallyonly select 3?
What 4 rules must you follow when selecting theviews for an orthographic projection?
What is meant by visualization of an object? What 4 rules are used in the visualization
process?
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CHAPTER FIVE
S C O G
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SECTIONING
Sectional View in a single planeThe example shows a simple singleplane sectional view where object iscut in half by the cutting plane. Thecutting plane is indicated on adrawing using the line style used for
centre lines, but with a thick lineindicating the end of lines and anychange in the direction of the cuttingplane. The direction of the view isindicated by arrows with a referenceletter. The example shows asectional view of the cutting plane A- A.
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SECTIONING
Sectional View intwo planesIt is possible for thecutting plane to
change directions, tominimise on thenumber of sectionalviews required tocapture the necessarydetail. The example
shows a pipe beingcut by two parallelplanes. The sketchshows where theobject is cut.
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SECTIONING
Half Sectional views
Half sections arecommonly used toshow both the internaland outside view ofsymmetrical objects
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SECTIONING
Part Sectional views
It is common practice to section a part of anobject when only small areas need to be
sectioned to indicate the important details.The figure shows a part sectional view toindicate a through-hole in a plate. Notice thatthe line indicating the end of the section is a
thin continuous line.
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SECTIONING
HALFVIEWSAND PARTIAL
VIEWS
Half Views and Partial
views are used to simplysave space when half of,or portion of a view is not
needed or is redundant.
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SECTIONING
SECTIONVIEWS
Section views are used to get rid of the confusing
hidden lines:
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SECTIONINGSECTIONVIEWS
Wheretheobjectiscutiscalledthecuttingplaneandthedirectionofviewisdepicted by arrows. TheSECTION A-A noteisforuseiftheviewisonadifferentpagefrom the mainviews.The materialthatissupposedly cutis "Hatched"with patterns. Thepatternsoftendepicttheactualmaterialoftheobject.
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SECTIONINGThepatternsoftendepicttheactual materialoftheobjectareasshown
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SECTIONINGFULL SECTIONS
Fullsectionviewscutalltheway acrosstheobject. FullSection Viewscan beplacedonthesamepageoronanotherpage. The Cutting Planeand Arrowsalways aredisplayed.
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C O G
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SECTIONINGOFFSET SECTIONS
Offset Section ViewsarelikefullsectionviewsexceptthattheCutting Plane bendstofollowcertainfeaturesinsidetheobject.
SECTIONING
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SECTIONING
REVOLVED VIEWSRevolved Viewsareashortcutway toshowasectionviewthatshowstheinternal shapeofanobjectwithoutcreatingacompletely separatesectionview. Thecuttingplanepassesthrough theobjectatthedesiredlocationandisrevolved,inplace,toshowthesectionview. Revolved Viewscan beinsidetheregularview:Thefollowingslideillustratessomeoftheserevolvedsections
SECTIONING
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SECTIONING
REVOLVED VIEWS
SECTIONING
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SECTIONING
BROKEN OUT (LOCAL)SECTIONS
Brokenout Sectionsareanothersectioning
shortcut.Itisaway to makeasectionviewofonly aspecificandusually small
area.
SECTIONING
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SECTIONING
CONVENTIONAL BREAKSConventionalBreaksareaway ofdepictingavery longobjectwithoutshowingtheentirelength. Itisoftenusedforobjectslikerods,tubing/pipingorwoodenobjects
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HATCHING
On sections and sectional views solidarea should be hatched to indicate thisfact. Hatching is drawn with a thin
continuous line, equally spaced(preferably about 4mm apart, thoughnever less than 1mm) and preferably atan angle of 45 degrees
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HATCHING
Hatching One, Two and Multi Objects
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HATCHING
Hatching Thin SectionsSometimes, it is difficult tohatch very thin sections. To
emphasise solid wall thewalls can be filled in. Thisshould only be used whenthe wall thickness size is
less than 1mm
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HATCHING
Hatching LargeSections
When hatching large
areas in order to aidreadability, the hatchingcan be limited to the areanear the edges of the
part.
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HATCHING
Which Sectional View?Before proceeding, consider the diagrams belowand select the correct sectional view.
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Drawingthreadedparts
Drawing Conventions
Threads are drawnwith thin lines as
shown. When drawnfrom end-on, athreaded section isindicated by a broken
circle drawn using athin line.
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Drawingthreadedparts
Frequently a threaded sectionwill need to be shown inside apart. The two illustrations
demonstrate two methods ofdrawing a threaded section.Note the conventions. Thehidden detail is drawn as athin dashed line. The sectionalview uses both thick and thinline with the hatching carryingon to the very edges of theobject
CHAPTER SIX
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CHAPTER SIX
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Steel Constructions
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StandardSteelSections
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StandardSteelSections
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StandardSteelSections
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StandardSteelSections
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StandardSteelSections
St l C ti
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Steel Connections
St l C ti
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Steel Connections
St l C ti
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Steel Connections
St l C ti
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Steel Connections
St l C ti
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Steel Connections
St l C ti
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Steel Connections
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St l C ti
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Steel Connections
Steel Connections
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Steel Connections
Steel Connections
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Steel Connections
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Steel Connections
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Steel Connections
Steel Connections
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Steel Connections
CHAPTER SEVEN
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CHAPTER SEVEN
AUTOCAD
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AUTOCADStarting AutoCADStart AutoCAD by clickingontheWindowsStart button(bottom left),then movethe mousetoPrograms thenCAD and Modelling then "AutoCAD ArchitecturalDesktop2" andclickonAutoCAD Architectural Desktop 2.
A dialoggivingvariousstartupoptionswill bedisplayed.Selectthesecondoption: "Startfrom Scratch" andclickOK.
Once AutoCAD hasloaded, movethe mousearounduntilyouseeacrosshaircursor. The AutoCADwindow hasanumberofimportantfeatures:
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AUTOCAD
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AUTOCADCommand Entry
Typically therearethreewaysofgivingacommand:
Typethecommandusingthekeyboard-thecommandisdisplayedinthecommandarea.
Selectthecommandfrom a menu.
Selectthecommand'siconfrom atoolbar.
AUTOCAD
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AUTOCAD
Draw a RectangleSelectRectangle (ortyperectang), then
type: 15,15
Thetexttypedis displayedinthecommandarea atthe bottom of AutoCAD's window.
415,315(These are absolutecartesiancoordinates)
AUTOCAD
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AUTOCADSaving a Drawing
Notethatif you typeSAVE , you actually get"Save As"!.The quickestwayto saveis to press Ctrl-S- this
is the same as "qsave".Selectthe
Saveicon fromthe standardtoolbar.
Thedrawing has notbeen savedbefore, soAutoCAD willdisplaytheSAVE ASdialog box,
select
the
approp
riate
Drive
and
Direct
ory,
typ
ethedrawingname, andthen select"OK".
AUTOCAD
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AUTOCADDraw some Lines
InsteadofLINE, you can also type:L - which is a short-cut.
TypeLINEMovethecrosshairto nearthe bottom-leftoftherectangle andclickthe leftmouse button, then movethecrosshairto thetop-rightoftherectangle andagainclickthe leftmouse button.
Rememberthis!If you press Enter afteryou finish acommand, thecommandis re-issued. Press Enter toterminatethecommand, andthen press Enteragaintore-startthecommand!
Draw a line from thetop-leftto the bottom-rightofthe
rectangle, andthen press Enterto endthecommand.This will savethedrawing andexitAutoCAD.type:QUITYou will be promptedto savethechanges you'vemade - clickOK.
AUTOCAD
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AUTOCADDraw a "Diamond"
The "polyline" usedbelowis usedto create a sequence ofjoined line segments, which become one object.
Usingthe "line"commandeach line segmentis a separateobject.SelectPolyline (ortype:pline ) andthentype:
absolutecoordinate 215,15absolutecartesiancoordinate @212
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AUTOCADSnap ModesItis often usefulto be ableto draw something from (for
example) theendof anothershape. AutoCAD has a large
selection of "snap modes" forthis purpose. The most
commonly usedsnap modes are "Endpoint" (which snaps to
theendofthe selectedgraphics entity) and "Intersection"(which snaps to theintersection oftwo graphics entities).
The objectsnap modes caneitherbetypedortheycan be
selected from the standardtoolbar or from the snap toolbar:
AUTOCAD
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AUTOCADDraw an Arc
SelectArc(ortypeARC), then selectthemidpoint snapmode (ortype:MID ) andselectthe leftside ofthe bottom of
the "diamond" polyline you drew before. Then usethe
midpointsnap to enterpoints ontherightside atthe bottom
and
then
thetop of
the
polyline
(see
figu
re).
AUTOCAD
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AUTOCADDraw this exercise
Lastly, I want youtodrawarectangleinthediamondshape,anotherdiamondinsidethatrectangle,acircleinsidethatdiamondanda horizontalandverticallinealsoinsidethelastdiamond (seefigure) ! Each shapeshouldtouch theMidpointsofthepreviousshape...
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