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Copyright © 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
HOUSEKEEPING MANAGEMENT
SECOND EDITION ︳MATT A. CASADO
Copyright © 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
CHAPTER
Main Concepts
11Energy and Water Conservation in Lodging Properties
• The Need for Water Conservation• The Need for Energy Conservation• Water Systems• Water Conservation• Electricity Systems• Electricity Conservation• Heating Systems• Heating Conservation• Refrigeration and Air-conditioning Systems• Air-conditioning Conservation
Copyright © 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
THE NEED FOR WATER CONSERVATION
• The main reasons for water consumption in the world are: – increase in world population – efforts of emerging economies to industrialize
• Water scarcity has reached catastrophic proportions in many areas of the planet.
• One half of the world’s hospital beds are occupied by patients suffering from water-borne diseases.
Copyright © 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
THE NEED FOR WATER CONSERVATION (CONT.)
• In the United States’ Southwest, especially in Texas and Arizona, water scarcity is severe.
• Drilling of deep wells has caused water tables to drop, which creates irreversible conditions in riparian zones and the drying of some creeks and small rivers.
• High cost and low availability of water is a concern for managers of lodging operations.
Copyright © 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
THE NEED FOR ELECTRICITY CONSERVATION
• The use of coal for energy generation causes severe pollution problems.
• Nuclear energy raises public concerns about safety. Examples of unsafe nuclear plants are:– Three Mile Island in the US– Fukushima in Japan
• Electricity production from solar and wind sources is still insufficient for existing demand.
Copyright © 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
THE NEED FOR ELECTRICITY CONSERVATION (CONT.)
• The cleanest and safest method of generating energy is the hydroelectric plant.
• Water power, however, supplies only a small percentage on the country’s energy needs.
• The US electric grid is considered to be outdated, being prone to cause power outages.
• High cost and low availability of electricity is a concern for managers of lodging operations.
Copyright © 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
THE NEED FOR OIL AND GAS CONSERVATION
• Oil and gas deposits are being consumed rapidly by Western and emergent countries.
• A barrel of oil, that used to cost $10, costs today about ten times more.
• A commitment to conservation and energy management by lodging properties will reduce consumption substantially while lowering operating costs significantly.
Copyright © 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
WATER SYSTEMS
• In most cases, a reliable supply of potable water to lodging operations is provided by local utility companies, usually managed by the city where the property operates.
• In establishments located outside city limits (a resort for instance), the property’s management is responsible for the quality of drinking water used.
• Problems caused by hard water can be eliminated by installing a water softener.
Copyright © 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
WATER SYSTEMS (CONT.)
• In high-rise properties, pumps must be installed to propel water to all stories. A faulty pumping system may cause water surges in guest showers and faucets. This problem is common.
• Some properties with below-sewer-level basements may have to dispose of waste water after it collects in a well. In this instance, a sump pump is used to bring waste water to sewer level.
• Sump pumps are difficult and dangerous to clean because of accumulation of toxic fumes in the well.
Copyright © 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
WATER CONSERVATION
• A water conservation program begins with the initiation of employees’ and guests’ awareness on how to conserve water:– Signs in public and employee areas reminding
everybody that water is a finite resource.– Leaks in faucets should be repaired immediately.– Ghost flushing in toilets should be minimized.– Adjusting flushing mechanisms in toilets or installing
newer two-button models will help conserve water.– Waterless urinals in public restrooms can save
thousands of dollars annually.
.
Copyright © 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
WATER CONSERVATION (CONT.)
– Infrared sensors in public toilets, urinals, and sinks will reduce water consumption.
– Plumbing fixtures can be fitted with flow-reducing aerators to reduce the flow of water.
– Installing tunnel washers in the laundry room of large properties will reduce water usage.
– A water reclamation system from laundry washers and swimming pools will allow for recycling water for other uses.
– Covering swimming pools when not in use will prevent water evaporation.
Copyright © 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
ELECTRICITY SYSTEMS
• The electromotive force of electricity is expressed in volts. The force of electricity is very high when it leaves the generating plant.
• The force of electricity is diminished by using transformers.
• In the U.S., 110 volts are used for lighting purposes. Higher voltage is required to operate motors and some appliances.
Copyright © 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
ELECTRICITY SYSTEMS (CONT.)
• Wattage refers to the number of watts required to operate an electric device; for example, a 60-watt light bulb will consume 60 watts per hour.
• The billing unit for energy delivered to consumers is expressed in kilowatts.
• One kilowatt is equivalent to 1,000 watts.
Copyright © 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
ELECTRICITY SYSTEMS (CONT.)
• Amperage is the strength of electric current measured in amperes. – For example, a vacuum cleaner motor may take 7
amperes from the electric flow to run, while a more powerful vacuum motor may require 12 amperes.
• Electric cables inside a building are grouped into circuits.
• The circuits begin at electric panels with breakers or fuses installed on each main cable.
Copyright © 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
ELECTRICITY SYSTEMS (CONT.)
• The purpose of breakers and fuses is to cut off the electric flow to prevent the cable from igniting if the circuit demand is too high.– For example, if a cable diameter is capable of carrying
up to 30 amperes of electric demand, a fuse of less amperage is needed to discontinue the flow just in case the devices connected to the cable would draw more than 30 amperes when on.
Copyright © 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
ELECTRICITY CONSERVATION
• An electricity conservation program should begin with creating awareness in employees and guests to minimize de use of power. – For example, asking everyone to turn off lights and
equipment whenever possible.• Some recommendations to minimize electricity
consumption:– Restricting room usage by floor or wing when the property
is not at 100% occupancy.
Copyright © 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
ELECTRICITY CONSERVATION (CONT.)
• Reducing the wattage of light bulbs will save energy, although care must be taken not to dim lights too much.
• Changing incandescent for fluorescent light bulbs will result in a minimum of 50% electricity saved.
• In large spaces, electric discharge lamps will reduce energy consumption.
• Space sensors, timers, and photocells will save energy.• Using appliances and other equipment during off-peak
hours will lower the electricity bill.• The cost of energy can also be lowered by implementing
preventive maintenance programs for in-house motors.
Copyright © 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
HEATING SYSTEMS
• Heat in lodging properties can be produced by using water, steam, or electricity.
• A hot water heating system consists of a boiler where the water is heated, a closed circuit of pipes to circulate it, and a series of radiators or fan coils where the heat is irradiated or transferred by blowing air into the spaces to be warmed.
• The water returns back to the boiler by mean of a circulating pump.
Copyright © 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
HEATING SYSTEMS (CONT.)• Steam is generated using the same system as for hot
water. In some large cities, steam is supplied directly by utility companies.
• When using electricity as fuel, electric rods are inserted in the boiler causing the water to heat up.
• The water in the boiler can also be heated using natural gas. Utility companies charge for natural gas per therm. A therm is equivalent to 100,000 BTUs.
• In very cold locations, fuel oil is used by some large properties to generate hot water or steam.
Copyright © 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
HEATING SYSTEMS (CONT.)
• Electricity is a clean method of generating hot water, but a disadvantage is its high cost.
• Fuel oil is less expensive than natural gas but it causes more air pollution and requires more maintenance.
• In decentralized systems, electricity used in single baseboard heaters is a safe and clean method of generating heat, but its cost can be very high.
Copyright © 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
HEATING SYSTEMS (CONT.)
• Some properties use individual units rather than a central plant to generate heating. These units are usually heat pumps powered by electricity. The unit is either placed outside or inside the guestroom.
• Some disadvantages of these systems are the noise of the motor and the high level of maintenance they require.
Copyright © 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
HEATING CONSERVATION
• Heat can be lost by ventilation, infiltration, or transmission.
• To minimize heat loss by ventilation, fresh-air intakes and exhaust fans should be calibrated.
• To avoid excessive infiltration of cold air into buildings, self-rotating doors and windows with efficient glass panes should be installed.
• A poorly insulated building will lose heat through transmission. A space heat loss can be calculated using the heat transmission transfer formula.
Copyright © 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
HEATING CONSERVATION (CONT.)
• The heat transmission transfer formula is:
T = A × U × (T2 - T1 )Where: T = BTUs per hour
A = area of heat transferU = heat transmission coefficientT2 = temperature inside (warmer)T1 = temperature outside (colder)
Copyright © 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
REFRIGERATION AND AIR-CONDITIONING SYSTEMS
• The typical refrigeration cycle is based on a closed circuit that includes an evaporator, a compressor, and a condenser.
• Large lodging establishments use the absorption refrigeration cycle system.
• Water-cooling towers are used in large units to cool the warm water flowing from the absorber and condenser units before returning it back to the condenser.
Copyright © 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
REFRIGERATION AND AIR-CONDITIONING SYSTEMS
Source: Milton Beychok and Keenan Pepper.
Copyright © 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
AIR-CONDITIONING CONSERVATION
• An effective equipment-maintenance program, ventilation calibration, infiltration control, and insulation will minimize the loss of chilled air.
• Conditioned air can be conserved by reducing solar effects.
• The isolation of internal sources that generate heat can help conserve chilled air.
• Kitchen and laundries are strong producers of heat.