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Energía alternativa a través de Celdas

Solares Orgánicas (OPVs)

Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica (CIO) León, Guanajuato, México

www.cio.mx

José-Luis Maldonado jlmr@cio.mx

Group of Optical Properties of Materials (GPOM)

4to. Curso-Taller Celdas Solares Orgánicas

26-27, mayo del 2016

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No se puede mostrar la imagen en este momento.

CIO: Optical Research Center

CONACyT Leon Guanajuato, Mexico

65 researchers GRADUATE SCHOOL

IN OPTICS

www.cio.mx

DOCTORADO EN CIENCIAS (ÓPTICA)

MAESTRÍA EN CIENCIAS (ÓPTICA)

MAESTRÍA EN OPTOMECATRÓNICA

Duración 4 años en plan cuatrimestral Perfil de Ingreso M. en Ciencias M. en Ingenierías

Duración 2 años en plan cuatrimestral

Perfil de Ingreso Lic. y/o Ing. Física, Matemáticas, Química,

Electrónica, Mecánica, Sistemas, Nanotecnología, Biotech y carreras afines.

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Organic photonics and opto-electronics

New properties:

• Electrical conduction!

• Light emission!

• NL optical properties!

π Conjugated molecules and polymers

Organic PV cells

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π conjugated molecules and polymers

Semiconducting Polymers

Nobel prize of chemistry 2000 Alan Heeger, Alan MacDiarmid (†) and Hideki Shirakawa: 1974: Discovery of metallic conductivity in iodine doped trans-polyacetylene (CH)x

ONL and opto-electronics

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Organic electronics

• Economy • Mechanical properties

• Opto-electronic properties modifications • Bio-degradables

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Organic electronics

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Alternative energy sources: clean, economical, renewable

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Energías renovables: Energía solar

∗ PND incorpora a las Energías Renovables en la política mexicana.

∗ Ley para el Aprovechamiento de las Energías Renovables y el Financiamiento de la Transición Energética: marco legal específico: enorme potencial de la energía solar en México y otras fuentes de energía renovable

∗ México: irradiación promedio al día: 4.4 kWh/m2, en la zona centro, a 6.3

kWh/m2 por día en el norte del país

∗ SENER: nichos económicos: sistemas fotovoltaicos: 700 megawatts (MW) económicamente factible para su explotación frente a una capacidad instalada

29 MW. Estos 700 MW: 5,200 millones de dólares para la industria solar

• “Programa de Fomento de Sistemas Fotovoltaicos en México (ProSolar) “, 2012 Cooperación técnica entre México y Alemania: SENER-GIZ (Cooperación alemana al desarrollo)

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PV: México-Alemania

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Energía PV en México

• “3 dilemas. Un diagnóstico para el futuro energético de México”, 2013: http://reddecompetencia.cidac.org Centro de Investigación para el Desarrollo, A.C. (CIDAC)

Programa de Sistemas Fotovoltaicos en México SENER:GIZ-GTCo

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Efficiency: solar cells National renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL)

Conventional silicon solar cell

Organic solar cell

Dark-grey material with dark-blue to black coating Color adjustable

Average absorption of sunlight – thick (around 1/10 mm) compared to organic solar cells, rigid plates required

Strong absorption of sunlight – very thin material layers (less than 1 micron)

Very long lifetime (20 years) Lifetime depends on substrate – on rigid glass substrates long lifetimes are achievable

Efficiency between 15% and 20% Efficiency approximately 12%, rapid progress

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Organic (Plastic) Solar Cells: OPVs

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DYE SENSITIZED SOLAR CELLS (DSSC): Hybrids of nano-porous metal oxides, TiO2, and organic dyes, with solution

electrolytes. Electrochemical cells.

SMALL MOLECULE ORGANIC SOLAR CELLS: Made by vacuum deposition.

POLYMER SOLAR CELLS: Made by solution, low processing.

ORGANIC SOLAR CELLS THREE TYPES

THEY FACE SIMILAR CHALLENGES: To increase efficiency and stability

To develop a technology for large areas

•1975: η = 0.001% • 1986: η = 1.0% • 2006: η = 5.5% • 2009: η = 6.1% • 2014: η = 12.0%

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Technological prototypes

• Adv. Mater. 2014, 26, 29–39

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Synthesis Characterization Applications

Organic solar cells (OPVs)

Optics with organics in our group

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Organic solar cells (OPVs)

100 % ×=inc

scoc

IFFJVη

Substrate

Anode

Cathode

HhνHhν

OLED OPV

Organic layer- +

scoc

max

scoc

mm

JVP

JVJVFF ==

• Charge generation • Exciton diffusion • Charge separation • Charge mobility • Charge collection

• F. Herrmann, et al., “The semiconductor diode as a rectifier, a light source, and a solar cell: a simple explanation”, Am. J. Phys. 74, 591- 594 (2006)

• J.L. Maldonado, et al., “Two examples of organic opto-electronic devices: Light emitting diodes and solar cells”, Am. J. Phys. 76, 1130-1136 (2008)

A more general OPV structure

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Bulk hetero junction (BHJ)

SEM Image (Jeol)

A more general OPV structure

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Potential market: OPVs

Knapsack prototype based on OPVs arrays: SOLARMER

Light weigh and flexibiity

Transparency

(electrodes and windows)

Low cost

J.F. Salinas ,…Adv. Mater. 24, 6362 (2012)

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Alternative counter-electrodes : Wood´s (Pb/Bi/Cd/Sn) and Field´s (Bi/In/Sn) metal

• J.L. Maldonado, et al., Am. J. Phys. 76, 1130 (2008) • J.F. Salinas, et al., Sol. Energ. Mat. Solar C 95, 595 (2011) • C. Salto, et al., Synthetic Met. 161, 2412 (2011) • J.-A. Del Oso et al., Synthetic Met. 196, 91 (2014) • E. Pérez-Gutiérrez, et al., Opt. Mater. 36, 1336 (2014) • J. C. Nolasco, et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 104, 043308 (2014) • D. Romero-Borja, et al., Synthetic Met. 200, 91 (2015) • S. Romero-Servin, et al., Materials 8, 4258 (2015) • A. Álvarez-Fernández, et al., J. Mater. Sci-Mater. El. 27, 6271 (2016)

Easy and fast deposition

Mp less than 80 °C

Free vacuum process and normal room conditions

Wood´s and Field´s metals

PFN

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Wood´s and Field´s metals

Easy and fast deposition

Mp less than 80 °C

• J.L. Maldonado, et al., Am. J. Phys. 76, 1130 (2008) • J.F. Salinas, et al., Sol. Energ. Mat. Solar C 95, 595 (2011) • C. Salto, et al., Synthetic Met. 161, 2412 (2011) • J.-A. Del Oso et al., Synthetic Met. 196, 91 (2014) • E. Pérez-Gutiérrez, et al., Opt. Mater. 36, 1336 (2014) • J. C. Nolasco, et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 104, 043308 (2014) • D. Romero-Borja, et al., Synthetic Met. 200, 91 (2015) • S. Romero-Servin, et al., Materials 8, 4258 (2015) • A. Álvarez-Fernández, et al., J. Mater. Sci-Mater. El. 27, 6271 (2016)

Efficiency record

GPOM-CIO

7 %

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Hybrid solar cells

Perovskite solar cells

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

-16

-12

-8

-4

0

J (m

A/cm

2 )

Voc=802 mVJsc=17.5 mA/cm2

FF= 0.65η=9.2area=0.06cm2

V (Volts)

ITO/PEDOT/Perovskita/PC71BM/PEIE/FM

“Perovskite solar cells: from materials to devices” Small 11, 10–25 (2015).

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1) Chemistry: Synthesis and design of new organic materials able of absorbing, as much as possible, solar light

(Chemistry and Materials Sciences)

2) Devices: To increase the electrical efficiency and lifetime (Architectures and engineering)

(Engineers and Physicists)

3) Physics: Fundamental comprehension of the involved physical-chemical phenomena (Ultra fast Spectroscopy studies)

(Optics and physics)

Three important facts: Scientific community

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Perspectives

Larger area OPVs

cells

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OPVs cells arrays

To electrical feed leds, motors, etc.

Encapsulation

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OPVs cells arrays To electrical feed smartphones,

motors, etc.

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Conclusions

To make organic solar cells commercially competitive: • materials with low cost and easy fabrication, • higher power conversion efficiency, • larger areas and longer life time (encapsulation) are needed

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Dr. Norberto Farfán and Héctor García FQ-UNAM Drs. Rosa Santillan , Eusebio Juaristi y Giovana Granados CINVESTAV-DF Dr. Bernardo Frontana CCIQS UAEMéx-UNAM Dr. Marisol Guizado CIICAp-UAEM Dr. Guadalupe De la Rosa U. of Gto. Dr. Rosalba Fuentes-Ramírez U. of Gto. Dr. Jairo Nolasco Hanse-Wissenschaftskolleg, Germany Grupo de polímeros BUAP Dra. Ivana Moggio CIQA Dr. Eduardo Arias CIQA Dra. Rosa Vázquez UAEH

Collaborations

GPOM Members Dr. Gabriel Ramos-Ortíz Dr. Mario Rodríguez Dr. M.A. Meneses-Nava Dr. Oracio Barbosa,

Dr. Enrique Pérez Postdocs: Dr. Álvaro Romero, Dr. Arián Espinosa. Dr. César

Garcías Several undergraduate and graduate Students:

J.F. Salinas, M. Romero, C. Salto, A. Enendi, S. Naude, U. Mendoza, J. Sarahí, V. Rodríguez, A. Alvarez, L. Abraham, D. Barreiro, L. M.

Encinas, Blanca, Francisco, Leonardo, Diana, Wilson

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Financial Support:

a) CONACyT-SENER 153094 and Ce-MieSol 27

b) U. Gto.-CIO

c) Red de polímeros

Thank you