Post on 18-Jan-2016
Endocrine SystemEndocrine System
Marie ČernáMarie Černá
Regulatory systemsRegulatory systems
•Nervous system
•Endocrine system
GlandsGlands• Endocrine – hormone-secreting organs,
secrete their chemical messengersdirectly into body fluids (blood)
• Exocrine – enzyme/mucus-secreting organs,secrete their chemical messengers into ducts that convey the productsto the appropriate locations
Endocrine glandsEndocrine glands1. Pineal gland
2. Hypothalamus +
Pituitary gland
3. Thyroid gland +
Parathyroid glands
4. Thymus
5. Adrenal glands
6. Pancreas
7. Ovary (female)
8. Testis (male)
Feedback inhibitionFeedback inhibition
Pineal glandPineal gland
hormone chemical class
representative actions
regulated by
Melatonin amine involved in biological rhythms
light/dark cycles
Anterior pituitaryAnterior pituitaryhormone
peptide/protein
representative
actions
regulated by
Growth hormone GH ↑ growth + metabolism
hypothalamic h.
Prolactin PRL ↑ milk production + secretion
hypothalamic h.
Thyroid-stimu-lating hormone
TSH ↑ thyroid gland hypothalamic h.
thyroxine
Adrenocortico-tropic hormone
ACTH ↑ adrenal cortex → glucocorticoids
hypothalamic h.
glucocorticoids
Follicle-stimu-lating hormone
FSH ↑ production of ova and sperm
hypothalamic h.
Luteinizing hormone
LH ↑ ovaries and testes
hypothalamic h.
Posterior pituitaryPosterior pituitary
hormone
peptide
representative
actions
regulated by
Antidiuretic hormone
ADH ↑ retention of water by kidneys
water/salt balance
Oxytocin ↑ contraction of uterus + mammary gland cells
nervous system
Thyroid glandThyroid gland
Thyroid glandThyroid gland
• Follicular cells – thyroxine
• Parafollicular c-cells - calcitonin
Thyroid glandThyroid gland
hormone
representative
actions
regulated by
T4 Thyroxine T3
amine ↑ metabolic processes TSH
Calcitonin peptide ↓ blood calcium level calcium in blood
TT44 Tetraiodothyronine Tetraiodothyronine
TT33 Triiodothyronine Triiodothyronine
Parathyroid glandsParathyroid glands
Hormone
representative actions
regulated by
Parathyroid hormone, PTH
peptide ↑ blood calcium level
calcium in blood
Homeostasis:Homeostasis:Blood calcium levelBlood calcium level
Thyroid feedbackThyroid feedback
Adrenal glandsAdrenal glands
Adrenal glandsAdrenal glands
Medulla: adrenalin (epinephrine) +noradrenalin (norepinephrine)
Cortex: z. reticularis – DHA
dehydroepiandrosteronez. fasciculata – cortisol
(glucocorticoids)z. glomerulosa – aldosterone
(mineralocorticoids)
Adrenal medulla Adrenal medulla
Hormone
representative actions
regulated by
adrenalin
noradrenalin
amine ↑ blood glucose level
↑ metabolic activities
vessel constriction
nervous system
CatecholaminesCatecholamines
Synthesis of catecholaminesSynthesis of catecholamines
Adrenal cortex Adrenal cortex
hormone
steroid
representative
actions
regulated by
Glucocorticoids ↑ blood glucose level ACTH
Mineralocorticoids ↑ reabsorption of Na+ + ↑ excretion of K+
in kidneys
kalium in blood
Steroids hormonesSteroids hormones
Sex hormones (steroids)Sex hormones (steroids)
Adrenal cortex
Testes Androgens
Ovaries Estrogens
Progesterone
Sex hormones in femaleSex hormones in female
Sex hormones in maleSex hormones in male
PancreasPancreas
PancreasPancreas
Langerhans islets
• Alpha cells
→ glucagon
• Beta cells
→ insulin
PancreasPancreas
hormone
peptide
representative
actions
regulated by
Insulin ↓ blood glucose level glucose in blood
Glucagon ↑ blood glucose level glucose in blood
Circadian rhythms Circadian rhythms of blood glucose and insulinof blood glucose and insulin
Homeostasis:Homeostasis:Blood glucose levelBlood glucose level
• ↑ blood glucose level
Glucagon
Glucocorticoids
Catecholamines
• ↓ blood glucose level
Insulin
ThymusThymus
ThymusThymus
hormone chemical class
representative actions
regulated by
Thymosin peptide stimulates
T lymphocytes
LiteratureLiterature
Biology, eighth edition,Campbell, Reece
Unit seven: Animal Form and FunctionChapter 45:
Hormones and the Endocrine SystemPages 975 – 996