Emissions estimate from forest fires: methodology, software and … · 2015-09-10 · Emissions...

April 16-18, 2002 - Atlanta, GAEmission Inventories - Partnering for the Future

Emissions estimate from forest fires: methodology, software and European case studies

C. Trozzi, R. Vaccaro, E. PiscitelloTechne srl -Via Zabaglia, 3 - Roma (Italy) - techneit@ techneit.com

topicsØMethodologyØEvaluation of the quantity of burnt biomassØEvaluation of the quantity of emitted carbon,

nitrogen and total particulateØCalculation of carbon compounds, nitrogen

compounds and Particulate Matter emissionsØSoftwareØCase studiesØNational Case Study ResultsØRegional Case Study Results

ØConclusions

methodologyThe emissions estimate follows the

methodology developed by International Panel on Climate Change integrated with the

methodology of the United States Environmental Protection Agency.

For this last pollutant a procedure consistent with the preceding ones has been introduced to

the goal to furnish only one computational methodology.

pollutantsØ Carbon Monoxide (CO)Ø Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Ø Methane (CH4)Ø Nitrogen Oxides (NOx)Ø Nitrogen Protoxide (N2O)Ø Particulate Matter with diameter less

than 10 micron (PM10)

emissions estimate stepsØevaluation of effective fired biomass through:Øevaluation of fired forest areaØevaluation of above surface biomass factorØevaluation of forest fire efficiency

Øevaluation of total Carbon, total Nitrogen and total Particulate Matter emitted,Øcarbon compounds, nitrogen compounds and

PM10 emissions evaluation.

Evaluation of the quantity of burnt

biomass

Calculation of the emissions of the

mixtures of the carbon (CO, CO2, CH4)

Evaluation of the quantity of

emitted Carbon

Evaluation of the quantity of

emitted Nitrogen

Evaluation of the quantity of emitted

Total Suspended Particulate

Calculation of the emissions of PM10

Calculation of the emissions of the mixtures of the

nitrogen (NOx, N2O)

burnt biomass estimatesThe quantity of dry biomass of given vegetation specie burnt is

given from:Mi = a Ai Bi

where: i vegetation specie (different crops as defined by forest

statistics)Ai area (in hectares) of fired surface covered by the i specieBi middle quantity of dry biomass (in tons for hectare)

emerged by the ground for i specie a efficiency of the fire or fraction of definitely destroyed

biomass (in case of complete fire must be sets equal to 1 while in case of partial fire it will have to express the evaluation of the quantity of biomass burnt)

crops list and biomass

50Mediterranean bush

185Mixed coppice

175Simplex coppice

225Mixed tall stem

250Deciduous tall stem

295Resinous tall stem

Biomass (t/ha)Crops

quantity of emitted carbonThe quantity of emitted carbon (in tons) is given from:

C = b Mwhere M biomassb carbon's quantity contained in the

biomass (can be set equal to 0.45)

quantity of emitted nitrogenThe quantity of emitted nitrogen (in tons) is given from:

N = γ’C = γ Mwhere:γ’ proportion among carbon C and

nitrogen N (can be set equal to 0.01) γ nitrogen quantity contained in

biomass (can be set equal to 0.0045).

quantity of emitted particulateThe quantity of emitted total particulate (in tons) is given from:

P = δ Mwhere:δ quantity of total particulate emitted

for unity of biomass (in g of total particulate emitted for g of burnt biomass)

carbon compounds emissionsEmissions of carbon compounds j are obtained as:

Ej = εj δj�Cwhere:εj fraction of total carbon emitted as

compound jδj factor of passage from the emissions

in tons of Carbon to the emissions in tons of the specific compound

28/120,1Carbon Monoxide

16/120,012Methane

44/120,888Carbon Dioxide

Mass conversion

factor from C to compound

Fraction of total

carbon emitted as

Compound

nitrogen compounds emissionsEmissions of nitrogen compounds j are obtained as:

Ej = εj δj�Cwhere:εj fraction of total nitrogen emitted as

compound jδj factor of passage from the emissions

in tons of nitrogen to the emissions in tons of the specific compound

30/140.012Nitrogen Protoxide

44/280,007Nitrogen Oxides

Mass conversion

factor from N to compound

Fraction of total

nitrogen emitted as

Compound

PM10 emissionsEmissions of PM10 are obtained as:

EPM10 = εPM10 Νwhere:εPM10 fraction of total suspended particulate

emitted as PM10 (0,73 according AP 42)

ØConclusions

Air Fire ModelAir Fire allows the estimate of the emissions produced by Forest Fire

The model is developed in Visual Basic Windows environment language with an

ACCESS databaseThe model is part of a complete system for air pollution evaluation (Air Suite)

Air Suitesocioeconomicand emission

emissioninventory

emissionsestimatemodels

emissionsprojection

reportgenerator

air qualitymodels

GeographicalInformation

System

air qualitymonitoringdata base

meteo database

land usedata base

air qualitymonitoring

network

meteomonitoring

network

land usedata

statisticalpackage

Øutility function options:Øsimulation management

(identification and efficiency of the forest fire)Ømake an existing simulation on lineØcreate a new simulationØmodify an existing simulationØdeleting an existing simulationØexport of simulation data to APEX

Ødata management function options:Ømanage of fired area (allows to

insert or modify fired area for each vegetation specie)

Ø reports function options:Ø report of total emissions (produce

the report of the total emissions for all pollutants)Ø report of emissions by species

(produce the report of the total emissions for all pollutants and each crop species)

Øgraph function options:Øgraph of total emissions (produce

the graph of the total emissions for all pollutants)Øgraph of emissions by species

(produce the graph of the total emissions for all pollutants and each crop species)

ØConclusions

case studiesØ national level

the methodology and the computer model was used for the realization of national emissions inventoryØ regional level

the methodology and the computer model were used in the realization of several regional air quality management plans in Italy (Trento, Toscana, Bolzano, Liguria, Friuli Venezia Giulia and Umbria regions) and several emissions inventories (Firenze, L’Aquila, Roma)

national level Ø the emissions estimate uses the official statistical data

available from Forest Body of the StateØ the Forest Body of the State, since the years 70, picks up

and elaborates the information and the data on the forest fires that occur during the year

Ø recently has been activated an informative system that allows the networking among the peripheral offices of the Forest Body of the State, in charge to collect and elaborate data, the Service “Forest Fire Struggle” of General Direction and the Office of Statistic

Ø this allows to update a real time data base and to have univocal data on the forest fires to central level

national estimate 1998

16990.2135.5316.84011931.6287505.319714.8TOTAL

944.87.517.6223098.415987.81096.37 - Mediterranean bush

754.06.014.1178033.212758.3874.96 - Coppice deteriorate

280.32.25.266183.64742.9325.25 - Mixed coppice

3841.030.671.6906990.964997.34457.04 - Simplex coppice

3563.128.466.4841361.460294.14134.53 - Mixed Resinous/Deciduous

2631.921.049.1621485.844537.33054.02 - Deciduous

4975.139.792.81174778.384187.65772.91 - Resinous

PM10NOXN2OCO2COCH4Species

contribution on totalØ the contribution of emissions from forest fires on

total national emissions can be obtained using the national official total emissions estimates by the Italy Environmental Protection Agency (ANPA)Ø from these data it is obtained that the forest fires

contribute for about:Ø4.5% to the national Carbon Monoxide emissionsØ1% to the national Nitrogen Oxides and Methane

emissionsØ0,9% to the national Carbon Dioxide (CO2) emissions Ø0,2% to the national Nitrogen Protoxide emissions

national estimate 1983-2000

1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

CO/100

CO2/1000

Linear (PM10)

regional level Ønomenclature used in the emissions

inventories, at the local level in Italy, follows the European Commission CORINAIR working group guidelinesØfor forest fires the data from Forest Body of

the State are usedØat regional level, for example in Liguria in the

year 1995, forest fires emissions were 5% of total CO emissions and 8% of total PM10 emissions

PM10 emiss ions f rom fores t f i re s [ tonns ] - year 1995

11 - 253 - 111 - 30 - 1

ØConclusions

conclusion Øin the presentation methodology

and software for forest fires emissions estimate are presentedØthe methodology and the software

can be usefully applied to national and local emissions estimates.

Emissions estimate from forest fires: methodology, software and … · 2015-09-10 · Emissions...

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