Emerson Grades 6-12

Final After-School Meeting

February 6, 2013

QUOTE FOR THE DAY:

“At the end of the game, pawns and kings go back into the same box.”

-An Italian Proverb

AGENDA  Announcements: Barbara Barthel and Others

Grimmoire Fairy Tale Writing Contest: Jessica Bennett

Note and Notice Book Talk: Barbara Barthel

Understanding Text Complexity: Barbara Barthel and Bernetta Snell

American Lit at Grade 10 or Grade 11?? Bernetta Snell

Notice and Note: Strategies for Close Reading

Kylene Beers and Robert E. Probst

Three Parts1.The Questions We

Pondered2.The Signposts We

Found3.The Lessons We

Teach

Introduction: Items of Interest

Premise: We want them inside the text, noticing everything, questioning everything, weighing everything they are reading against their lives, the lives of others, and the world around them.

Premise: We believe it is the interaction, the transaction, between the reader and the text that not only creates meaning but creates the reason to read.

Intro Points of Interest

List of the Twenty-Five Most Commonly Taught Novels, Grades 4-8

List of the Twenty-Five Most Commonly Taught Novels, Grades 9-10

Pages 4-5

Final Thought from INTRO:

They will need you to put the right books in their hands, books in which they can lose themselves and books in which they can find themselves.

Part I: The Questions We

Pondered 1. The impact of social networks:

Created to help book lovers connect: Shelfari LibraryThing BookCrossing Reader2 Booktribes Revish ConnectViaBooks

Part IReading Habits Survey,

Page 14Also appears in the

AppendixDiscussion on-screen

reading versus primary text reading

Another Aspect of the Book

At the end of each section, the authors provide a final activity:

Talking with Colleagues . . . Great for a book study Great for personal reflection

as well

Part I Highlights The Role of Fiction

The authors promote the POWER of fiction in the classroom: Nonfiction lets us learn more;

fiction lets us be more. It seems that not only is it

[fiction] a genre with broad appeal, but current reseach shows that it also affects the way we interact with one another.

The POWER of Fiction:

Contemporary research in psychology and brain functioning confirms the value of fiction in our intellectual and emotional lives, telling us that the effects of reading fiction are far more significant than the mere pleasure of vicarious experiences and the temporary and insignificant release of momentary escape from the present.

The humanities, it turns out, do tend to humanize.

Part I: RIGOR Rigor is not an attribute of a

text but a characteristic of our behavior with that text. Put another way, rigor resides in the energy and attention given to the text, not in the text itself.

Part I: Rigor It’s Rigor, Not Rigor Mortis

When the text is too tough, then the task is simply hard, not rigorous.

The essential element in rigor is engagement.

Rigor, in other words, lies in the transaction between the reader and the text and then among readers. The essence of rigor is engagement and commitment.

Part I: Intellectual Communities

We doubt, no matter how great any standard—common or otherwise—is deemed to be, that any student will arrive in the classroom aching to use detail to support her opinion or rushing to compare and contrast two stories.

Part I: Intellectual Communities

New standards, without addressing old problems, will not change anything.

What might make a difference is to stop teaching students simply to pass a test . . . .

What might make a difference would be schools becoming the intellectual communities that they ought to be but can’t be when the penalty for not teaching to the test is so high.

Part I: The Role of Talk

Suggested reading: Talk About Understanding by Ellin Keene.

John Dewey said that the “vital habits” of democracy include “the ability to follow an argument, grasp the point of view of another, expand the boundaries of understanding, [and] debate the alternative purposes that might be pursued.

Best developed through TALK.

Part I: The Role of Talk

The difference between monologic and dialogic talk” Monologic talk is authoritative and presumes

that the goal of the listener is to agree with or learn from the speaker.

Dialogic conversation expects that the speaker becomes the listener and the listener becomes the speaker, that through give-and take new ideas might emerge, one might change one’s mind when the other is convincing, and the other might reshape an opinion when the first is persuasive.

Part I: Role of Talk Asking questions for which you already

know the answer is inauthentic, yet that’s the type of questioning that goes on in most classrooms.

Research also reveals that in dialogic classrooms, students do more of the questioning, and as a result, achievement increases.

Part I: Role of TalkTips for Improving Student-to-

Student Discourse

1. Listen to the conversations in your classroom, asking if there is evidence of rigorous thinking. (Page 33 offers a checklist “Rigor and Talk.”)

2. Step back and let students pose questions.

3. Give various students prompts that can keep the conversation going.

4. Record small-group conversations, using either an audio recorder or video camera.

Part I: Role of TalkTips for Improving Student-to-

Student Discourse5. Give students specific feedback about their

comments as a natural part of the conversation.

6. Encourage students to elaborate.7. Ask high-level questions of all students.8. Encourage students to use the vocabulary

of the discipline.9. Arrange desks so that students see one

another’s faces instead of backs of heads.

Part I: What Is Close Reading?

Be wary of the generalized concepts of close reading being promoted: Observe what author has presented Avoid imputing to the author anything that

is not evident in the text Avoid wandering from experience in the

text to think about other experiences Avoid parroting the judgments and

interpretations of others for our own assessment

Part I: Characteristics of

Close Reading It should simply imply that we bring the

text and the reader close together.

Close reading should suggest close attention to the relevant experience, thought, and

memory of the reader; the responses and interpretations of other

readers; the interactions among those elements.

Part I: Characteristics of

Close Reading It works with a short passage. The focus is intense. It will extend from the passage

itself to the other parts of the text.

It should involve a great deal of exploratory discussion.

It involves rereading.

Part I: Text-Dependent Questions

If you’re in a state that has adopted the Common Core State Standards, you know that the standards “virtually eliminate text-to-self connections” (Gewerts 2012), so the questions you are now to ask about a text are what one architect of the CCSS (and recently named College Board president) David Coleman has dubbed “text-dependent questions.” These are questions the answers to which may be found in the text or deduced from evidence in the text.

= MONOLOGIC TALK

Part I: Text-Dependent Questions

Suggested Reading: Making Meaning with Texts (2005) by Rosenblatt

We worry that a focus on text-dependent questions may create a nation of teacher-dependent kids. (p. 43)

Part I: Letting Students Create Text-Dependent

Questions 1. Find a short text that you think might be challenging

for your class.2. Read the selection aloud to students as they follow

along or, if appropriate, tell the students to read it on their own.

3. Tell them that as they read they should simply mark those spots where they feel confused, have a question, or wonder about something.

4. Ask them to reread the selection.5. Pull the whole class back together and collect, on the

board or flip-charts, the questions that have been generated.

Part I: Letting Students Create Text-Dependent

Questions 6. Next, in pairs or trios, ask them to look at

the questions they think most interesting or important, discuss them, and make notes about their thoughts.

7. Pull the class back together and work through some of the most interesting questions, asking for the ideas produced by the pairs/trios, and expanding or refining them with contributions from others.

8. Decide what follow-up is needed.

Part I: Must Everyone Read the

Same Book? The problem isn’t that we ask all

students to read the same book. It’s that we expect them to read it in the same way.

Also, know that when you have some students reading a book that is not at their instructional or independent reading level (meaning it’s causing them some frustration), then you are not improving their reading fluency.

Part I: Must Everyone Read the

Same Book? The best way to know if a book is at a

student’s frustrational, instructional, or independent level is to do a miscue analysis.

Suggested book: Miscue Analysis Made Easy by Sandra

Wilde, 2000

Part I: Must Everyone Read the

Same Book? We think it’s important [asking a small

group or large group of students to read the same novel] because there’s a need for community, for learning to listen to someone else’s opinion, for learning to disagree respectfully, for discovering how to support ideas with reason, for discovering that when you talk with another about a book, you learn more than when you think it through alone.

P. 51

Part I: Text Complexity of a Text Suggested Reading: Text Complexity: Raising

Rigor in Reading by Nancy Frey, Dianne Lapp, and Doug Fisher (2012)

Part I: Text Complexity of a TextMost leveling systems are based on numerical analysis of the text. These formulas give information about the vocabulary and the syntax, but nothing about the content.

A preferable system takes into account many factors, such as qualitative measures.

Part I: Qualitative Dimensions Features “Levels of meaning” refers to the complexity

of ideas in a text.

“Structure” refers to the design of the narrative or exposition.

“Language conventionality and clarity” refers to vocabulary, sentence patterns, style, and register.

“Knowledge demands” refers to the experience and knowledge necessary to deal with the text.

Part I: Issues of Text Complexity

We finally have to face the fact that the most complex factor in text complexity is the transaction between the reader and the text.

Consider:

Interest is critical.

The student’s background and ability are, of course, also of great importance.

In addition to ability and background, you will want to consider the attitudes and maturity of the students.

Part I: Text Complexity

The concept of text complexity, moving as it does beyond the measurable elements to include attention to qualitative issues and to the connection between reader and text, transfers a great deal of responsibility to the teacher and the media specialist and implies great respect for their judgment.

Part I: Text Complexity

Pages 60-61Worksheet for

Analysis of Text Complexity of a Literary Text

Part II: The Note and Notice Signposts

Features that appeared in every young adult novel read by the authors:

1. Contrasts and Contradictions2. Aha Moment3. Tough Questions4. Words of the Wiser5. Again and Again6. Memory Moment

Part II: Signposts The more students noticed

these signposts, the more they were using the comprehension processes: visualizing, predicting, summarizing, clarifying, questioning, inferring, and making connections.

Part II: Contrasts and Contradictions

This is the point in the novel at which a character’s actions or thoughts clearly contradict previous patterns or contrast with patterns the reader would normally expect, suggesting a change or offering new insight into the character.

Part II: Aha Moments

These are moments when a character’s sudden insight or understanding helps us understand the plot’s movement, the development of the character, or the internal conflict he faces.

Part II: Tough Questions

It is the point when the main character—a child or teen—pauses to ask, of himself or a trusted other, tough questions.

Part II: Words of the Wiser

This is the scene in which a wiser and often older character offers a life lesson of some sort to the protagonists. This lesson often emerges as a theme of the novel.

Part II: Again and Again

This is the image, word, or situation that is repeated, leading the reader to wonder about its significance. Repetition might provide information about a character, about the conflict, about the setting, or about the theme.

Part II: Memory Moment

A Memory Moment is a scene that interrupts the flow of the story and reveals something important about a character, plot, or theme.

Part II: The Signposts

Page 75: Chart

The Signposts and Definitions

The Clues to the Signpost

What Literary Element It Helps Readers Understand

Tough QuestionsQuestions a character raises that reveal his or her inner struggles

Phrases expressing serious doubt or confusion:“What could I possibly do to . . . ?“I couldn’t imagine how I could cope with . . . ?“How could I ever understand why she . . . ?

Internal conflictThemeCharacter development

Part II: Anchor Questions

Students need to assume ownership of the question.

Notes and Notice Bookmark

Page 79: Chart of Anchor Questions

The Notice and Note Signposts

The Question That Follows

Why We Ask This Question

Contrasts and Contradictions

Why would the character act (feel) this way?

Contrasts and Contradictions show us other aspects of a character or a setting. This question encourages conversation about character, motivation, or the situation he is in.

Part II: Generalizable

Language Chart on Page 85.

The Signpost Our Generalizable LanguageTo help students think about Contrasts and Contradictions

When authors show you a character acting in a way that contrasts with how you would expect someone to act or that contradicts how that character has been acting, you know the author is showing you something important about that character. You’ll want to pause and ask yourself, “Why would the character act this way?” As I think about this questions, I wonder if it might be . . . .

Part II: Explaining the Signposts

Decide upon an order for teaching the Notice and Note Signposts.

Set aside time to teach each signpost lesson.

Teach each signpost lesson with a text that illustrates the targeted signpost.

Recognize that the model text you choose might be one that is not at a student’s independent reading level.

Part II: Explaining the Signposts

Use a gradual release model. Think about the generalizable language

you will use. And, of course, experiment. Section includes an example classroom

situation. Section includes process chart moving

from most support to least support. Page 88

Part II: Assessment Assess by listening to their talk

Our point is not only that you need to listen to students, but also that you need to listen to them over time. . . . As you listen to students, ask yourself if they . . .

Identify the scene that made them think of a signpost? Explain why they think that scene represents that signpost? Move to the anchor question with prompting? Offer more than one speculative answer to the anchor

question? Remain open to other speculative answers suggested by

classmates? Use evidence from the text to support their answers? Connet this signpost to others (same type or different) in other

parts of this novel?

Part II: Assessment Assess by Reading Their Logs Notice and Note Reading Log

Location Signpost I Noticed My Notes About ItPage 2 Contrasts and

ContradictionsI noticed that everyone had to run just because a plane was flying and that isn’t something I would do. It seemed like a contrast and contradictions lesson where something happens that seems odd. Maybe it was during a war and they were afraid this was

Part II: AssessmentCCSS Dcoument states, “The Standards do not mandate such things as a particular writing process or the full range of metacognitive strategies that students may need to monitor and direct their thinking and learning. Teachers are thus free to provide students with whatever tools and knowledge their professional judgment and experience identify as most helpful for meeting the goals set out in the Standards.” (NGA,CCSSO 2010, p.4)

Part III

The Lessons We TeachThis section contains

a lesson to follow for introducing each signpost to students.

APPENDIX In this section, you’ll see many

of the figures and templates from Parts I and II, as well as the texts needed to support the lessons found in Part III. All of the texts in this Appendix also appear in dgital format at

www.NoticeandNote.com