Post on 16-Apr-2017
Three Main steps for human sex determination & differentiation
1-At the genetic level at the time of gamete fertilization.2- Differentiation of the gonads3- Development of the internal & external genitalia in response to secretions from the differentiated gonads.
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At the genetic level
•* Very early at the time of fertilization.•* Male gamete united with female gamete.•* If the sperm which fertilizes the ovum is carrying a Y- chromosome, the off spring will be a boy.•* While if it is carrying X- chromosome it will be a girl (By the will of God).
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The Holy Quran described these
facts obviously, which were only
known scientifically in the
twentieth century.
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وجين الذكر وأنه خلق الز That He did create in pairs, maleواألنثى
and female,
من نطفة إذا تمنى From a seed when lodged (in its place) (46:45)
45النجم ( 46،(
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أيحسب اإلنسان أن يترك سدى Does Man think that he will be left uncontrolled, (without purpose)?
ني يمنى ألم يك نطفة من م Was he not a drop of sperm emitted (in lowly form)?
)38 :36القيامة (
ثم كان علقة فخلق فسوى Then did he become a clinging clot; then did (Allah) make and fashion (him) in due proportion.
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وجين الذكر فجعل منه الز . And of it He made two sexes, male and femaleواألنثى
أليس ذلك بقادر على أن يحيي Has not He, (the same), the power to give lifeالموتى
to the dead?
( : علي يوسف الله عبد المعاني )ترجمة40 :)39القيامة (
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The Gonadal sex
The term sex determination refers to the
development of gonadal sex. the process that
occurs approximately 7 to 8 weeks
gestation in the human fetus
when either testis or ovary
development occurs (Primary
sex differentiation)
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So the primary sex determination
occurs when the premordial gonads(An organ in
animals that produces gametes, especially a testis
or ovary.)differentiate
` to either testes or ovaries.
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The origin and time of formation of the gonads (primary sex differentiation)
•Before the 7th week, no sex cords are seen in the
gonads & it is impossible to differentiate
morphologically between the male and female
gonads, although the sex of the embryo is determined
since the time of
fertilization Hamilton Boyd
& Mossman. Page 338, 400.
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Of the embryo is a male the premordial germ
cells carry XY sex chromosomes - A gene on
the short arm of the Y-chromosome - called
the testis - determining factor (TDF),
stimulate the undifferentiated
gonads into a testis.
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) عن ) القدر كتاب مسلم االمام أخرج حذيفة و
عليه الله صلى قوله عنه الله رضى اسيد ابن
بعث : “ ليلة وأربعون ثنتان بالنطفة مر اذا وسلم
وجلدها وبصرها سمعها خلق و فصورها ملكا الله
أنثى أم أذكر يارب قال ثم وعظامها ولحمها
شاء ما ربك فيقضى
الملك “ ويكتب
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The Prophet Mohammad (peace be upon him)
said :”When the Nutfa enters the womb and stays there
forty nights ,God sends an angel to give it is formand
creates its hearing , visual apparatus , skin , bone and
flesh . Then he asks : O God , is it a boy or a girl ? And
God determines whatever He decides .
“ Narrated by Muslim
(Kitab Al Qadar).
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فلينظر اإلنسان مم خلق Now let man but think from what he is created!
اء دافق خلق من م He is created from a drop emitted,
( : علي يوسف الله عبد المعاني )ترجمة)6، 5الطارق (
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لب يخرج من بين الص Proceeding from between the backbone andوالترائب
the ribs: إنه على رجعه لقادر
Surely (Allah) is able to bring him back (to life)!
( : علي يوسف الله عبد المعاني )ترجمة8، )7الطارق (
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*The testis develops on the posterior abdominal wall
opposite the first lumbar vertebra, later it descends to the
scrotum pulling after it the testicular artery of the
abdominal aorta.
•The testis descends till it reaches the deep
inguinal ring in the 3rd month.
•The testis reaches the
scrotum in the 8th month.
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Descent of the ovary:
* The ovary also develops on the posterior abdominal wall opposite the first lumbar vertebra.
The ovary reaches the false pelvis in 3rd month and the true pelvis shortly after birth.
•As the ovary descends,
it pulls the ovarian artery
from the abdominal aorta.
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The above mentioned Quaranic Ayes states clearly the site of formation of human gonads.
The commentators of the Holy Quran differed in their explanation of this aye into two main groups.
The first group includes the majority of the old commentators
like Ibn Jarrir El Tabri, Ibn Kathir, Tafsir El Galalain
who understood that the semen (male
secretion) comes from the bones
if the back and the female part
comes from the ribs or breast.
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Ibn El Qaiem refused this explanation. He stated that
the word between means that the vertebral column &
ribs lie in the same person either male or female
(Ilam Al Mowoquin) volume
1/158.
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Al Qurtobi, Al Oloosi, said that the Quaranic ayes are
clear in indicating that both the male & female sexual
gonads come from a place in between
the bones of the back and
the ribs.
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It is important to notice that the nerve supply the
blood supply and the lymph drainage remains in the
whole life of the human individual connected to the
area cited in the Holy Quran as between
the vertebral column and
the ribs.
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The testicular artery comes from the abdominal aorta
at the level of the second limber vertebra. The right
testicular vein drains into the I.V.C while the left drains
into the left renal veins.
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The anatomical & embryological data greatly help in
under standing the facts mentioned in Holy - Quran
and the sayings of prophet Mohammed
(peace be upon him).
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These facts mentioned in Quran and Hadith precede
the scientists by more than one thousand year.
Prophet Mohammed (peace be upon him)
mentioned since more than 1400 years
very accurate statements.
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* At the sixth week the cloaca is subdivided by a septum
into two parts:
the urogenital and anal membranes. Mean while
genital swellings become visible
on each side of the urethral
fold.
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•At the sixth week the cloaca is subdivided by a
septum into two parts: the urogenital and anal
membranes. Mean while genital swellings
become visible on each
side of the urethral fold.
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By the end of the sixth week the external genitalia
of both male and female are identical and it is
impossible to distinguish between
the two sexes (1).
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The differentiation of the external genitalia starts after
the sixth week. It goes on slowly so that by the twelfth
week it becomes relatively easy to recognize
the male from the female.
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This again emphasizes the importance of the
aforementioned hadith of the prophet Mohammed
(peace be upon him) which was narrated by Muslin,
whereby the angel enters the womb at 40th – 49 th
day and asked “O God, is it a boy or
a girl and God determines
whatever He decides”
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Certainly the study of these Quranic ayes (verses)
and the sayings of the prophet Mohammed
(peace be upon him) in the light of scientific
knowledge of modern science give
a better understanding
for these scriptures.
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It is also clear that such pristine knowledge
which was revealed fourteen centuries ago, was
beyond the capacity of any mortal to group at
that era.
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