Elisa Saitovitch

VII Meeting of the Science Education Program, Rio de Janeiro, June 12-13, 2010

Attracting Girls and Advancing Women in Science and Technology:

Why this is Necessary and what Academies can do to Remove Obstacles

IANAS, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Elisa Baggio Saitovitch CBPF, MCT

plenary lecturers = 4 (25%)

symposia speakers = 89 (39%)

1st author in posters= 935 (62%)

Total registrations = 2445

registration = 1461 (60%)

Eliane Voulchan

plenary lecturers = 2 (25%)

symposia speakers = 80 (24%)

1st author in posters= 647 (47%)

Total registrations = 2289

registration = 954 (42%)

7th IBRO WORLD CONGRESS OF NEUROSCIENCE

Melbourne, Australia, July 2007.

Female Participation International Conferences

Participation in International conference is essential for scientists

Why so few

• Looking at a developing nation like mine, you would consider the women in S.& T as doing extra work. She has to combine academics with house chores and taking Mathematics as a compulsory elective. Mostly she is also in charge of other things at home.

• All these hinders females from actually progressing rapidly in Sc. & Tec. When one sees her mate rapidly scale up the academic ladder while she is as it were crawling on the same ladder, she feels like running down the steps to the humanities and arts.

A colleague from TWOWS

How many of scientist women

• Are married?

• Have children?

• Have been mistaken for a secretary?

• Make or have been asked to make coffee for the department or research group?

• Have been asked to take notes at a meeting?

• Cook dinner most nights?

• Spend more than 2 hours per day caring for children, parents, or others?

Listen from colleagues in conferences

• Can I believe in results of a Brazilian woman?

• I would never like to get divorced from you!

• I would not like to be your husband!

Science Needs MORE Women

• Women bring talent, ideas and approaches that enrich and advance Science. Yet . . .- Women are SCARCE.- Senior women are VERY SCARCE.

• Some woman has to be the FIRST ONE in each department, subfield, program committee, directorship, etc

• A classically forbidden state,

• Often meeting colossal resistance

Women in Physics: Opportunity and Potential

• How many girls and women had potential to be great scientists, but no opportunity?

• What ideas were lost to science, society, & science education because few women participated?

• How many children have poor science literacy, because their mothers know no science?

Guatemala: Señor como quiere usted que yo respect las piedras? Tiengo hambre y en el pueblo mi familia no tiene ni mismo lo que comer. Como quiere usted que se respecten las piedras, si aca

no se respectan ni mismo los hombres?

In Latin America

We need the participation of all independent of

race, color or gender,

We can not leave behind the women that are 50% of population

• Education for the majority

• Develop capacity to adapt and create Innovation and Technology

• Creativity and Technological knowledge are necessary

• Some statistics

Statistics on Women in Physics (USA)

• 47% of high school students taking physics (2005)

• 21% of undergraduate degrees (class of '06)

• 17% of PhD recipients (class of '06)

• 6% of full professors (2006)

• 0% of faculty in 43% of physics departments (2006)

• < 20 departments graduating ≥ 5 female BS (1999-03)

• ~10 departments producing ≥ 5 female PhD (1999-03)

• Minority women? Almost none!

Beverly Hartline

Data from AIP reports;

summarized by Y. Zastavker

Significant Global Differences, But Low Everywhere

Large National Differences Within Regions

Data from IUPAP 1990-2002

BRAZIL High hopes for Brazilian scienceHigh hopes for Brazilian science - Nature, June 2010 - Entrevista com o Ministro de Ciência e Tecnologia, Sergio Machado Rezende: Exciting times for Brazilian scienceExciting times for Brazilian science - Nature Materials, Vol. 69

CNPq/ CAPESAlice Abreu

VII Meeting of the Science Education Program, Rio de Janeiro, June 12-13, 2010 AAbreu Encontro Brasil Reino Unido Mulheres e CiênciaFonte: MEC/INEP/DEED

CEFET/IFET - Centro Federal de Educação Tecnológica e Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia

Brazil – Number of Students in the University 2008

Total Women % Women 5.080.056 2.772.828 54,58

800.318 478.668 59,81

Prof. in the Universities 2008Total Women % Women

Brasil 338.890 152.170 44,90Publica 119.368 51.925 43,50Privada 219.522 100.245 45,67

Brazil – Prof. in the University 2008

VII Meeting of the Science Education Program, Rio de Janeiro, June 12-13, 2010 AAbreu Encontro Brasil Reino Unido Mulheres e Ciência

Fonte: Censo de grupos de pesquisas. CNPq.

CNPq – research groups in Intitutions, Scientists and doctors. 1997 – 2008

Institutions , Research groups, Researches , PhDs. Brazil, 1993 – 2008

1997 2000 2004 2006 2008Institutions 181 224 335 403 422Research groups 8.632 11.760 19.470 21.024 22.797Researchers 34.040 48.781 77.649 90.320 104.018Doctors 18.724 27.662 47.973 57.586 66.785

AAbreu Encontro Brasil Reino Unido Mulheres e Ciência

CNPq – Fellowships 2001-2008

CAPES – Fellowships–1996 - 2008

Fonte: CAPES MEC. Elaboração:Coordenação Geral de Indicadores ASCAV/SEXEC MCT. .Note: The Professional MSc started in 1999.

Brazil: Master and PhD Students - 1987-2007

•Fonte: CNPq website.

CNPq – Members of Committees to select fellowships and grants - December 2009

Total Women % Women

Human and social sciences 57 29 50%

Life sciences 98 23 22%

Engineering, Earth and Engineering, Earth and Exact SciencesExact Sciences

83 6 5%5%

TOTAL 238 58 24%

CNPq Research Groups (%) 1995 – 2008

Fonte: CNPq, Censo de grupos de pesquisas

AAbreu Encontro Brasil Reino Unido Mulheres e Ciência

CNPq - Research Groups

% Women in different areas - 2008

Scientific area Women %TOTAL 48,89Engineering and computer science 27,31Exact and Earth sciences 33,73Agrarian sciences 37,86Applied social sciences 47,69Biological sciences 53,29Human sciences 59,27Health sciences 60,40Arts and linguistic 66,46

CNPq – Research Groups

Leaderships distribution by age and gender - 2008

Fonte: CNPq. Censo de Grupos de Pesquisas

Até 24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64 65 ou + ñ inf.

Men Women

Woman % Group leaders - 1995-2008.1995 1997 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008

% Women 34,16 37,25 39,41 40,68 41,75 43,26 44,54

CNPq –Research Groups

% Women leading Groups per areas - 2008

Fonte: CNPq. Censo de grupos de pesquisas.

Scientific area % Women group leadersEngineering and computer science 21,90Exact and earth sciences 28,21Agrarian sciences 32,29Applied social sciences 44,20Biological sciences 51,26Human sciences 55,44Health sciences 56,37Arts and linguistic 66,49TOTAL 44,52

CNPq Research Groups

Women participation– by level - 2008

Fonte: CNPq. Censo de grupos de pesquisas.

Students groups Women %2000 2002 2004 2006 2008

Doctor students 49,12 51,79 52,76 54,37 55,12Master students 52,23 55,06 55,74 56,73 57,66Inic. Científica 58,18 58.09 57,38 58,52 59,51Total 54,11 55,68 55,97 57,25 58,20

CNPq –Fellowships given by categories –

% Women 2002 - 2008Feallowship in Brazil 2002 2004 2006 2008

Iniciação Científica- IC 54 54 55 57

Master – GM 52 50 52 52

Doctor – GD 49 49 50 51

Post-doctor - PD (1) 39 48 52 51

Research productivity – PQ 32 33 33 34

Total 48 48 48 49

Total number of fellowships 45.348 48.596 55.004 58.869

Fellowships Abroad 2002 2004 2006 2008

Doctor 37 41 32 28

Doctor Sandwich 51 52 43 50

Visiting Professor Junior/Senior 16 0 35 30

Post-doc 40 35 29 37

Total 39 41 33 39

Total number of scolarships 766 510 354 551Fonte: CNPq/AEI (2.9.1-Sexo_Mod_PaisExt_0108_nº)

CNPq – Research Fellowships

% Women per Level– 2001 -2008

Fonte: CNPq/AEI

Productivity Fellowships

Levels

% Women

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 20081A 22,3 22,1 22,9 23,8 23,2 23,0 23,0 23,61B 27,1 27,8 27,2 27,2 28,6 30,4 31,8 31,81C 28,0 27,8 28,6 29,3 30,0 30,6 31,6 32,01D 32,3 32,9 34,0 34,6 34,5 35,0 34,2 32,92 37,2 37,8 37,7 38,3 37,7 37,2 36,8 37,0

Total 32,1 32,3 32,5 33,4 33,3 33,4 33,7 33,8

Number of Fellowships X Number of Publications

In Physics in 2006

CNPq – Adisory Committees to select Fellowships and grants - % Women by areas -

December 2009

Fonte: CNPq website

Scientific areasTotal

numberNumber

of woman% Woman

Human and social sciences 57 29 50%

Health sciences 98 23 22%

Engineering, exact sciences and Engineering, exact sciences and earth sciencesearth sciences

83 6 5%5%

Total 238 58 24%

Academia Brasileira de Ciências – October 2009

Áreas Científicas da Academia Brasileira de Ciências

Man Woman %Woman

Agrarian sciences 17 4 23,53Biological sciences 21 7 33,33Biomedical sciences 85 15 17,65

EngineeringEngineering 2626 11 3,853,85Health sciences 20 2 10,00

Earth sciencesEarth sciences 4040 22 5,005,00

PhysicsPhysics 6666 44 6,066,06

MathMath 4646 33 6,526,52Chemical sciences 42 7 16,67Social sciences 13 5 38,46TOTAL 376 50 13,30

Engenheiras Petrobras

Reasons

Stiffness of the scientific communityDiscrimination claims that ancient man's superiorityMale models adopted to evaluate and judge, set the criteria.Male model permeates the workplace

Preference to family, the predominance of emotion and sensitivityHistorical guilt feeling Historical guilt feeling Lack of aggressiveness, timidity and submissionLow self-esteemTendency to adopt male patterns of work

Private X Public

As is going this passage from the private to public world?

With many gains for science because the woman has contributed to the expansion of knowledge

Adapting and / or questioning, to change the male face of science .

A "Glass Ceiling" in All Countries

• Very few women in leadership positions

• Very few women full professors

• Some assistant and associate professors

• Several post-docs

• More graduate students

• Even more undergraduates

• Efforts by women & men are helping some women through the glass ceiling into leadership in some countries

Source: Economist 7/05

Balancing Family and Career • Career/family conflicts are a serious challenge for

women scientists around the world- Women have children at the age a physicist must start her career,

working long hours in temporary positions, often abroad

• In most countries, women are responsible for children, home, cooking, laundry, . . .• It helps when men and women together share family and household

duties and pleasures• Both boys and girls must be taught to expect this lifestyle

• In some countries and cultures the expectations of females CLASH sharply with the requirements to succeed in science

Bringing Up Girls & Boys

• Get dirty

• Take things apart and put them together (or maybe not)

• Work with tools

• Explore and build

• Do sports and outdoor games

• In team projects: be the leader and innovator

• Be energetic & rambunctious

• Think for himself

• Stay clean

• Keep things whole, neat and pristine

• Use paintbrushes artistically

• Read and write

• Play quietly indoors

• In team projects: be a follower and note-taker

• Cook following recipes

• Don't question

Preparation for interest and success in science and engineering?

Understanding the Challenges

• According to Dr. Virginia Valian (author of Why So Slow? ) two key concepts help explain the difficulties girls and women face entering and advancing in science and engineering “Gender schema" Accumulation of advantage

• These hidden challenges are likely to be aggravated for under-represented minorities

Gender "Schema"• Gender and ethnic "schema" are widely held

beliefs about men, women, and people from ethnic groups with respect to their competence, career roles, and leadership ability– Lead us to overrate white men – Lead us to underrate women and minorities

Drawing © UFS, Inc, 3/6/04

Overheard

at the Physics

conference:

You're thesmartestsecretary I've met.

Thank you.But I'm anphysicist.

Accumulation of Advantage

• "Accumulation of advantage" refers to the cumulative long-term effect of small differences in the way males and females from different ethnic groups are treated throughout their lives• At home and in school

• On the sports field

• In the workplace

• In restaurants, stores, theatres,...

• If majority males experience "1.001" and others experience "0.999" the difference accumulates profoundly• White males' experience ∞ ("1400" after 20 years)• Others' experience 0 ("0.00067" after 20 years)

Your Ideas, Strategies & Actions Needed

• To interest girls and ensure they get the needed math background in primary & secondary school

• To attract & graduate women in science (BS & PhD)• To launch women graduates into science careers

- Career options for scientists needed in all countries• To get women into the science professoriate• To promote women science into leadership• To solve the family-career conflict• To overcome the special challenges and barriers

associated with some racial/ethnic/cultural groups• To reform institutions to be more inclusive

Catalyze and Drive Change

Including more women would bring more ideas and approaches to science, thereby reinforcing and enhancing the quality of the science

• How can we blaze or open new pathways for women (and others) to enter science?

• How can we transform the profession of science, along with the institutions where it is practiced, to welcome and promote women?

23rd IUPAP General Assembly (1999)• Concerned about very low participation of women

in physics in most countries

• Passed a resolution to form IUPAP Working Group on Women in Physics (WIP) - Marcia Barbosa (Brasil), founding chairperson- Judy Franz (USA) IUPAP Liaison

- 13 members from 12 countries

• WIP mandate to survey the situation, report to IUPAP, and suggest strategies to improve the situation

- Conducted international survey

- Organized 1st IUPAP Int'l Conference on Women in Physics (Paris, 2002)

IUPAP's Women in Physics Conferences: I: Paris, 2002 II: Rio, 2005

Paris 2002~300 physicists from

65 countries; 15% men(only ~45 countries were

IUPAP members at this time)

WYP 2005 EventRio de Janeiro 2005

~150 physicists from ~40 countries; 7% menLimited travel funding

Results from ICWIP 2002 & 2005

• Unanimous resolutions later approved by IUPAP General Assembly

• Empowered participants returning home to take action

• Conference Proceedings published with reports from more countries than attended

• IUPAP created associate membership categories for developing countries- Membership has risen from 45 countries to 59, including 8 in Latin

America (Argentina, Brasil, Chile, Colômbia, Costa Rica, Cuba, México, Peru)

IUPAP Actions After ICWIP 2002 & 2005

• Women appointed to Liaison Committees in significant numbers

• Gender a consideration in nominations to Commissions and the Council- 2005: Judy Franz (USA) became Secretary General of IUPAP- 2008: Marcia Barbosa (Brasil) elected IUPAP Vice President- 2008: Cecilia Jarlskog (Sweden) elected President Designate

• IUPAP-sponsored conferences expected to have women on program committees and as invited speakers

Other Strategies and Actions• Networking nationally and internationally

• Making recommendations to governments & physical societies—with many being adopted

• Internet resources, web pages, and data bases

• Information exchange and teacher workshops on teaching methods and syllabi effective with girls

• Women in physics “site visits“ to improve “climate”

• Mentoring programs, career brochures, and job shadowing

• "Success skills" training

• Family-friendly policies: caretaker leave, childcare, pausing "tenure clock," flexible age limits

• Statistics on participation, hiring, promotions, salaries

GAB BRASILAgreement between GAB and the Brazilian

Academy of Sciences - Established in October 31st 2006

Since then, the Committee had only three meetings, but keep contact through on-line

networking.

ACTION PLAN – OBJECTIVES:

1.Activities related to improving gender equity in science and technology education

2.Activities related to improving the collection of gender disaggregated data for policy makers

3. Making science and technology decision-making more gender aware

4.Removing the obstacles to women in scientific and technological careers

5.To strengthen GAB BRASIL resource base, structures and systems to implement its programs, projects and plans to achieve the stated goals and objectives

Alice ABREU (Chair) - ICSU-LAC

Jussara Marques de ALMEIDA – UFMG (Computer Science)

Marcia BARBOSA – UFRGS (Physics)

Beatriz Barbuy – USP (Astronomy)

Eva Alterman BLAY – USP (Sociology and Gender Studies)

Sandra BRISOLLA – UNICAMP (Economy)

Yvonne MASCARENHAS – USP/ABC (Chemistry/Physics)

Lúcia MELO – CGEE (Engineering)

Magaly PAZELLO – PAGIC (NGO)

Lucia PREVIATO – UFRJ/ABC (Microbiology)

Elisa REIS – UFRJ/ABC (Sociology)

Elisa SAITOVITCH – CBPF (Physics)

Angela ULLER – UFRJ (Engineering)

Mayana ZATZ – USP/ABC (Biological Sciences)

MEMBERS

http://www.cbpf.br/~mulher/index2.htmlhttp://www.cbpf.br/~mulher/index2.html

Elisa Saitovitch and Marcia Barbosa Porto Alegre Elisa Saitovitch and Marcia Barbosa Porto Alegre

Ciência – Mulher 2004

Latin American Women in Exact and Bio Science

MUJER CIENCIA BOLIVIA 2007

Elsa Quiroga

CUARTA CONFERENCIA DECUARTA CONFERENCIA DE LATINOAMERICANAS EN LASLATINOAMERICANAS EN LAS

CIENCIAS EXACTAS Y DE LA VIDA “Ciencia Mujer 2009”CIENCIAS EXACTAS Y DE LA VIDA “Ciencia Mujer 2009”

• My final message is that:

beside work to have more women in science it is necessary to qualify their participation.

The Opportunity and Challenge

Women and men working TOGETHER can make science more inviting to women • And also to men• Of all races and nationalities

Which would accelerate science progress

Ciencia Mulher

• Women face several obstacles in the entrance, permanence and professional growth in a scientific career. Among these are

• - Prejudice and lack of support / incentives for family members and society for a woman to pursue scientific career, which requires a great dedication.

• - Lack of perspective in the labor market, as a result of discrimination, such as the existence of unique positions for men and women who have children, etc..

• - Children (family responsibilities) and on a double shift work.

• - Tension in the marital relationship, even when her husband shares the profession.

Ciencia Mulher

• - The glass ceiling, difficult to cross and then preventing them from moving forward. The society reinforces a model of fragility for women that makes a strong counterpoint to the model of academic career associated with an image of toughness.

• - Some consequences: low self-esteem, excessive self-criticism.

• This leads to: barriers in promotions, distribution of tasks, afraid to apply for or hold positions of visibility.

• Women with power is only accepted in exceptional cases if professional profile of the woman is much better than any pair of males with requirements to occupy the same position.

Ciencia Mulher

• - New technologies have created new job opportunities for women, because they do not require physical strength and minimize and soften the household chores. The new media allow to bring culture and education to more distant places, thus contributing to the full involvement of women in society. Electronic communications reduce the distances, facilitating contact between women and their organizations.

Ciencia Mulher

RECOMMENDATIONS – SOLUTIONS• Make researchers, illustrators, publishers of science

magazines to be attentive to gender issues so as not to perpetuate stereotypes of woman.

• A Latin American woman scientist should participate in activities promoting and fostering, encouraging girls and young women to move into careers in science.

• Ensure a quality basic education for all, regardless of gender. Improving science education and increase the university also encouraging the entry of women in science.

• To minimize the influence of stereotypes on career choice, it is suggested the creation of a basic cycle university training, common to all careers.

Ciencia Mulher

• - Mobilizing women researchers to be more present in the media, raising awareness of colleagues who have to make science communication, considering the magnitude of the impact of positive role models of women scientists for teenagers.

• - Encourage programs as a young scientist, encouraging new values for the confrontation of stereotypes.

• - Motivate and encourage girls to choose careers in science, while educating the boys in the sense that animate to do so and support this intent.

• - Increase participation of women scientists in events such as

"Week of S & T and other projects of scientific dissemination.

Ciencia Mulher

• - To carry out actions for the dissemination and popularization of science with a gender perspective, in schools and media. Promote vocational education in schools with greater integration-School-University Research Centers.

• - Some initiatives:

• (1) create programs that take youth to attend Universities and Research Centers,

• (2) establish programs that lead to professional schools of education,

• (3) expand programs of development agencies to involve children and adolescents scientific and technological subjects.

Ciencia Mulher

SHARES IN PUBLIC POLICY

• - Establish mechanisms for joint action between government agencies responsible for gender policies with those responsible for S & T.

• - Establish the right of the stock of doctorate and master's enjoyment of paid maternity leave, extending the duration of the fellowship and the deadlines for submitting their theses and dissertations. - Request that the curriculum standards (eg, curriculum Lattes) include an item designed to provide information on the number of children and dates of birth.

Ciencia Mulher

• - Request that the scientific meetings to provide a service for childcare.

• - Establish "subsidies for re-insertion“ to which women have committed themselves to the scientific system for family reasons may resume their research career.

• - Encourage, fund and widely disseminate research on gender in science and technology, particularly in the hard sciences, natural and biomedical sciences.

• - Conduct comparative studies of women in Latin America.

• - Studying life trajectories of women scientists, grouping them by age and following them over time. - Promote gender periodic conferences with participation of scientists and researchers and researchers of gender.

• - Create awards for excellence for women.

• - Increase in the media and in scholarly literature, the image of the woman scientist. Create support programs for the publication of theses, monographs and life stories of women who excelled in science in our countries.

• - Encourage the creation of advisory services to institutional and gender issues.

• - Ask the societies that create a gender commission to address these proposals, monitor their implementation, assist with complaints of bullying and sexual and disclosure of the problems encountered to enable changes in social behavior.

Ciencia Mulher

• Studying life trajectories of women scientists, grouping them by age and following them over time.

• Promote gender periodic conferences with participation of scientists and researchers and researchers of gender.

• Create awards for excellence for women.

• Create support programs for the publication of theses, monographs and life stories of women who excelled in science in our countries.

• Encourage the creation of advisory services to institutional and gender issues.

Ciencia Mulher

AFFIRMATIVE ACTION • - Increase and ensure the representation of women in

proportion compared to professionals with the same level of excellence, commissions, committees and boards of agencies and representative bodies of government and institutional.

• Encourage decision-making bodies in the area of Sc. & Tec. to establish quotas for women, with regard to support for research projects and scholarships in the country and abroad, and establish different variants of grants and shared set age limits

• Require public agencies provide data sufficiently detailed to allow the studies mentioned above.

Elisa Saitovitch

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