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Hole’s Human Anatomy

and Physiology Eleventh Edition

Mrs. Hummer

Hanover Area Jr./Sr. High School

Chapter 1 Introduction to Anatomy and

Physiology

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Chapter 1 Introduction to Human Anatomy

and Physiology

Why do we study anatomy and physiology?

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Anatomy and Physiology Anatomy – study of structure

(Greek – “a cutting up”)

Physiology – study of function (Greek – “relationship to nature”)

Structure is always related to function

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Levels of Organization Subatomic Particles – electrons, protons, neutrons Atom – tiny particles that form everything, hydrogen atom Molecule – atoms bound together, water molecule Macromolecule – small molecules combined, protein molecule, DNA molecule Organelle – structures in cells, mitochondrion, Golgi apparatus, nucleus Cell – basic unit of structure and function, muscle cell, nerve cell Tissue – groups of cells, simple squamous epithelium, loose connective tissue Organ – groups of tissues working together, skin, femur, heart, kidney Organ System – groups of organs working together, skeletal system, digestive system Organism – interacting organ systems, human

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Levels of Organization

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Clinical Application Medical Imaging

• Noninvasive procedures • Provide images of soft internal structures Magnetic Resonance Imaging

• Requires injection of dye • Produces computerized images from different angles • Uses a magnet and a specialized radio antenna

Ultrasonography • Use of high-frequency sound waves • Relatively quick and inexpensive

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Characteristics of Life

Movement – change in position; motion

Responsiveness – reaction to a change

Growth – increase in body size; no change in shape

Respiration – obtaining oxygen; removing carbon dioxide; releasing energy from foods

Reproduction – production of new organisms and new cells

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Characteristics of Life

Absorption – passage of substances through membranes and into body fluids

Circulation – movement of substances in body fluids

Assimilation – changing of absorbed substances into chemically different forms

Excretion – removal of wastes produced by metabolic reactions

Digestion – breakdown of food substances into simpler forms

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Requirements of Organisms

Metabolism- the physical and chemical events that obtain, release and utilize energy Life depends on five environmental factors

•  water •  food •  oxygen •  heat •  pressure

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Requirements of Organisms

Water - most abundant substance in body - required for metabolic processes - required for transport of substances - regulates body temperature

Food - provides necessary nutrients - supplies energy - supplies raw materials

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Requirements of Organisms

Oxygen (Gas) - one-fifth of air - used to release energy from nutrients

Heat - form of energy - partly controls rate of metabolic reactions

Pressure - application of force on an object - atmospheric pressure – important for breathing - hydrostatic pressure – keeps blood flowing

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Homeostasis

Body’s maintenance of a stable internal environment

Homeostatic Mechanisms – monitor aspects of the internal environment and corrects any changes

• Receptors - provide information about stimuli • Control center - tells what a particular value should be (includes a set point)

• Effectors - elicit responses that change conditions in the internal environment (muscles, glands)

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Homeostatic Mechanisms

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Homeostatic Mechanisms

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Notebook #1 Understanding Words pg.1

1.  Why did the study of the human body begin with attempts to understand illness and injury rather than attempts to understand the human body?

2.  List the changes in the disease spectrum that came with the change in life style from hunter gatherer to agriculture.

3.  Describe the ways in which the rise in science paralleled human pre-history and history.

4.  Dissection of the human body became an important activity in the study of the human body in the ______ century.

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Organ Systems

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Organ Systems

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Organ Systems

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Organ Systems

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Organ Systems

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Organ Systems

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Anatomical Terminology

Anatomical Position – standing erect, facing forward, upper limbs at the sides, palms facing forward

Terms of Relative Position •  Superior versus Inferior -above/below • Anterior versus Posterior -front/back • Medial versus Lateral -midline/side • Proximal versus Distal -close to trunk/farther from trunk • Superficial versus Deep -surface/internal

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Body Sections

• Sagittal- divides right and left portions • Transverse or Horizontal- divides above and below portions

• Coronal or Frontal- front and back portions • Cross section, Oblique, Longitudinal

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Body Sections

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Body Sections

sagittal transverse coronal

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Body Sections

cross oblique longitudinal

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Notebook #2

Critical Thinking Questions

#1,4,5,6,7

Review Exercises

Part A

#1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,15,17

Part B

#1