Post on 13-Apr-2017
5 DAY SOLAR PV THEORY & INSTALLATION COURSE
Irtaza Syed, PhD, P. Eng., PMP, PVIP (NABCEP), MIETsyed@solartraining.cawww.solartraining.ca
Electrical & RE Systems Overview
Workshop: 5D PVI www.solartraining.ca Lec: 1
Theory
Conventional: electrical power generation, transmission/distribution & utilization
Photovoltaic (PV) Systems: Off-Grid, On-Grid, & Hybrid Systems
Renewable (RE): electrical power generation, transmission/distribution & utilization
Feed In Tariff (FIT), Net Metering (NM)
RE systems
Applications
Market
Future
Labs
No Calculations
No Hands-On
3
Electrical & RE Systems Overview
Workshop: 5D PVI www.solartraining.ca Lec: 1
Conventional: electrical power generation, transmission/distribution & utilization
Generation
Medium voltage levels (usually 11kV to 23kV)
Electromechanical Generators run by
Hydro run of river, hydro storage dams
Steam gas, oil, coal, nuclear
Transmission
High voltage levels (usually 115kV to 1200kV)
Distribution
Medium voltage levels (usually 2.4kV to 69kV)
Utilization
Industrial Medium voltage levels (usually 2.4kV to 69kV)
Commercial/Institutional/Residential Low voltage levels (usually 120V to 600V)
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Generation, transmission,
distribution as 3 phase
Utilization as 1, 2 or 3 phase
60 (or 50 Hz)
Electrical & RE Systems Overview
Workshop: 5D PVI www.solartraining.ca Lec: 1
Conventional: electrical power generation, transmission/distribution & utilization
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Transformer: steps voltage
up and down as required
Generation, transmission, distribution & utilization – source: www.science.smith.edu
Electrical & RE Systems Overview
Workshop: 5D PVI www.solartraining.ca Lec: 1
Conventional: electrical power generation, transmission/distribution & utilization
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Conventionally:
Power flow from generation
utilization (unidirectional)
Grid use reclosers, breakers,
sectionalizes for protection &
faulty system isolation
Generation, transmission, distribution & utilization – source: Electric Machinery and Power System Fundamentals – Theodore Wildi
Electrical & RE Systems Overview
Workshop: 5D PVI www.solartraining.ca Lec: 1
Photovoltaic (PV) Systems: Off-Grid, On-Grid & Hybrid
Off-Grid
Standalone PV system – Not connected to utility/grid (aka Local Distribution Company)
Direct Current (DC), Alternating Current (AC), or DC-AC PV systems
PV panels (or modules), Battery, Charger, Inverter, Load
Inverter can be Square Wave, Modified Square Wave or Sine Wave Type
On-Grid / Grid Tied / Utility Interactive
Same as Off-Grid but:
Connected to LDC
Use Pure Sine Wave Inverter
Hybrid
Operates On-Grid as well Off-Grid
Hybrid Inverter required
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Sun energy has 2 components: heat
& light
PV Module converts sun-light into
DC electricity
Heat increase losses system
operating at cooler temperature
perform better
Electrical & RE Systems Overview
Workshop: 5D PVI www.solartraining.ca Lec: 1
Off-Grid PV System
8
Local load can be AC, DC, or both
AC & DC
Battery storage is usually employed
Simplest Off-Grid system is PV
panel & load directly connected
Connecting load through Charger
&/or Inverter is recommended for
relaiballe operation & battery life
Electrical & RE Systems Overview
Workshop: 5D PVI www.solartraining.ca Lec: 1
On-Grid PV System
9
On-grid system is required to
disconnect from grid when grid is not
healthy (aka Anti-Islanding)
Grid health is determined by grid
voltage (V) & frequency (f)
PV system disconnects at under/over
V & under/over f
Inverter is required to ensure grid
health ( normal V & f) for 5 minutes
(300 second) before injecting power
into grid
Battery & charger optional in On-
Grid system
Electrical & RE Systems Overview
Workshop: 5D PVI www.solartraining.ca Lec: 1
Renewable (RE): electrical power generation, transmission/distribution & utilization
Generation
Low voltage levels (usually 120V to 690V)
Solid State Power Electronic Converters run by
Renewable Energy resources Wind, PV, etc.
Transmission
Existing grid voltage levels
Distribution
Existing grid voltage levels
Utilization
DC, AC, or Both
Local or exported to grid for remote use
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Generation & utilization can be DC or AC
Transmission & distribution is AC – though DC
seems to be the future
PCC / POC voltage matched by transformer
Utility connection may require additional
upgrades or changes direct result of reverse
power flow
Electrical & RE Systems Overview
Workshop: 5D PVI www.solartraining.ca Lec: 1
Feed In Tariff (FIT), Net Metering (NM)
FIT - On-Grid system
All generated power exported to grid (none used locally)
Paid per defined Tariff for KWH produced (usually monthly)
Generation metering required (usually unidirectional)
Sized per local regulations
NM - On-Grid system
Generated power consumed/used locally first
Deficient power retrieved from grid
Excess power exported to grid (grid used for storage)
May or may not get paid for excess KWH but has to pay for energy consumed from grid
Generation & consumption metering required (usually bidirectional or two meters)
Sized per local load consumptions (local consumption analysis recommended for sizing)
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DC/AC Ratio = 1 – 1.4
Storage cycle is 11 months usually
Excess at the end of 11 month cycles is either
not paid or paid at defined rate (marginal)
Battery use is optional
Size optimization is recommended
Electrical & RE Systems Overview
Workshop: 5D PVI www.solartraining.ca Lec: 1
RE Systems Applications, Market & Future
Applications
Space (International space station, communication satellites)
Consumer electronics (Calculators, Watches)
Transportation (Road signs, Railway signals)
Portable applications (Stage, Mobile Power, RV’s)
Rural (health clinics, water pumps)
Remote Communities (power, heating, cooling)
Lighting (Street lights, buildings)
Market/Career
Sales, marketing, procurement
Engineers, designers, assemblers
Contractors, electricians, installers
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Medical Emergency System, PV on Camel – Source: Inhabitat
Electrical & RE Systems Overview
Workshop: 5D PVI www.solartraining.ca Lec: 1
RE Systems Applications, Market & Future
Market/Career
Financing, accounting, project management
Regulators, inspectors
Teachers, instructors
Future –
driven by
Global warming & environmental concerns
Grids expensive restructuring/upgrades
Fossil fuel reserves depletion
Energy independence and security
Cushion against rising energy prices
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Quaid-e-Azam, Pakistan (1000 MW, 4M Panel) – Source: Wikipedia
Alcatraz, CA (307kW, 2kAH Bat) – Source: NREL