Electric Vehicles as Enablers of Sustainable Future Energy Systems

Jurica Babicsociallab.science/jurica.babic

University of Zagreb

Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing

CROATIA

April 2016, Zagreb, CROATIA

Outline

• Breaking down the title

• Why should we care?

• Do we care?

• Electric Vehicle – a disruptive technology

• Can EVs enable sustainable future energy systems?

April 2016 INNOSOC ZAGREB 2016 WORKSHOP 2

Breaking Down the Title (1):Electric Vehicles as Enablers of Sustainable Future Energy Systems

Energy System

• Focus on electricity (power)

• Generation, transmission, distribution, consumption

Electric Vehicles

• Focus on cars

• Electric motor (highly efficient)

• Zero tailpipe emissions

April 2016 INNOSOC ZAGREB 2016 WORKSHOP 3

Electric Power SystemTesla Model S

Breaking Down the Title (2):Electric Vehicles as Enablers of Sustainable Future Energy Systems

Sustainable Future Energy System

• Carbon-neutral

• Renewables

• Energy efficient

• Paradigm shift:• Centralized system

• Decentralized system

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Why should we care?

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The way we produce and consume energy = BAD• Climate change

• Depleting fossils (coal, gas)

• Large societal problem

• Large-scale sustainable challenges

• Cannot be solved by one discipline alone• Stakeholders from politics, industries, and science to still

at the same table

• Renewables = high volatility, unpredictable output

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How do we facilitate transition from vertically integrated

industry towards decentralizedindustry?

Technology, right?

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Technology requirements

SMART GRID

• Two-way flows of energy

• Two-way flows of information = ICT

• More than 10-year old concept

• Smart meters, do you have it?

Real-life deployment?

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Multi-layered conceptual model of a smart grid

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9

Real-life deployment?

Wordcloud for a Toward a Smart

Grid by S. Massoud Amin and Bruce F. Wollenberg (IEEE Power and Energy Magazine, 2005)

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„YOU’VE GOT TO START WITH THE

CUSTOMER EXPERIENCE

AND WORK BACKWARDS TO THE

TECHNOLOGY”

- Steve Jobs, Apple Inc CEO, 1997

Do we care?

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People’s view on energy:RECENT PAST and PRESENT (1)• Energy seen just as a commodity

• Available & reliable

• We do not care how the energy is produced

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California blackout, 2001

People’s view on energy:RECENT PAST and PRESENT (2)

People’s view on energy:PRESENT (1)

Emotionalization of energy

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Fukushima Nuclear Disaster, 2011Outcome: freeze to new nuclear plant development worldwide

People’s view on energy:PRESENT (2)

Emotionalization of energy

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Croatians against coal-based power plant PLOMIN C in Istria

Germany, among world leaders in renewable energy => 33% electricity from wind and solar

People’s view on energy:FUTURE (1)• Decentralization of energy seen as a crucial aspect

to address climate change.

• Similarities with Internet, anyone? • decentralizing computing power

• cloud services etc.

ROLE SWITCH

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PAST/PRESENT

END-CONSUMER

FUTUREPROSUMER

Producer & consumer

People’s view on energy:FUTURE (2)

„A way to put communities in charge of their own energy future”

• Active participation in energy landscape• Wind generation

• Solars on rooftoops

• Multiplier benefits:• source of energy

• source of economic development

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Electric VehicleA disruptive force or what?

Disruptive forces:Internet (90s), smart phones (2000s) etc.

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5th Avenue, New York City, 1900

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5th Avenue, New York City, 1913

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Electric Vehicles?Why?

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Energy efficiency…

Zero tailpipe emissions

* Infographics from the book Our Car as Power Plant(http://goo.gl/mlje4t),

Ad van Wijk & Leendert Verhoef

https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/2.0/

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What is the energy efficiency (in %) of your

car?

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* Infographics from the book Our Car as Power Plant(http://goo.gl/mlje4t),

Ad van Wijk & Leendert Verhoef

https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/2.0/

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Well-to-Wheel efficiency = less

than 3 %

EV types (1)

Battery Electric Vehicle(BEV)

Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV)

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Nisan LEAF Toyota Prius

EV types (2)

Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle(PHEV)

Fuel Cell Vehicle(FCV)

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Chevrolet Volt Toyota Mirai

Electric Vehicle Types – a Comparison

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2-3.5 euros EV costs per 100 km, what about your car?

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1.4%EV market share, EU average

Battery costBattery is the most expensive part of an EV

GOOD NEWS: prices are coming down

12%, 4%New sales in Norway and the Netherlands

EVs in Croatia

Incentives = Up to 40% discount

- max 70 000 kn for an EV

- max 30 000 kn for a PHEV

2015:• 1.5M cars

• 156 EVs

• 70 PHEVs

EV market share, EU average: 1.4%

Nikola Tesla EV Rally Croatia 2016

Charger infrastructure map –www.puni.hr/

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Rimac Automobili – Concept One (high performance car)

DOK-ING XD

How does your country support EV market

uptake?… Case study group 1 will report on situation from Croatia, Spain, Slovakia, Hungary and Romania …

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Let’s Innovate:Flying Cars

What do you think?

Possible?

Concerns?

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SWOT ANALYSIS

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EVs and Sustainable Future Energy SystemsIs there a match?

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Virtual Power Plant – aggregate small producers in a large entity

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Two-way flows of communication and

energy

Virtual Power Plant (VPP)

Distribution network

IndustryBuildings, commercial, DER

Distributed energy resource (DER)

Distributed energy resource (DER)

Transmission network endpoint

Wind turbineSolar

Storage

Combined heat and power (CHP)

Electric vehicle (EV)

PROSUMER:- consumes when

driving- stores excess

energy from the grid

Let’s Innovate:Cars as Powerplant

What do you think?

Why?

Doable?

Concerns?

April 2016 INNOSOC ZAGREB 2016 WORKSHOP 37

instead ofcar conventional powerplant

SWOT ANALYSIS

Virtual Power Plant – just a fiction or reality?YOUTUBE TIME!

• Car sharing company, car2go:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jvAWtV4Bp1U

• Car as Powerplant, Hydrogen vision:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZNrhOLq3JFE

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MeCcxT1H_nE

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Smart Parking Lot

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Parking lot

EVsElectricity market

Motivation: missing charging infrastructureintelligent decision making

Case Study: Melbourne’s Public Parking Lots

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• Input data

• Melbourne’s public parking lots

• Australia Energy Market Operator

Input data Simulation

Parameters

Output data

• Parameters

– Willingness to pay

– Number of chargers

– Type of chargers

• Output data

– Annual profit

Smart Parking Lot

• Using analytics to answer the following questions regarding chargers in parking lots:• How many chargers?

• What type of chargers?

• What is the payback period?

• Take-home messages• Parking lots are natural solutions to the increasing

demand for charging stations

• Simulations to generate relevant data

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Conclusion

• Energy challenge, large-scale societal problem

• Sustainable future energy system = decentralization

• Human-centric perspective is crucial• Get a sense of what customer needs but do not neglect

the power of innovation

• EV is a disruptive technology

• EV as enabler of sustainable future energy system• Virtual Power Plant

• Smart Parking Lot

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„FAILURE IS AN OPTION HERE. IF

THINGS ARE NOT FAILING, YOU ARE

NOT INNOVATING ENOUGH”

- Elon Musk, Tesla Motors CEO

This document has been prepared for the European Commission however it reflects the views only of the authors, and the

Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein.