Post on 11-Jul-2020
International Silage ConferenceInternational Silage Conference 22--4 July 2012 4 July 2012 -- Hämeenlinna, FinlandHämeenlinna, Finland
Effect of silo management factors on aerobicEffect of silo management factors on aerobicEffect of silo management factors on aerobic Effect of silo management factors on aerobic stability and extent of spoilagestability and extent of spoilage
i f i ili f i ilin farm maize silagesin farm maize silages
Giorgio Borreani and Ernesto TabaccoGiorgio Borreani and Ernesto Tabacco
Dip. di Agronomia, Selvicoltura e Gestione del TerritorioUniversity of Turin - ITALY
Dip. di Agronomia, Selvicoltura e Gestione del TerritorioUniversity of Turin - ITALY
The aerobic deterioration of silages The aerobic deterioration of silages
DMDM losseslosses (various(various authorsauthors sincesince 19641964;; McDonaldMcDonald etet alal..,, 19911991))
reductionreduction inin animalanimal performanceperformance ((WithlockWithlock etet alal..,, 20002000))
riskrisk forfor animalanimal healthhealth duedue toto mycotoxinsmycotoxins andand biogenicbiogenic
aminesamines ((Woolford,Woolford, 19901990;; Wilkinson,Wilkinson, 19991999))
ListeriaListeria andand otherother pathogenspathogens ((FenlonFenlon andand Wilson,Wilson, 19911991))
l t idil t idi t tht th ((ViVi tt ll 20072007 T bT b tt ll clostridiaclostridia sporespore outgrowthoutgrowth ((VissersVissers etet alal..,, 20072007;; TabaccoTabacco etet alal..,,
20092009))))
BacillusBacillus andand PaenibacillusPaenibacillus sporesspores ((TeTe GiffelGiffel etet alal..,, 20022002))
What is the health status of the silage during What is the health status of the silage during consumption?consumption?consumption?consumption?
VisibleVisible Spoiled with visible mouldSpoiled with visible mould
spoiled with yeast or spoiled with yeast or AcetobacterAcetobacter spp. spp. developmentdevelopment
InvisibleInvisible
developmentdevelopment
increase in silage temperatureincrease in silage temperatureInvisibleInvisible
well conserved silagewell conserved silagegghigh feeding valuehigh feeding value
Aim to identify the extent ofAim to identify the extent ofaerobic deterioration in farm silosaerobic deterioration in farm silosaerobic deterioration in farm silosaerobic deterioration in farm silos
VisibleVisiblemoulded areasmoulded areas
InvisibleInvisiblespoiled areasspoiled areas
Well conserved Well conserved silagesilage
Line of increased temperature Line of increased temperature due to microbial activitydue to microbial activity
Yeast count and silage temperature at the silo faceYeast count and silage temperature at the silo face
YYYeast countYeast count
Visible moulded areasVisible moulded areas
TemperatureTemperature
AimsAimsAimsAims
•• toto quantifyquantify thethe extentextent ofof aerobicaerobic deteriorationdeterioration ofofq yq y
maizemaize silagessilages onon commercialcommercial farmsfarms inin NorthernNorthern
ItalyItaly
•• toto definedefine goodgood managementmanagement practicespractices thatthat
shouldshould bebe appliedapplied asas thethe basisbasis forfor safesafe silagesilage
productionproduction
Materials and MethodsMaterials and MethodsMaterials and MethodsMaterials and Methods
•• sixsix yearsyears ((20052005--20102010)) ofof datadata collectioncollection inin 107107 farmsfarmssixsix yearsyears ((20052005 20102010)) ofof datadata collectioncollection inin 107107 farmsfarms
breedingbreeding ItalianItalian FriesianFriesian cowscowsgg
•• winterwinter andand summersummer maizemaize silagesilage samplingsampling
•• representativerepresentative samplessamples fromfrom silagesilage core,core, peripheralperipheral
areasareas andand visiblevisible mouldedmoulded spotsspots (if(if present)present)
•• silagesilage analysesanalyses forfor pH,pH, lacticlactic acid,acid, VFA,VFA, yeastyeast andand
mouldmould
Materials and MethodsMaterials and MethodsMaterials and MethodsMaterials and Methods
•• measuremeasure ofof linearlinear feedfeed--outout raterate ofof thethe workingworking•• measuremeasure ofof linearlinear feedfeed--outout raterate ofof thethe workingworking
facefacefaceface
•• measuremeasure ofof temperaturestemperatures atat variousvarious depthsdepths intointomeasuremeasure ofof temperaturestemperatures atat variousvarious depthsdepths intointo
thethe workingworking facefacethethe workingworking faceface
•• measuremeasure ofof thethe extensionextension ofof thethe visiblevisible mouldedmouldedeasu eeasu e oo ee e e s oe e s o oo ee s b es b e ou dedou ded
areasareas onon thethe silosilo feedfeed--outout faceface
Extent of mouldy spoilage in farm maize silages Extent of mouldy spoilage in farm maize silages in Northern Italyin Northern Italy
Winter seasonWinter season Summer seasonSummer season
46%46%10%10%
29%29%
44%44%42%42%29%29%
More 10%More 10% 22--10% spoiled10% spoiled Less 2% spoiledLess 2% spoiled
DM losses and mould count in maize silageDM losses and mould count in maize silageat farm levelat farm levelat farm levelat farm level
80
100
))
Visible mould on silageVisible mould on silage
60
80
ses
(%)
ses
(%)
40
DM
loss
DM
loss
RR22 = 0.8629= 0.8629
0
20DD
01.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0
Mould count (log CFU/g silage)Mould count (log CFU/g silage)Mould count (log CFU/g silage)Mould count (log CFU/g silage)
Removal rates from bunkers and pilesRemoval rates from bunkers and piles
Measured in meters per week rangedMeasured in meters per week rangedfrom 0.32 to 2.69 m in summerfrom 0.32 to 2.69 m in summerfrom 0.24 to 3.15 m in winterfrom 0.24 to 3.15 m in winter
Silo face visibly moulded in relation with feedSilo face visibly moulded in relation with feed--out rate:out rate:
WINTER CONSUMPTIONWINTER CONSUMPTION
Mouldy areas below 2%Mouldy areas below 2%
2020
ed (%
)ed
(%)
1212
1616
y m
ould
ey
mou
lde
44
88
ce v
isib
lyce
vis
ibly
000.00.0 0.40.4 0.80.8 1.21.2 1.61.6 2.02.0 2.42.4 2.82.8 3.23.2Silo
fac
Silo
fac
1.01.0
Weekly feedWeekly feed--out rate from the silo face (m)out rate from the silo face (m)
Silo face visibly moulded in relation with feedSilo face visibly moulded in relation with feed--out rate:out rate:
SUMMER CONSUMPTIONSUMMER CONSUMPTION
Mouldy areas below 2%Mouldy areas below 2%
2020
ed (%
)ed
(%)
1212
1616
y m
ould
ey
mou
lde
44
88
ce v
isib
lyce
vis
ibly
000.00.0 0.40.4 0.80.8 1.21.2 1.61.6 2.02.0 2.42.4 2.82.8 3.23.2Silo
fac
Silo
fac
Weekly feedWeekly feed--out rate from the silo face (m)out rate from the silo face (m)
Some further considerationsSome further considerations2020
Summer consumption
Winter consumption1616
Winter consumption
ed (%
)ed
(%)
Minimum feed-out rate
1212
y m
ould
ey
mou
lde
Good silo management
88
ace
visi
blac
e vi
sibl Good silo management
practices!
44Silo
faSi
lo fa
000 00 0 0 50 5 1 01 0 1 51 5 2 02 0 2 52 5 3 03 0 3 53 50.00.0 0.50.5 1.01.0 1.51.5 2.02.0 2.52.5 3.03.0 3.53.5
Weekly removal rate from the silo face (m)Weekly removal rate from the silo face (m)
Strategies to prevent aerobic deterioration Strategies to prevent aerobic deterioration at farm levelat farm level
Packing downPacking down fresh forage when filling the silofresh forage when filling the silo
Oxygen barrier filmsOxygen barrier films to cover silageto cover silage
Weigh downWeigh down shoulder and top sheetsshoulder and top sheets
AdditivesAdditives and and inoculuminoculum typestypes
Type of plastic cover: Oxygen barrier filmsType of plastic cover: Oxygen barrier films(temperature profile)(temperature profile)
Barrier film (120Barrier film (120 m)m) PE film (150PE film (150 mm))Barrier film (120 Barrier film (120 m)m) PE film (150 PE film (150 mm))
Maize silage:Maize silage:Maize silage:Maize silage:summer consumptionsummer consumption18 cm/day = 1 26 m/wk18 cm/day = 1 26 m/wk18 cm/day = 1.26 m/wk18 cm/day = 1.26 m/wk
See Poster no. 66 (Borreani and Tabacco)
Weigh down shoulder and top sheetsWeigh down shoulder and top sheetsgravel (150 kg/mgravel (150 kg/m22)) tyres (30 kg/mtyres (30 kg/m22))
Maize silage:Maize silage:summer consumptionsummer consumption15 cm/day = 1.05 m/wk15 cm/day = 1.05 m/wk
Silo wall and packing density effectSilo wall and packing density effect
Maize silage:Maize silage:Maize silage:Maize silage:summer consumptionsummer consumption17 cm/day = 1.19 m/wk17 cm/day = 1.19 m/wk
Seasonal recommended feedSeasonal recommended feed--out ratesout rates(m/week) in dairy areas around the world(m/week) in dairy areas around the world(m/week) in dairy areas around the world(m/week) in dairy areas around the world
Latitude Winter Summer
The Netherlands (Visserset al., 2007) 51°N 1.00 1.50
North Dakota(Schroeder, 2004) 47°N 1 05 2 10North Dakota (Sc oede , 00 ) 47 N 1.05 2.10
Italy 45°N 1.05 1.60
Wisconsin (Muck and Pitt, 1993) 44°N 1.10 2.10
Kansas (Berger and Bolsen, 2006) 38°N 1.35 2.15
Israel (Weinberg, 2003) 31°N 1.40 2.10
Recommended silage feedRecommended silage feed--out rates in relation out rates in relation with environmental temperatureswith environmental temperatureswith environmental temperatureswith environmental temperatures
2.52.5
2.02.0e (m
)e
(m)
Present surveyPresent survey
1 51 5
2.02.0
dd--ou
t rat
out r
at International dataInternational data
1.51.5
kly
feed
kly
feed
RR22 = 0.84= 0.84
1.01.0
Wee
kW
eek
0.50.5--1010 --22 66 1414 2222 3030
Seasonal mean temperature (Seasonal mean temperature (°°C)C)
In conclusionIn conclusionco c us oco c us o
•• ThisThis studystudy onon maizemaize silagessilages underlinesunderlines thethe importanceimportance•• ThisThis studystudy onon maizemaize silages,silages, underlinesunderlines thethe importanceimportance
ofof couplingcoupling highhigh feedfeed--outout ratesrates withwith carefulcareful silosilop gp g gg
managementmanagement inin orderorder toto controlcontrol aerobicaerobic deteriorationdeterioration
•• DefiningDefining thethe correctcorrect sizesize ofof silossilos atat farmfarm levellevel isis thethe
mainmain factorfactor thatthat couldcould preventprevent aerobicaerobic spoilagespoilage
ThTh i t li t l t tt t tt bb thth•• TheThe environmentalenvironmental temperaturetemperature seemsseems toto bebe thethe
drivingdriving factorfactor inin sizingsizing silossilos forfor differentdifferent areasareas andanddrivingdriving factorfactor inin sizingsizing silossilos forfor differentdifferent areasareas andand
seasonsseasons
Thank you for your attention!Thank you for your attention!