Post on 20-Mar-2020
Yearbookof Intensive Careand EmergencyMedicine 2007Edited by J.-L. Vincent
With 192 Figures and 82 Tables
Jean-Louis Vincent, MD, PhD, FCCM, FCCPHead, Department of Intensive CareErasme HospitalFree University of BrusselsRoute de Lennik 8081070 BrusselsBelgium
ISBN 0-387-49517-7 Printed on acid-free paper.ISBN 978-0387-49517-0
ˇ 2007 Springer Science + Business Media Inc.
All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part withoutthe written permission of the publisher (Springer Science+Business Media, Inc., 223 SpringStreet, New York, NY 10013, USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews orscholarly analysis. Use in connection with any form of information storage and retrieval, elec-tronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known orhereafter developed is forbidden.
The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks, and similar terms,even if they are not identified as such, is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as towhether or not they are subject to proprietary rights.
Printed in Germany
9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
springer.com
Table of Contents
Biomarkers
The Diagnosis of Sepsis: The Present and the Future . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3A.S. McLean, B. Tang, and S.J. Huang
Procalcitonin: Nice to know, Need to know, or Needs further Research? . . . . . . 10J.-U. Jensen, J. Løken, and T. Mohr
Diagnostic and Prognostic Value of Hormokines as Biomarkersin Severe Infections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
M. Christ-Crain and B. Müller
Novel Biomarkers and the Outcome from Critical Illness and Major Surgery . . 32D. Fallaha, G. Hillis, and B.H. Cuthbertson
Molecular Approaches to Detection of Bacteria in Critical Care Patients . . . . . . 44J.L. Flanagan, S.V. Lynch, and J. Wiener-Kronish
Sepsis and Infection: Management
Understanding and Optimizing Outcome in Neonates with Sepsisand Septic Shock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
K.N. Haque
Effects of Vasoactive Agents on the Gastrointestinal Microcirculationin Septic Shock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
J. Pottecher, S. Deruddre, and J. Duranteau
Hemodynamic Effects of Activated Protein C in Septic Shock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75N. Sennoun, O. Desebbe, and B. Levy
Adrenomedullin in the Treatment of Cardiovascular Dysfunction and Sepsis . . 81C. Ertmer, H. Van Aken, and M. Westphal
Antioxidants for the Treatment of Endothelial Dysfunction in Critical Illness . . 96B. Mullan, M. Duffy, and D. McAuley
Plasma Cortisol: Time to look Deeper? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106J. Cohen, J. Prins, and B. Venkatesh
Glucose Control and Monitoring in the ICU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113C. De Block and P. Rogiers
Severe Lung Infections
Current Concepts of Severe Pneumococcal Community-acquired Pneumonia . . 133M. Lujan, C. Munoz-Almagro, and J. Rello
Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit . . . . . . . 145M.C.J. Kneyber and F.B. Plötz
Pneumocystis Pneumonia in Non-AIDS Immunocompromised Patients . . . . . . . 157G. Bollee, S. de Miranda, and E. Azoulay
Mechanisms of Organ Dysfunction
The Role of Neutrophil-Derived Myeloperoxidase in Organ Dysfunctionand Sepsis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
N.S. MacCallum, G.J. Quinlan, and T.W. Evans
Are Mitochondria Responsible for Improved Outcomes in Recent Studies? . . . . 188A. Johnston and T. Whitehouse
The Impact of Chronic Disease on Response to Infection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197M.C. Reade, E.B. Milbrandt, and D.C. Angus
Immunomodulatory Effects of General Anesthetics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208L.C. Lemaire and T. van der Poll
Critical Illness Stress-induced Immune Suppression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217J.A. Carcillo
Transcription Factors and Nuclear Cofactors in Muscle Wasting . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229P.-O. Hasselgren
Organ Dysfunction in the ICU: A Clinical Perspective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238Y. Sakr, C. Sponholz, and K. Reinhart
Lipids
Sphingolipid Metabolism in Systemic Inflammation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249H.P. Deigner, E. Gulbins, and R.A. Claus
Statins in Sepsis and Acute Lung Injury . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267M. van der Heijden, A.B.J. Groeneveld, and G.P. van Nieuw Amerongen
Potential Mechanisms by which Statins Modulate the Developmentof Acute Lung Injury . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276
T. Craig, C. O’Kane, and D. McAuley
Acute Lung Injury
Matrix Metalloproteinases in Acute Lung Injury . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291G.M. Albaiceta and A. Fueyo
The Role of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor in Lung Injury and Repair . . . 299J. Varet and A.B. Millar
VI Table of Contents
Cell Regeneration in Lung Injury . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310Z. Bromberg, C.S. Deutschman, and Y.G. Weiss
The Extracellular Matrix of the Lung: The Forgotten Friend! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320P. Pelosi, P. Severgnini, and P.R. Rocco
Mechanical Ventilation
Advances in Translaryngeal Tube Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337P.J. Young and M.C. Blunt
Is one Fixed Level of Assist Sufficient to Mechanically Ventilate SpontaneouslyBreathing Patients? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348
C. Sinderby, L. Brander, and J. Beck
Patient-ventilator Interaction During Non-invasive Ventilation with theHelmet Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 358
O. Moerer, C. Sinderby, and F. Brunet
Protective Ventilation in Respiratory Failure
Dynamic Lung Imaging Techniques in Mechanically Ventilated Patients . . . . . . 371I. Cinel, S. Jean, and R.P. Dellinger
Can We Protect the Lung from Acute Injury? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381B. Beck-Schimmer, D.R. Spahn, and T.A. Neff
Rationale for High-Frequency Oscillation as a Primary Lung-Protective Modein Patients with ALI/ARDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 388
H. Quiroz-Martinez and N.D. Ferguson
The Role of Protective Ventilation in Cardiac Surgery Patients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 398D. Gommers and D. dos Reis Miranda
Alveolar Pressure/volume Curves Reflect Regional Lung Mechanics . . . . . . . . . . 407O. Stenqvist and H. Odenstedt
Cardiovascular Topics
Cardiovascular Surgery in the Aging World . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417S. Wan and M.J. Underwood
Intensive Care Unit Arrhythmias . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 431S. M. Hollenberg
Diastolic (Dys)Function in Sepsis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 444D.J. Sturgess, T.H. Marwick, and B. Venkatesh
Autonomic Dysfunction: A Relevant Component in Multiple Organ DysfunctionSyndrome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 455
H. Schmidt, U. Müller-Werdan, and K. Werdan
Table of Contents VII
Hemodynamic Monitoring
The Use of Hemodynamic Monitoring to Improve Patient Outcomes . . . . . . . . . 471J. Wilson, M. Cecconi, and A. Rhodes
Using Mathematical Models to Improve the Utility of Quantitative ICU Data . . 479S. Zenker, G. Clermont, and M.R. Pinsky
The Meaning of Hemodynamic Monitoring in Patients with Shock:Role of Echocardiography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 493
A. Vieillard-Baron
Transpulmonary Thermodilution for Advanced Cardiorespiratory Monitoring . . 501F. J. Belda, G. Aguilar, and A. Perel
Using Heart-Lung Interactions for Functional Hemodynamic Monitoring:Important Factors beyond Preload . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 511
J.C. Kubitz and D.A. Reuter
Diagnosis of Central Hypovolemia in a Spontaneously Breathing Patient . . . . . . 520N. Airapetian, J. Maizel, and M. Slama
Assessment of Fluid Responsiveness in a Spontaneously Breathing Patient . . . . 531J.-L. Teboul, B. Lamia, and X. Monnet
Passive Leg Raising . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 542X. Monnet, C. Richard, and J.-L. Teboul
Extravascular Lung Water Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 549B. Maddison, T. Best, and R.M. Pearse
Intravenous Fluid Therapy
Fluid Management in Sepsis: Colloids or Crystalloids? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 563G. Marx, T. Schuerholz, and K. Reinhart
Balanced Volume Replacement Strategy: Fact or Fiction? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 574J. Boldt
Renal Failure
Cystatin C as a Marker of Renal Function in Critically Ill Patients at Riskof or with Acute Renal Failure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 583
A.A.N.M. Royakkers, M.J. Schultz, and P.E. Spronk
Adjustment of Antimicrobial Regimen in Critically Ill Patients UndergoingContinuous Renal Replacement Therapy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 592
D. Kuang and C. Ronco
Abdominal Pathologies
Abdominal Compartment Syndrome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 609M.L.N.G. Malbrain, N. Van Regenmortel, and M.L. Cheatham
VIII Table of Contents
Gut Absorption Capacity in the Critically Ill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 627M.M. Berger, L. Soguel Alexander, and R.L. Chiolero
The Liver
Critical Illness and the Hepatic Microcirculation: A Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 643B. van der Hoven, D. Gommers, and J. Bakker
The Hepatic Response to Severe Injury . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 651M.G. Jeschke and D.N. Herndon
The Management of Liver Trauma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 666A.B. Cresswell, M.J. Bowles, and J.A. Wendon
The Pathology and Management of Intracranial Hypertension in AcuteLiver Failure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 678
N. Murphy
Neurological Issues
Continuous EEG Monitoring In the ICU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 693P. Mellado, J. Diedler, and T. Steiner
The Acute and Chronic Management of Large Cerebral Infarcts . . . . . . . . . . . . . 705E.M. Manno, A.R. Rabinstein, and E.F.M. Wijdicks
Cooling Therapies after Neuronal Injury: Direct Brain Cooling and SystemicHypothermia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 715
P.J.D. Andrews, E.L. Anderson, and M. Saxena
Non-traumatic Subarachnoid Hemorrhage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 721J.I. Suarez
Promising Concepts in Subarachnoid Hemorrhage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 732A.M. Naidech
Nitric Oxide Metabolism after Traumatic Brain Injury . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 739L. Rangel-Castilla and C.S. Robertson
Modulation of Blood Pressure in Traumatic Brain Injury . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 748M. Leone, P. Visintini, and C. Martin
The Delirious Patient in the ICU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 757K.H. Polderman and A.J.C. Slooter
Management of Burns
Emergency Room and Acute Care of the Critically Ill Burned Patient . . . . . . . . 767E. Bittner, L. Grecu, and J.A.J. Martyn
Early Manipulation of Metabolic Changes due to Severe Burns in Children . . . 778W.B. Norbury, M.G. Jeschke, and D.N. Herndon
Antithrombin in Burn Trauma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 791P. Enkhbaatar, L.D. Traber, and D.L. Traber
Table of Contents IX
Hematological Alterations
The Critically Ill Red Blood Cell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 799E. Almac and C. Ince
Red Blood Cell Transfusion in the Pediatric ICU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 813J. Lacroix, M. Tucci, and F. Gauvin
Thrombocytopenia in Intensive Care Patients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 823M. Levi, J.J. Hofstra, and S. Opal
Point-of-care Coagulation Monitoring: Current Status of Viscoelastic Techniques 834M.T. Ganter and C.K. Hofer
Monitoring of Hemostasis in Emergency Medicine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 847S. Kozek-Langenecker
Oral Anticoagulant Overdose and Bleeding Risk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 861C.J. Wiedermann
Does Sex Make a Difference?
Insight into the Mechanism of Gender-specific Response to Trauma-hemorrhage 869M.A. Choudhry, K.I. Bland, and I.H. Chaudry
Sex-Related Differences in Response to Global Ischemic Insult and Treatment . . 880J.G. Wigginton, P.E. Pepe, and A.H. Idris
Influence of Gender on Outcome of Severe Sepsis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 889C. Adrie, E. Azoulay, and J.-F. Timsit
Prognosis and Long-term Outcomes
The Changing Prognostic Determinants in the Critically Ill Patient . . . . . . . . . . 899R. Moreno, B. Jordan, and P. Metnitz
Chronic Critical Illness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 908S.L. Camhi and J.E. Nelson
To Be or not To Be ... Vegetative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 918M. Boly, A.M. Owen, and S. Laureys
Quality and Management
Intermediate Respiratory Care Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 929M. Ferrer and A. Torres
The Impact of Noise in the Intensive Care Unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 942R.J. Pugh, C. Jones, and R.D. Griffiths
Alarms: Transforming a Nuisance into a Reliable Tool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 950G. Murias, B. Sales, and L. Blanch
X Table of Contents
Ethical and Legal Dilemmas in Accessing Critical Care Services . . . . . . . . . . . . 958N.M. Danjoux and L. Hawryluck
Emergency Care for the VIP Patient . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 969E.C. Mariano and J.A. McLeod
Brain Death: Compliance, Consequences and Care of the Adult Donor . . . . . . 976D.J. Powner
Disasters
Update on Avian Influenza for Critical Care Physicians . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 989C. Sandrock
Critical Care Pandemic Preparedness Primer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 999M.D. Christian, S.E. Lapinsky, and T.E. Stewart
Pathobiology of Blast Injury . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1011A.M. Dennis and P.M. Kochanek
Personal Reflections on Emergency Preparedness and the Response to aMajor Natural Disaster: Hurricane Katrina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1023
N.E. McSwain Jr
Subject Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1030
Table of Contents XI
List of Contributors
Adrie CMedical-Surgical Intensive Care UnitDelafontaine Hospital2, rue du Dr Delafontaine93205 Saint DenisFrance
Aguilar GDepartment of Anesthesiologyand Critical CareUniversity HospitalAvenida Blasco Ibanez 1746010 ValenciaSpain
Airapetian NIntensive Care UnitDepartment of NephrologyCHU Sud80054 Amiens Cedex 1France
Albaiceta GMDepartment of Intensive CareUniversity Hospital Central de AsturiasCelestino Villamil s/n33006 OviedoSpain
Almac EClinical Physiology DepartmentAcademic Medical CenterMeibergdreef 91105 AZ AmsterdamNetherlands
Anderson ELDepartment of Anesthesia,Intensive Care, and Pain ManagementWestern General HospitalCrew Road SouthEdinburgh, EH4 2XUUnited Kingdom
Andrews PJDDepartment of Anesthesia, IntensiveCare and Pain ManagementWestern General HospitalCrew Road SouthEdinburgh, EH4 2XUUnited Kingdom
Angus DCDepartment of Critical CareUniversity of Pittsburgh School ofMedicine605 Scaife Hall3550 Terrace StreetPittsburgh, PA 15261United States
Azoulay EMedical Intensive Care UnitHopital St Louis1, avenue Claude Vellefaux75010 ParisFrance
Bakker JDepartment of Intensive Care,room H-602Erasmus University Medical CenterPO Box 20403000 CA RotterdamNetherlands
Beck JDepartment of PediatricsSt Michael’s Hospital30 Bond StreetToronto, ONM5B 1W8Canada
Beck-Schimmer BInstitute of AnesthesiologyUniversity HospitalRämistrasse 100, Hof E 1118091 ZurichSwitzerland
Belda FJDepartment of Anesthesiologyand Critical CareHospital Clinico UniversitarioAvenida Blasco Ibanez 1746010 ValenciaSpain
Berger MMDepartment of Intensive Careand Burns CenterCHUV BH-08.660Rue du Bugnon1011 LausanneSwitzerland
Best TDepartment of AnesthesiologyKings College Hospital NHS TrustDenmark HillLondon, SE5 9RSUnited Kingdom
Bittner EDepartment of Anesthesiaand Critical CareMassachusetts General Hospital55 Fruit StreetBoston, MA 02114United States
Blanch LCritical Care CenterInstitut Universitari Parc PauliParc Tauli s/n08208 SabadellSpain
Bland KICenter for Surgical ResearchThe University of Alabama1670 University BoulevardVolker Hall, Room G094Birmingham, AL 35294–0019United States
Blunt MDepartment of Critical CareQueen Elizabeth HospitalKing’s Lynn, PE30 4ETUnited Kingdom
Boldt JDepartment of Anesthesiologyand Intensive Care MedicineKlinikum der Stadt LudwigshafenBremserstrasse 7967063 LudwigshafenGermany
Bollee GMedical Intensive Care UnitHopital St Louis1, avenue Claude Vellefaux75010 ParisFrance
Boly MCyclotron Research Centerand Neurology DepartmentUniversity HospitalSart Tilman – B304000 LiegeBelgium
Bowles MJLiver Transplant Surgical ServiceInstitute of Liver StudiesKing’s College HospitalDenmark HillLondon, SE5 9RSUnited Kingdom
Brander LDepartment of Intensive CareUniversity Hospital Inselspital3010 BernSwitzerland
XIV List of Contributors
Bromberg ZDepartment of Anesthesiologyand Critical Care MedicineHadassah Medical OrganizationKiryat HadassahP.O Box 12000Jerusalem, 91120Israel
Brunet FDepartment of Critical CareRoom 4–012, Bond Wing30 Bond StreetToronto, ON M5B 1WCanada
Camhi SLDivision of Pulmonary, Critical Care,and Sleep MedicineMount Sinai School of MedicineBox 1232One Gustave L. Levy PlaceNew York, NY 10029United States
Carcillo JADepartment of Critical Care MedicineChildren’s Hospital3705 Fifth AvenuePittsburgh, PA 15213United States
Cecconi MGeneral Intensive Care UnitSt George’s HospitalBlackshaw RoadLondon, SW17 0QTUnited Kingdom
Chaudry IHCenter for Surgical ResearchThe University of Alabama1670 University BoulevardVolker Hall, Room G094Birmingham, AL 35294–0019United States
Cheatham MLDepartment of Surgical EducationOrlando Regional Medical Center86 West Underwood St.Suite 201Orlando, FL 32806United States
Chiolero RL.Department of Intensive Careand Burns CenterCHUV BH-08.660Rue du Bugnon1011 LausanneSwitzerland
Choudhry MACenter for Surgical ResearchThe University of Alabama1670 University BoulevardVolker Hall, Room G094Birmingham, AL 35294–0019United States
Christ-Crain MDepartment of Internal MedicineUniversity HospitalPetersgraben 44031 BaselSwitzerland
Christian MDDepartment of Infectious Diseasesand Critical CareMcMaster University1280 Main StreetHamilton, ON L8S 4L8Canada
Cinel IDepartment of Cardiovascular Diseasesand Critical Care MedicineCooper University HospitalOne Cooper PlazaDorrance Building, Suite 393Camden, NJ 08103United States
List of Contributors XV
Claus RADepartment of Anesthesiology andIntensive Care MedicineFriedrich-Schiller University HospitalErlanger Allee 10107747 JenaGermany
Clermont GDepartment of Critical Care MedicineUniversity of Pittsburgh School ofMedicine607 Scaife Hall3550 Terrace StreetPittsburgh, PA 15261United States
Cohen JDepartment of Intensive CareRoyal Brisbane HospitalHerston RoadHerston, QLD 4029Australia
Craig TDepartment of Clinical BiochemistryInstitute of Clinical ScienceQueen’s UniversityGrosvenor RoadBelfast, BT12 6BJUnited Kingdom
Cresswell ABLiver Transplant Surgical ServiceInstitute of Liver StudiesKing’s College HospitalDenmark HillLondon, SE5 9RSUnited Kingdom
Cuthbertson BHHealth Services Research UnitAberdeen HospitalForesterhillAberdeen, AB25 2ZDUnited Kingdom
Danjoux NMPolicy Analyst – Critical Care StrategyMinistry of Health and Long-Term Care585 University Avenue NCSB 11C-1165Toronto, ON M5G 2N2Canada
De Block CDepartment of Diabetology,Metabolism, and Clinical NutritionUniversity HospitalWilrijkstraat 102650 EdegemBelgium
Deigner HPDepartment of Anesthesiology andIntensive Care MedicineUniversity Hospital Friedrich-Schiller-UniversityErlanger Allee 10107747 JenaGermany
Dellinger RPDepartment of Critical Care MedicineCooper University HospitalOne Cooper PlazaDorrance Building, Suite 393Camden, NJ 08103United States
de Miranda SMedical Intensive Care UnitHopital St Louis1, avenue Claude Vellefaux75010 ParisFrance
Dennis AMDepartment of Critical Care MedicineUniversity of Pittsburgh3434 Fifth AvenuePittsburgh, PA 15260United States
Deruddre SDepartment of Anesthesiologyand Surgical Intensive CareCentre Hospitalier Universitaire deBicetre78 avenue du General Leclerc94270 Le Kremlin-BicetreFrance
XVI List of Contributors
Desebbe OMedical Intensive Care UnitHopital de BraboisTour Drouet 654500 Vandoeuvre les NancyFrance
Deutschman CDepartment of Anesthesiology andCritical CareUniversity of Pennsylvania School ofMedicine3400 Spruce StreetPhiladelphia, PA 19104–4283United States
Diedler JNeurological Intensive Care UnitUniversity HospitalIm Neuenheimer Feld 40069120 HeidelbergGermany
dos Reis Miranda DDepartment of Intensive Care,room H-602Erasmus University Medical CenterPO Box 20403000 CA RotterdamNetherlands
Duffy MRegional Intensive Care UnitRoyal Group of HospitalsGrosvenor RoadBelfast, BT12 6BAUnited Kingdom
Duranteau JDepartment of Anesthesiologyand Surgical Intensive CareCentre Hospitalier Universitaire deBicetre78 avenue du General Leclerc94270 Le Kremlin-BicetreFrance
Enkhbaatar PDepartment of AnesthesiologyUniversity of Texas Medical Branch610 Texas AvenueGalveston, TX 77555United States
Ertmer CDepartment of Anesthesiology andIntensive CareUniversity HospitalAlbert-Schweitzer-Str. 3348149 MuensterGermany
Evans TWDepartment of Critical CareRoyal Brompton HospitalSydney StreetLondon SW3 6NPUnited Kingdom
Fallaha DDepartment of Intensive CareAberdeen HospitalForesterhillAberdeen, AB25 2ZDUnited Kingdom
Ferguson NDDepartment of Critical CareToronto Western Hospital399 Bathurst Street, F2–150Toronto, ON M5T 2S8Canada
Ferrer MDepartment of PneumologyHospital ClinicVillarroel 170080036 BarcelonaSpain
Flanagan JLDepartment of Anesthesiaand Perioperative CareUniversity of CaliforniaBox 0542; Room Science 255513 Parnassus AvenueSan Francisco, CA 94143United States
Fueyo ADepartment of Functional BiologyInstituto Universitario de Oncologia delPrincipado de AsturiasUniversidad de OviedoOviedoSpain
List of Contributors XVII
Ganter MTDepartment of Anesthesiaand Perioperative CareUniversity of California1001 Potrero Avenue, Room 3c-38San Francisco, CA 94110United States
Gauvin FDivision of Pediatric Critical CareMedicineSainte-Justine Hospital3175 Cote Sainte-CatherineMontreal, QB H3T 1C5Canada
Gommers DDepartment of Intensive Care,room H-602Erasmus University Medical CenterPO Box 20403000 CA RotterdamNetherlands
Grecu LDepartment of Anesthesia and CriticalCareMassachusetts General Hospital55 Fruit StreetBoston, MA 02114United States
Griffiths RDDivision of Metabolic and CellularMedicineSchool of Clinical ScienceDuncan Building, UCDUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpool, LK69 3GAUnited Kingdom
Groeneveld ABJDepartment of Adult Intensive CareInstitute for Cardiovascular ResearchVU University Medical CenterPO Box 70571007 MB AmsterdamNetherlands
Gulbins EInstitute of Molecular BiologyUniversity DuisburgHufelandstrasse 5545122 EssenGermany
Haque KNNeonatal DepartmentSt Helier University HospitalWrythe LaneCarshalton, SM5 1AAUnited Kingdom
Hasselgren P-ODepartment of SurgeryBeth Israel Deaconess Medical Center330 Brookline Avenue ST919Boston, MA 02215United States
Hawryluck LCritical Care DepartmentToronto General Hospital585 University Avenue NCSB 11C-1176Toronto, ON M5G 2N2Canada
Herndon DNDepartment of SurgeryShriners Hospitals for Children815 Market StreetGalveston, TX 77550United States
Hillis GDepartment of CardiologyAberdeen HospitalForesterhillAberdeen, AB25 2ZDUnited Kingdom
Hofer CKInstitute of Anesthesiologyand Intensive Care MedicineTriemli City HospitalBirmensdorferstr. 4978063 ZurichSwitzerland
XVIII List of Contributors
Hofstra JJDepartment of Intensive CareAcademic Medical CenterMeibergdreef 91105 AZ AmsterdamNetherlands
Hollenberg SMDivisions of Cardiovascular Diseaseand Critical Care MedicineCooper University HospitalOne Cooper Plaza366 DorranceCamden, NJ 08103United States
Huang SJDepartment of Intensive CareNepean Clinical SchoolUniversity of SydneySydney NSW 2750Australia
Idris ADepartment of Surgery and EmergencyMedicineUniversity of Texas SouthwesternMedical Center5323 Harry Boulevard, Mail Code 8579Dallas, TX 75391–8579United States
Ince CClinical Physiology DepartmentAcademic Medical CenterMeibergdreef 91105 AZ AmsterdamNetherlands
Jean SDepartment of Cardiovascular Diseasesand Critical Care MedicineCooper University HospitalOne Cooper PlazaDorrance Building, Suite 393Camden, NJ 08103United States
Jensen J-UDepartment of Clinical Microbiology 445University HospitalKettegard Alle 302650 HvidovreDenmark
Jeschke MGDepartment of SurgeryShriners Hospital for ChildrenGalveston Burns Unit815 Market StreetGalveston, TX 77550
Johnston ADepartment of Respiratoryand Intensive Care MedicineRoyal Center for Defense Medicineand Department of MedicineUniversity HospitalBirmingham B15 2TTUnited Kingdom
Jones CIntensive Care UnitWhiston HospitalWarrington RoadPrescot L35 5DRUnited Kingdom
Jordan BDepartment of Medical StatisticsUniversity of ViennaWähringer Gürtel 18–201090 ViennaAustria
Kneyber MCJDepartment of Pediatric Intensive CareOffice 8 D 11PO Box 70571007 MB AmsterdamNetherlands
Kochanek PMDepartment of Critical Care MedicineUniversity of Pittsburgh3434 Fifth AvenuePittsburgh, PA 15260United States
List of Contributors XIX
Kozek-Langenecker SDepartment of Anesthesiology andGeneral Intensive CareClinical Division BMedical UniversityWähringer Gürtel 18–201090 ViennaAustria
Kuang DDepartment of Nephrology, Dialysis,and TransplantationSan Bortolo HospitalViale Rodolfi 3736100 VicenzaItaly
Kubitz JCDepartment of AnesthesiologyHamburg-Eppendorf UniversityMartinistrasse 5220246 HamburgGermany
Lacroix JDivision of Pediatric Critical CareMedicineSainte-Justine Hospital3175 Cote Sainte-CatherineMontreal, QB H3T 1C5Canada
Lamia BDepartment of Medical Intensive CareCentre Hospitalier Universitaire deBicetre78, rue du General Leclerc94270 Le Kremlin-BicetreFrance
Lapinsky SEDepartment of Intensive CareMount Sinai Hospital600 University AvenueToronto, ON M5G 1X5Canada
Laureys SCyclotron Research Centerand Neurology DepartmentUniversity HospitalSart Tilman – B304000 LiegeBelgium
Lemaire LCDepartment of AnesthesiologyUniversity HospitalHeidelberglaan 100Room Q4.2.3133584 CX UtrechtNetherlands
Leone MDepartment of Anesthesiology andIntensive CareCentre Hospitalier et UniversitaireNord13915 MarseilleFrance
Levi MDepartment of Internal MedicineAcademic Medical CenterMeibergdreef 91105 AZ AmsterdamNetherlands
Levy BMedical Intensive Care UnitHopital de BraboisTour Drouet 654500 Vandoeuvre les NancyFrance
Løken JDepartment of Intensive Care 542University HospitalKettegard Alle 302650 HvidovreDenmark
Lujan MPulmonary DepartmentInstitut Universitari Parc TauliParc Tauli s/n08208 SabadellSpain
XX List of Contributors
Lynch SVDepartment of Anesthesiaand Perioperative CareUniversity of CaliforniaBox 0542, Room Science 255513 Parnassus AvenueSan Francisco, CA 94143United States
MacCallum NSDepartment of Critical CareRoyal Brompton HospitalSydney StreetLondon SW3 6NPUnited Kingdom
Maddison BWilliam Harvey Research InstituteQueen Mary’s School of Medicineand DentistryJohn Vane BuildingCharterhouse SquareLondon, EC1M 6BQUnited Kingdom
Maizel JMedical Intensive Care UnitDepartment of NephrologyCHU Sud80054 AmiensFrance
Malbrain MLNGIntensive Care UnitZiekenhuis NetwerkCampus StuivenbergLange Beeldekenstraat 2672060 AntwerpBelgium
Manno EMDepartment of NeurologyMayo Clinic20 First Street SWRochester, MN 55905United States
Mariano ECCenter for Executive MedicinePO Box 30907Phoenix, AZ 85046United States
Martin CDepartment of Anesthesiologyand Intensive CareCentre Hospitalier et UniversitaireNord13915 MarseilleFrance
Martyn JAJDepartment of Anesthesiaand Critical CareMassachusetts General Hospital55 Fruit StreetBoston, MA 02114United States
Marwick TDepartment of EchocardiographyPrincess Alexandra HospitalIpswich RoadBrisbane, Q4102Australia
Marx GDepartment of Anesthesiaand Intensive Care MedicineFriedrich Schiller UniversityErlanger Allee 10107747 JenaGermany
McAuley DRegional Intensive Care UnitRoyal Group of HospitalsGrosvenor RoadBelfast, BT12 6BAUnited Kingdom
McLean ASDepartment of Intensive CareNepean Clinical SchoolUniversity of SydneySydney NSW 2750Australia
McLeod JACenter for Executive MedicinePO Box 30907Phoenix, AZ 85046United States
List of Contributors XXI
McSwain NE JrTulane University School of MedicineDepartment of Surgery1415 Tulane AvenueNew Orleans, LA 70112United States
Mellado PNeurological Intensive Care UnitUniversity HospitalIm Neuenheimer Feld 40069120 HeidelbergGermany
Metnitz PDepartment of Anesthesiologyand General Intensive CareUniversity HospitalWaehringer Guertel 18–201090 ViennaAustria
Milbrandt EBDepartment of Critical CareUniversity of Pittsburgh School ofMedicine605 Scaife Hall3550 Terrace StreetPittsburgh, PA 15261United States
Millar ABLung Research GroupDepartment of Clinical Scienceat North BristolSouthmead HospitalWestbury on TrymBristol, BS10 5NBUnited Kingdom
Moerer ODepartment of Anesthesiology,Emergency, and Intensive CareMedicineGeorg-August-UniversityRobert-Koch-Str. 4037075 GöttingenGermany
Mohr TDepartment of Intensive Care Y13University Hospital2600 GlostrupDenmark
Monnet XDepartment of Medical Intensive CareCentre Hospitalier Universitaire deBicetre78, rue du General Leclerc94270 Le Kremlin-BicetreFrance
Moreno RIntensive Care UnitHospital de Santo Antonio dosCapuchosAlameda de Santo Antonio dosCapuchos1169–050 LisbonPortugal
Mullan BRegional Intensive Care UnitRoyal Group of HospitalsGrosvenor RoadBelfast, BT12 6BAUnited Kingdom
Müller BDepartment of Internal MedicineUniversity HospitalPetersgraben 44031 BaselSwitzerland
Müller-Werdan UDepartment of Medicine IIIMartin-Luther-UniversityKlinikum KröllwitzErnst-Grube-Str. 4006097 Halle/SaaleGermany
Munoz-Almagro CMicrobiology DepartmentHospital Sant Joan de DeuPasseig Sant Joan de Deu 208950 EspluguesBarcelonaSpain
XXII List of Contributors
Murias GIntensive Care UnitClinica Bazterrica and Clinica SantaIsabelJuncal 3002Capital FederalBuenos AiresArgentina
Murphy NDepartment of Intensive CareQueen Elisabeth HospitalBirmingham, B15 2TMUnited Kingdom
Naidech AMDepartment of Anesthesiology& Critical CareNorthwestern UniversityFeinberg School of Medicine710 N Lake Shore Drive, 11th floorChicago, IL 60611United States
Neff TAInstitute of AnesthesiologyUniversity HospitalRämistrasse 100, Hof E 1118091 ZurichSwitzerland
Nelson JEDepartment of MedicineMount Sinai School of MedicineBox 1232One Gustave L. Levy PlaceNew York, NY 10029United States
Norbury WBDepartment of SurgeryShriners Hospitals for Children815 Market StreetGalveston, TX 77550United States
Odenstedt HDepartment of Anesthesiologyand Intensive CareSahlgrenska University HospitalBla Straket 5413 45 GothenburgSweden
O’Kane CDepartment of Clinical BiochemistryInstitute of Clinical ScienceQueen’s UniversityGrosvenor RoadBelfast, BT12 6BJUnited Kingdom
Opal SInfectious Disease DivisionBrown Medical School111 Brewster StreetPawtucket, RI 02860United States
Owen AMMRC Cognition and Brain SciencesUnit15 Chaucer RoadCambridge, CB2 7EFUnited Kingdom
Pearse RMAnesthetic LaboratorySt. Bartholomew’s Hospital5th Floor38 Little BritainLondon, EC1A 7BEUnited Kingdom
Pelosi PDepartment of Anesthesiology BOspedale di Circolo e FondazioneMacchiViale Borri 5721100 VareseItaly
Pepe PEDepartment of Emergency MedicineUniversity of Texas SouthwesternMedical Center5323 Harry Boulevard, Mail Code 8579Dallas, TX 75391–8579United States
Perel ADepartment of Anesthesiologyand Intensive CareSheba Medical Center52621 Tel HashomerIsrael
List of Contributors XXIII
Pinsky MRDepartment of Critical Care MedicineUniversity of Pittsburgh Schoolof Medicine607 Scaife Hall3550 Terrace StreetPittsburgh, PA 15261United States
Plötz FBDepartment of Pediatric Intensive CareOffice 8 D 11PO Box 70571007 MB AmsterdamNetherlands
Polderman KHDepartment of Intensive CareUniversity Medical CenterPO Box 70571007 MB AmsterdamNetherlands
Pottecher JDepartment of Anesthesiologyand Surgical Intensive CareCentre Hospitalier Universitaire deBicetre78 avenue du General Leclerc94270 Le Kremlin-BicetreFrance
Powner DJDepartment of NeurosurgeryUniversity of Texas Health SciencesCenter6431 Fannin Street, MSB 7.154Houston, TX 77030United States
Prins JDepartment of EndocrinologyPrincess Alexandra HospitalIpswich RoadWoollongabba Q 4102Australia
Pugh RJIntensive Care UnitWhiston HospitalWarrington RoadPrescot L35 5DRUnited Kingdom
Quinlan GJDepartment of Critical CareRoyal Brompton HospitalSydney StreetLondon SW3 6NPUnited Kingdom
Quiroz-Martinez HDepartment of Critical CareToronto Western Hospital399 Bathurst Street, F2–150Toronto, ON M5T 2S8Canada
Rabinstein ARDepartment of NeurologyMayo Clinic20 First Street SWRochester, MN 55905United States
Rangel-Castilla LDepartment of NeurosurgeryThe University of Texas Medical Branch301 University BlvdGalveston, TX 77555–0833United States
Reade MCDepartment of Critical CareUniversity of Pittsburgh School ofMedicine605 Scaife Hall3550 Terrace StreetPittsburgh, PA 15261United States
Reinhart KDepartment of Anesthesiology andIntensive CareFriedrich-Schiller UniversityErlanger Allee 10307743 JenaGermany
Rello JDepartment of Intensive CareJoan XXIII University HospitalCarrer Dr. Mallafre Guasch 443007 TarragonaSpain
XXIV List of Contributors
Reuter DADepartment of AnesthesiologyHamburg-Eppendorf UniversityMartinistrasse 5220246 HamburgGermany
Rhodes AGeneral Intensive Care UnitSt George’s HospitalBlackshaw RoadLondon, SW17 0QTUnited Kingdom
Richard CDepartment of Medical Intensive CareCentre Hospitalier Universitaire deBicetre78, rue du General Leclerc94270 Le Kremlin-BicetreFrance
Robertson CSDepartment of NeurosurgeryBaylor College of Medicine1709 Dryden Road, Suite 750Houston, TX 77030United States
Rocco PRDepartment of Pulmonary InvestigationCarlos Chagas Filho Biophysics InstituteFederal UniversityIlha do Fundao, 21949–900Rio de JaneiroBrazil
Rogiers PMedical Intensive Care UnitGeneral HospitalLindendreef 12020 AntwerpBelgium
Ronco CDepartment of Nephrology, Dialysis,and TransplantationSan Bortolo HospitalViale Rodolfi 3736100 VicenzaItaly
Royakkers AANMDepartment of Intensive CareGooi-Noord HospitalRijksstraatweg 11261 AN BlaricumNetherlands
Sakr YDepartment of Anesthesiologyand Intensive CareFriedrich-Schiller UniversityErlanger Allee 10307743 JenaGermany
Sales BUniversity Institute Parc PauliParc Tauli s/n08208 SabadellSpain
Sandrock CDepartment of Pulmonary and CriticalCare MedicineDavis Medical Center2825 J StreetSacramento, CA 95816United States
Saxena MDepartment of Anesthesia,Intensive Care, and Pain ManagementWestern General HospitalCrew Road SouthEdinburgh, EH4 2XUUnited Kingdom
Schmidt HDepartment of Medicine IIIMartin-Luther-UniversityKlinikum KröllwitzErnst-Grube-Str. 4006097 Halle/SaaleGermany
Schuerholz TDepartment of Anesthesiaand Intensive Care MedicineFriedrich Schiller UniversityErlanger Allee 10107747 JenaGermany
List of Contributors XXV
Schultz MJDepartment of Intensive CareAcademic Medical CenterMeibergdreef 91105 AZ AmsterdamNetherlands
Sennoun NMecical Intensive Care UnitHopital de BraboisTour Drouet 654500 Vandoeuvre les NancyFrance
Severgnini PDepartment of Ambient Healthand SafetyUniversity of Insubria21100 VareseItaly
Sinderby CDepartment of Critical CareSt Michael’s Hospital30 Bond StreetRoom 4–072, Queen WingToronto, ONM5B 1W8Canada
Slama M.Medical Intensive Care UnitService of NephrologyCHU Sud80054 AmiensFrance
Slooter AJCDepartment of Intensive CareUniversity Medical CenterPO Box 70571007 MB AmsterdamNetherlands
Soguel Alexander LDepartment of Intensive Careand Burns CenterCHUV BH-08.6601011 LausanneSwitzerland
Spahn DRInstitute of AnesthesiologyUniversity HospitalRämistrasse 100, Hof E 1118091 ZurichSwitzerland
Sponholz CDepartment of Anesthesiologyand Intensive CareFriedrich-Schiller UniversityErlanger Allee 10307743 JenaGermany
Spronk PEDepartment of Intensive CareAcademic Medical CenterMeibergdreef 91105 AZ AmsterdamNetherlands
Steiner TNeurological Intensive Care UnitUniversity HospitalIm Neuenheimer Feld 40069120 HeidelbergGermany
Stenqvist ODepartment of Anesthesiologyand Intensive CareSahlgrenska University HospitalBla Straket 5413 45 GothenburgSweden
Stewart TEDepartment of Intensive CareMount Sinai Hospital600 University AvenueToronto, ON M5G 1X5Canada
Sturgess DDepartment of Intensive CarePrincess Alexandra HospitalIpswich RoadBrisbane, Q4102Australia
XXVI List of Contributors
Suarez JIDepartment of NeurologyUniversity Hospitals CaseMedical Center11100 Euclid AvenueCleveland, OH 44106United States
Tang BDepartment of Intensive CareNepean Clinical SchoolUniversity of SydneySydney NSW 2750Australia
Teboul J-LDepartment of Medical Intensive CareCentre Hospitalier Universitaire deBicetre78, rue du General Leclerc94270 Le Kremlin-BicetreFrance
Timsit J-FMedical Intensive Care UnitHopital Michallon38043 GrenobleFrance
Torres ADepartement of PneumologyHospital ClinicVillarroel 170080036 BarcelonaSpain
Traber DLDepartment of AnesthesiologyUniversity of Texas Medical Branch610 Texas AvenueGalveston, TX 77555United States
Traber LDDepartment of AnesthesiologyUniversity of Texas Medical Branch610 Texas AvenueGalveston, TX 77555United States
Tucci MDivision of Pediatric Critical CareMedicineSainte-Justine Hospital3175 Cote Sainte-CatherineMontreal, QB H3T 1C5Canada
Underwood MJDepartment of Cardiac SurgeryBristol Heart InstituteBristol, BS2 8HWUnited Kingdom
Van Aken HDepartment of Anesthesiologyand Intensive CareUniversity HospitalAlbert-Schweitzer-Str. 3348149 MuensterGermany
van der Heijden MDepartment of Intensive Careand PhysiologyInstitute for Cardiovascular ResearchVU University Medical CenterPO Box 70571007 MB AmsterdamNetherlands
van der Hoven BDepartment of Intensive Care,room H-602Erasmus University Medical CenterPO Box 20403000 CA RotterdamNetherlands
Van der Poll TCenter of Infection and Immunityand Center for Experimentaland Molecular MedicineAcademic Medical CenterMeibergdreef 9Room G2–1301105 AZ AmsterdamNetherlands
List of Contributors XXVII
van Nieuw Amerongen PDepartment of Intensive Careand PhysiologyInstitute for Cardiovascular ResearchVU University Medical CenterPO Box 70571007 MB AmsterdamNetherlands
Van Regenmortel NIntensive Care UnitZiekenhuis NetwerkCampus StuivenbergLange Beeldekenstraat 2672060 AntwerpBelgium
Varet JLung Research GroupDepartment of Clinical Science atNorth BristolSouthmead HospitalWestbury on TrymBristol, BS10 5NBUnited Kingdom
Venkatesh BDepartment of Intensive CarePrincess Alexandra HospitalIpswich RoadWoollongabba, Q4102Australia
Vieillard-Baron AMedical Intensive Care UnitHopital Ambroise Pare9, avenue Charles de Gaulle92104 BoulogneFrance
Visintini PDepartment of Anesthesiologyand Intensive CareCentre Hospitalier et UniversitaireNord13915 MarseilleFrance
Wan SDivision of Cardiothoracic SurgeryPrince of Wales HospitalHong KongPeople’s Republic of China
Weiss YGDepartment of Anesthesiology & CCMHadassah Medical OrganizationKiryat HadassahP.OB 12000Jerusalem, 91120Israel
Wendon JAInstitute of Liver StudiesKing’s College HospitalDenmark HillLondon, SE5 9RSUnited Kingdom
Werdan KDepartment of Medicine IIIMartin-Luther-UniversityKlinikum KröllwitzErnst-Grube-Str. 4006097 Halle/SaaleGermany
Westphal MDepartment of Anesthesiologyand Intensive CareUniversity HospitalAlbert-Schweitzer-Str. 3348149 MünsterGermany
Whitehouse TDepartment of Intensive Care MedicineUniversity HospitalBirmingham, B15 2TTUnited Kingdom
Wiedermann CJDivision of Internal Medicine 2Department of MedicineCentral HospitalL. Böhler Street 539100 BolzanoItaly
Wiener-Kronish JDepartment of Anesthesiaand Perioperative CareUniversity of CaliforniaBox 0542, Room Science 255513 Parnassus AvenueSan Francisco, CA 94143United States
XXVIII List of Contributors
Wigginton JGDepartment of Surgery and EmergencyMedicineUniversity of Texas SouthwesternMedical Center5323 Harry Boulevard, Mail Code 8579Dallas, TX 75391–8579United States
Wijdicks EFMDepartment of NeurologyMayo Clinic20 First Street SWRochester, MN 55905United States
Wilson JGeneral Intensive Care UnitSt George’s HospitalBlackshaw RoadLondon, SW17 0QTUnited Kingdom
Young PJDepartment of Critical CareQueen Elizabeth HospitalKing’s Lynn, PE30 4ETUnited Kingdom
Zenker SDepartment of Critical Care MedicineUniversity of Pittsburgh School ofMedicine607 Scaife Hall3550 Terrace StreetPittsburgh, PA 15261United States
List of Contributors XXIX
Common Abbreviations
ALI Acute lung injuryAPACHE Acute physiology and chronic health evaluationARDS Acute respiratory distress syndromeBAL Bronchoalveolar lavageCABG Coronary artery bypass graftingCBF Cerebral blood flowCNS Central nervous systemCOPD Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseaseCRP C-reactive proteinCSF Cerebrospinal fluidCT Computed tomographyCVP Central venous pressureDIC Disseminated intravascular coagulationEKG ElectrocardiogramHSP Heat shock proteinICAM Intercellular adhesion moleculeICP Intracranial pressureICU Intensive care unitIFN InterferonIL InterleukinLDL Low density lipoproteinLPS LipopolysaccharideMAP Mean arterial pressureMAPK Mitogen-activated protein kinaseMCP Monocyte chemoattractant proteinMOF Multiple organ failureMRI Magnetic resonance imagingNF-κB Nuclear factor-kappa BNO Nitric oxideNOS Nitric oxide synthasePAF Platelet activating factorPAI Plasminogen activator inhibitorPAOP Pulmonary artery occlusion pressurePEEP Positive end-expiratory pressureRBC Red blood cellROS Reactive oxygen speciesSAPS Simplified acute physiology scoreSIRS Systemic inflammatory response syndrome
SOD Superoxide dismutaseSOFA Sequential organ failure assessmentSvO2 Mixed venous oxygen saturationTBI Traumatic brain injuryTNF Tumor necrosis factorVILI Ventilator-induced lung injury
XXXII Common Abbreviations