Post on 08-Apr-2015
Edinburgh lecturesOctober 1st, 2010
Alberto Magnaghi
The urban bioregion
societyas participatory
Rebuilding a new European Idea of the urbanity (URBANITE’, Choay) against oximora of contemporary urbanization like “sprawl city”, “ville èparpillée”, “edge city”, “conurbation”, “metropolitan area”, “città diffusa”, “città infinita”
The contemporary urbanization is a post-urban one
The issue
Post –urban era: the conurbation of central Tuscany from Florence to Pisa
New powerties in China
Post –urban era
Post-urban era
Los Angeles:serial urbanisation
Sprawl in north-eastern Italy: the urbanization of countryside
The Triennale exibition, Milan
The “città infinita”(Bonomi e Abruzzese 2004)
Historical relations between river and its territory: Arno river, Villa Ambrogiana, Tuscany
Post-urban era: relations between river and its territory
Factory sheds along the river Arno(Tuscany)
Post urban era
The megacity of the southern world
Slums, super-slums and skiscrapers
Does the post-urban era evidenciate a neotechnic order ? Are we moving from kacotopia to eutopia (Geddes) ?
• Is this a “neotechnic order”?• Is this “Public conservation of resources”?• Is this “Beauty of the city”?• Is this “Constructive conservation of nature’s order
and beauty towards the healt of cities”? • Is this evolution “from war to peace” order?
how can we rethink the city towards “eutopia”?
Starting again from Geddes “Valley Section” suggestions
The “Valley Section” suggestions
• Place, work, people: co-evolution• Peculiarity and uniqueness of each region and
city• Reliefs and contours to discover the
evolutionary relations (nature and culture) at work in every region
• Coevolution along time, from the “Regional Origins”, as a guide for rediscovering the “bioregion” concept
Rediscovering the bioregion concept is the base for “Rethinking the city” in relation to the contemporary urbanization context
The “territorialist school” has reframed and developed the concept of bioregion within “local self-sustainable development” theory
‘
Local self-sustainable development promotes• new relationship of co-evolution between local
inhabitants/producers and the regional territory;• the local community “sustains itself”; it ensures that
natural environment can sustain it in its action;• Closing local cycles : water, food, energy, wastes to
reduce the ecological footprint• Founding local economic systems on valorization of
territorial and landscape heritage• Food sovereignty• Promoting new peasantries to produce common goods
(town-country pact)• rethinking the urbanity (city of villages, city of cities,
bioregions)
LONG-LASTING TERRITORIAL MARKS
Envi-ronmental know-ledge
Socio-cultural Model
Making and producing knowledge
COGNITIVE PHYSICAL
long-lastingphysicalstructures
environmental neo-ecosy-stems
INNOVATIVE AND
INSURGENT ENERGIES
Appr-opriateTechno-logies
Widerepresenttaion of social actorsofsocial actors
Territorial type”
LANDSCAPE“MILIEU”
TERRITORIAL HERITAGE
STATUTE OF PLACES
STRATEGIC SCENARIO Territorial design
Evaluation models Sectorial plans, projects and policies
Participation and negociation arenas
Integrated policies and projects
SELF-SUSTAINABLE LOCAL DEVELOPMENT(GIVING NEW BIRTH TO THE PLACE)
SELF SUSTAINABLE LOCAL DEVELOPMENT (GIVING NEW BIRTH OF THE PLACE)
First stepdescription,interpretation, representation
of long lasting territorial heritage Territorial ‘heritage’: environment, landscape, urban features, local
knowledge, culture and crafts in its unique character as a living entity.
Common knowledge• Place consciousness• Cognitives and Community mapsExpert knowledge• Territorial heritage atlas:• Territorialisation process
Place consciousnessPost-Fordism: the contradiction between uniformity, destruction of cultures,
polarization and social fragmentation on one hand, and the affirmation of differences, diversities, cultural uniqueness and social re-composition on the other.
Place consciousness isconsciousness, aquired by inhabitants through a cultural growth
process, of the heritage value of common goods (material and relationals), as basic elements needed for reproducing individual and collective life, both biological and cultural.
Place cosciousness isthe condition for producing various development models based on
appropriation and use of resources by producers-inhabitants, different social production relations referring to new statutes of self-employed labor, different forms of direct democracy pacts, and different strategic sectors of the economy.
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cognitive and community maps• Risk maps (Latin America)• Cognitive maps (K. Lynch)• Urban participatory design experiences• community mapping• the “Common ground” network• parish maps• parish plan (Countryside agency)• In Italy: the “Mappe di comunità” : ecomusei, piani paesaggistici, organizzazione
partecipata degli statuti del territorio, quadri conoscitivi dei “mondi di vita” (Convenzione Europea del Paesaggio (2000).
• http://www.england-in-particular.info/maplist.html• Clifford, S. and King A. (1996). From Place to Place: Maps and Parish Maps. London:
Common Ground• Leslie K.(2001) (eds), Mapping the millennium. The west Sussex millennium parish maps
project, Selsey press ltd., Selsey• www.mondi locali .it• www.paesaggio.regione.puglia.it.it• www.comune.montespertoli.fi.it
Representacion de la identidad patrimonial
A sense of placeWest Sussex Parish Maps
Kim Leslie (2006)
Piano Paesaggistico Territoriale della regione Puglia (Magnaghi2010)
Ecomuseum and community Maps
The representation of territorial heritage
Expert knowledge• The territorialization process (cognitive and
material signes)• Territorial morpho-types and figures
(landscape, heritage atlas)
Il Paesaggio come esito dei processi TDR
Territorializing processLong term material sediments
TerritorializationDe-territorialisationRe-territorialization
(Cycle DTR, Magnaghi 1995))
Representation of territorialisation process : the Montalbano Tuscany (Poli, Tofanelli 2005)
representation of territorialisation process : the Montalbano Tuscany (Poli, Tofanelli 2005)
representation of territorialisation process : the Montalbano Tuscany (Poli, Tofanelli 2005
representation of territorialisation process : the Montalbano Tuscany (Poli, Tofanelli 2005
representation of territorialising process : the Montalbano Tuscany
(Poli, Tofanelli 2005
representation of territorialisisation process : the Montalbano Tuscany Territorial morpho-types and figures (lanscape) (Poli, Tofanelli 2005)
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Heritage’s Atlas/Gargano Puglia: three phasesTDRPiano Paesaggistico Regione Puglia (Magnaghi 2010)
Heritage’s Atlas/Gargano Puglia: Roman civilization
Territorial heritage: landscape characters (Piano paesaggistico della Regione Puglia, Magnaghi 2010)
Second stepthe statute of places
The statute of places fix the rules of territorial and urban design to increase the territorial heritage value
Its components are:• Place specific landscape characters (territorial
Figures)• Structural invariants• Preservation degree of invariants• Rules for riproducing structural invariants
zini
Representacion de la identidad patrimonial
Chianti, Tuscany: historical lanscape structure
Chianti, Tuscany: the representation of structural invariants (statutarian rules)
(Zini 2006)
Representacion de la identidad patrimonial
• Val di Cornia (Tuscany)
• Territorial figure: morpho-typological structures and statutarian rules
(Magnaghi, Fantini, 1995)
Representacion de la identidad patrimonial
• Val di Cornia, Tuscany: territorial figure (details)
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TerritorialPlan of Prato’s Province(Magnaghi 2003)
Territorial heritage: morpho-typological structures and statutarian rules
Figura territoriale dell’Altopiano di Manfredonia
Territorial morpho-types (statutarian rules)Piano paesaggistico della Regione Puglia (Magnaghi, Carta 2010)
Representacion de la identidad patrimonial
Territorial figures: Master Plan for the Arno river park (Magnaghi, Carta 2009)
Representacion de la identidad patrimonial
river-territory structural relations Master Plan of Arno’s park (Magnaghi 2009)
Third stepStrategic scenarios (Visions for the design of future
bioregion)• Putting into value territorial, environmental and
landscape heritage• Conditioning territorial design to follow each place’s
statutarian rules• Organising social and economic actors and
inhabitants for the plan’s social production
Vision From conurbation to City of villages ; From metropolitan area to City of cities: from hierarchical region to Urban bioregion “Ideally he sees a society as made up of villages, and cities
composed of villages-like borougs- grouped into effective bioregions, each with its own local identity and traditions- cooperating as much as possible with each other. The villages would form cohesive communities, which means above all that their members would be bound to each other by a set of reciprocal obligations, as was always the case in traditional societies. They cannot be made up of people who seek only their personal interests, as is the case in the atomized society in which most of us live today”.
Edward Goldsmith (preface of “the urban village”)
City of villages• Destructuring contemporary urbanization• Rescue historical urban and neighborhood
identities• Toponymes, local cultures• Landscapes• Languages• Morphotypes• Arts and crafts, as well as industrial knowledge
Ciudad de Villajes
city of communities The greater London plan (Abercrombee 1942); the city of villages (Livingstone 2002)
Ciudad de villajes
From the monocentric conurbation (anti-city) to the city of communities (POLIFUNCTIONAL CENTERS AND URBAN FUNCTIONS INTEGRATES)
Leon Krier (2000)
Ciudad de Villajes
from the monocentric industrial cityto the polycentric integrateCity of villages
(BRESCIA (italy)Magnaghi, Tisi, 1985)
Ciudad de VillajesMonocentric zoning Polycentric integrated zoning
Ciudad de Villajes
Territorial heritage: urban, social, environmental, cultural identities
Ciudad de VillajesBrescia:The city of recomposed villages
Città di villaggi
Visalia: the city of villages (Crawford 2005)
Città di villaggiVisalia: the city of villages (Crawford 2005)
Ciudad de VillajesUrban identities for a city of villages
( La Spezia, Virgilio 2005)
City of cities• Non hierarchical urban networks• Subsidiarity and complementarity• Territorial citizenship• Environmental steady state• Landscape quality• Quality of life
Ciudad de ciudades
a city of small towns’ design Bormida Valley, Piedmont (Magnaghi, Vitone 2000)
Ciudad de ciudades
Polycentric city of Vallo di Diano (Cilento)
(Portoghesi 1992)
Polycentric network
The rule of University in the local development
Patrick Geddes: Perth as Metropolitan University(The city of Perth as hub of five town network )
Origins of university-region relationship in P. Geddes, Report of Indore
• The time of reconstruction, both educational and general, is now seen to be opening in cities and universities alike. These can no longer be considered separately, as has been customary during the decline of both, ad as has become habitual to minds formed amid this decline…. But the call is now no longer either merely to action or to thought; but to both together, in their alternation and interaction.For the city cannot be renewed without re-awakening the life of thought: in creative ideals and images no less thajn ideas, syntheses and philosophies. For thought must recall the vital elements of all regions, arts and literatures, no less than of the sciences, comprehending man and nature. This is the life of the true university. Hence to revive it needs more than mere 'university reform'. To be reformed, it must be born of the city and of her travail. [...] Thought and action at their highest are thus the complemental energies of humanity in evolving its varied communities. University-City and City-University will thus be increasingly identified. Our City of Thought has become the City of Deed.“
•
Ciudad de ciudades
Regional university Hierarchic model reticular model
Ciudad de ciudades
Design for a regional University network system (Fanfano 2001)
The urban bioregion• Bioregion (Latin bios-regere) • Ecologist meaning Berg [1978,1990] , Sale [1985], Todd [1989]; • socio-ecological and municipalist meaning, Bookchin [1974], • Bio-economics of de-growth , Latouche [2008].
• Our “territorialist” meaning main references:• Ecological geography , Vidal De la Blache [2008]• Regional Planning Association of America [1923], • bio-anthropocentric definition of “Valley section”, Geddes [1915], • “human community region” ,Mumford [1963]; • Territorial ecosystem , Saragosa [2005] • bioregione urbana, Magnaghi, 2010
Urban BioregionThe new Urban Bioregion is made by an ensemble of self-
sustainable local systems, on their turn organized into little and medium city grapes, each one in ecological, economic and social equilibrium within their territory. These non-hierarchical networks are characterized by an effort towards the local closing of their water, food, wastes, and energy cycles; attributing to “new peasants” both hydro geological safeguard and environmental, landscape, urban regeneration functions.
The new Urban Bioregion requires a territorial organization able to reproduce its life cycles, rising urban and regional living quality, harmonising productive, social, environmental , cultural and aesthetic factors in the production of lasting wealth.
town-country-side pactGeddes: “make the field gain on the street, not
merely the street gain on the field”
Designing the bioregion open spaces. The multifunctional role of agricolture
• the agricultural producer: from producer of goods destined to go on the market to producer of goods destined for the common good (through hydro-geological safeguarding, the reclaiming of land and the realignment of environmental systems and urban suburbs, the valuing of landscape, the development of the economy on a local bases - transformation, tourism amid agricultural settings, craftsmanship, etc.)
• When the local inhabitant cum agricultural producer turns back to traditional agricultural know-how and in doing so creates a lasting increase in fertility (and is thus in tune with the production of common good) he comes out of his isolation as an individual with his eye on the market, and is in fact co-operating in the building of new sociality, of a new town-country relationship. This new relationship hands the centre stage back to the rural areas in the form of valuing the importance of the territory and the environment through the production of common public goods to be shared by all.
A design of Milan bio-region historical evolution of urbanization:1888-1990
The design of Milan bio-region (Magnaghi 1995-2000)
The design of Milan bio-region : Olona river’s contract (Magnaghi 2002)
The design of Milan bio-region Polycentric city of vimercatese (Ferraresi 2007)
u
PPTR Regione Puglia: town-country Pact
Il patrimonio territoriale
Urban bioregion of Central Tuscany (Magnaghi 2010): historical heritage and statute of places
CLC 1990 - 2000
Urban bioregion of Central tuscany: the urban sprawl
Urban bioregion of Central tuscany:urbanization forecasts at 2055 (MOSUS model of EU : www.mosus.net)
Zone urbanizzate
Seminativi
Zone agricole eterogenee
Colture permanenti
Aree boscate
Zone umide
Historical identity o the cities: valley connexions whit the planes
Historical identity o the cities: valley connexions whit the planesUrban bioregion of Central tuscany
Urban bioregion of Central tuscanyrebuilding environmental and functional relations plain-hill-
mountain
Urban bioregion of Central tuscany
Urban bioregion of Central tuscany:patto città campagna the green core of polycentric bioregion (Magnaghi 2010
La bioregion urbana
Le patrimoine environnemental: la connexion du green core avec le parc du fleuve Arno
La bioregion urbana
A new-old form of planning:
exploring the Arno river on horses, bikes and boats to define objectives for action