Post on 24-Apr-2015
Electronic Road Pricing
The Singapore way
Electronic Road Pricing
The Singapore way
Eddie Lim Sing LoongLand Transport AuthoritySingapore
Early 70s’...
CBD
Singapore
42 km
23 km
Land Area : 680 km2 Population : 4.2 millionRoad : 3,100 kmE’way : 150 km
Facts and Figures
Total Daily Trips : 7.7 millionBy Bus : 3.0 million
By MRT : 1.0 million
By Taxi : 0.9 million
By Private Car : 2.8 million
Target: 75% by public transport
63%
100%
37%
LTA’s White Paper (1996)
Multi-pronged strategy
• Integrate transport & land use planning
• Manage Supply - Expand road network &Enhance capacity
• Manage Demand - Ownership & Usage ofvehicles
• Provide alternatives - Improve public transport
Road Pricingin Singapore
Area License Scheme
• Manual road pricing introduced in Central Business District (CBD) since 1975
• High manpower needs, inconvenient, limited in varying road pricing charges
Road Pricing - ALS
Road Pricing - ALS
• Automated with ERP system
Electronic Road Pricing (ERP)
• Implemented in September 1998
Number of ERP Gantries
48 (an Orchard cordon with operating hours from noon to 8pm, Mondays to Saturdays)
From 3 October 2005:
33 (27 in CBD; 6 along ORR)
As of 1 September 1998:
45 (28 in CBD; 17 along ORR)
Before 1 August 2005:
46 (the first evening charging gantry at northbound CTE)
As of 1 August 2005:
* Outer Ring Roads
Expressways & ORR*CBD
7:30 am to 9:30 am
&6pm to 8pm
for northbound
7:30 am to 7:00 pm
Operationalhours
1819Gantries
OrchardCordon
12:00 pm to 8:00 pm
(Including Saturdays)
11
ERP Operating hours
• Varies by vehicle type• Varies by location of gantry• Varies by time of day
$0.00$0.50$1.00$1.50$2.00$2.50$3.00
Road
Pric
ing
(Car
s)
7:30
am -
8:00
am8:
00am
-8:
30am
8:30
am -
9:00
am9:
00am
-9:
30am
9:30
am -
10:0
0am
10:0
0am
-12:
00pm
12:0
0pm
-123
0pm
12:3
0pm
-5:3
0pm
5:30
pm -
6:00
pm6:
00pm
-6:
30pm
6:30
pm -
7:00
pm
ERP
ALS
Road Pricing Charges
• To ensure optimal use of road space • Reviewed every 3 months
65 kph45 kph
Increase DecreaseExpressways
30 kph20 kph Other RoadsIncrease Decrease
Adjustment of ERP Rates
0
50000
100000
150000
200000
Morning (2 hours)
Off-Peak (7.5 hours)
Evening (2 hours)
ALSERP-7.2 %
-7.6 %
+28 %
Impact - Traffic Volume (CBD)
Operations Statistics
• Transactions (about 280,000 per day)
• Violations
• No In-vehicle Unit (IU)
- Fine of S$70
• No CashCards or Insufficient value in card
- Manual payment: Administrative Charge of $10- ePayment: Administrative Charge of $8- Payment via SMS: Administrative Charge of $4
Our Technologies...
Components of ERP System
• In-vehicle Unit (IU) and CashCard
• Equipment on ERP gantry
• Central Computer System
Types of IUs• Different types for different categories of
vehicles - allow different road pricing charges for different categories
Vehicle Type Passenger Car Unit(PCU)
Cars 1.0
Motorcycles 0.5
Lorries/Buses 1.5
Big Lorries/Buses 2.0
Types of IUs
• A smart card marketed by consortium of local banks for multiple uses.
CashCards
• Top-up at Automated Teller Machines (ATMs), petrol stations and other outlets.
• At start of journey, insert CashCard into IU. This initiates checking process to ascertain that IU and CashCard are working.
• On going through ERP gantries, deduction is made and balance displayed.
• At end of journey, remove CashCard.
Simple for Motorists
• In-vehicle Unit (IU) and CashCard
• Equipment on ERP gantry
• Central Computer System
Components of ERP System
ERP Gantry
Gantry Equipment• Antennae
Gantry Equipment• Antennae• Vehicle Detectors
Gantry Equipment• Antennae• Vehicle Detectors• Enforcement
Cameras
How does it work?
AntennaController
ECS SiteController
DetectorController
AntennaController
AVID Controller
Comms. Controller
CentralComputer
System
LocalControllerHousing
How does it work?
AntennaController
ECS SiteController
DetectorController
AntennaController
AVID Controller
Comms. Controller
CentralComputer
System
LocalControllerHousing
How does it work?
AntennaController
ECS SiteController
DetectorController
AntennaController
AVID Controller
Comms. Controller
CentralComputer
System
LocalControllerHousing
Night Charging
• In-vehicle Unit (IU) and CashCard
• Equipment on ERP gantry
• Central Computer System
Components of ERP System
Central Computer System
Central Computer System• 24-hour operations to ensure ERP
gantries are working properly.
• Monitoring of equipment.
• Processing of financial transactions.
• Processing of violation images.
OurPreparations...
• Policy Changes• Vehicle tax changes - lower rates• Vehicle tax rebates• Reducing impact for commercial vehicles
• Fitting of In-vehicle Units (IU)
• Publicity
• Testing for Motorists
Preparing for ERP
• All vehicle owners given opportunity to fit IUsover 10-month period from Sep 97.
• IU fitting free-of-charge if fitted within allocated time period.
• Overall, more than 97% of 680,000 vehicles fitted with IUs.
IU Fitting Programme
• Special ERP hot-lines.• Brochures sent to vehicle owners.
Publicity
• ERP system switched on 4 weeks ahead of start-date for motorists to try out system.
• Road Pricing charges zero-rated.
Testing for Motorists
• Motorists able to check and rectify IU problems at specially set-up locations.
Checking of IUs
Electronic Parking Systems
Using ERP technology for car park applications
Electronic Parking System (EPS)
EPSAntenna
ERP IU
Electronic Parking System (EPS)
Speed-Flow Curve (Example)
65 kph
45 kph
WHY ROAD PRICING?WHY ROAD PRICING?• Road space is a scarce resource.• Pricing is an effective mechanism to
optimise the usage of road space. • Pricing allows externalities to be factored
into the decisions of motorists.
ERP CONTRACTERP CONTRACT
• Tender specifications drawn up in early 90s with much consultations.
• Contract awarded in Oct 95 to international consortium comprising
• Philips Singapore Pte Ltd• Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Ltd• Miyoshi Electronics Corporation• CSE Systems & Engineering Pte Ltd
• Contract cost : S$197m.
SYSTEM RELIABILITYSYSTEM RELIABILITY• Tested over more than 5 million transactions
at test site before implementation on roads.• High Reliability of RF communication • > 99.999%.
COMPONENTS OF ERP SYSTEMCOMPONENTS OF ERP SYSTEM
µ-waveµ-wave
Leased Lines
Leased Lines
EASEAS EMSEMS ESSESS
Central Computer SystemCentral Computer System
RFRFDigitalDigitalSCAcceptor
Unit
SCAcceptor
Unit
In-vehicle UnitIn-vehicle Unit
AVIDAVID EnforcementEnforcement
VPDSystemVPD
SystemECS
SystemECS
System
ERP OutstationERP Outstation
RFSystem
RFSystem