The Carrying Capacity

The Carrying Capacity

Environmental Factors:

Size of area and usable space

Fragility of environment

Wildlife resources

Fragility of environment

Social Factors:

Viewing Pattern

Tourists’ viewing choices

Visitors’ opinions

Availability of facilities

To increase carrying capacity

Design viewing tracks, trails etc.

Reduce conflict between competing uses

Provide information and interpretation services

Increase durability of resources

Encourage off-season use

Carrying capacity = Area used by tourists

Average individual standardTotal of Daily Visits = Carrying capacity X

Rotation Coefficient

Rotation coefficient = No. of daily hours

Average time of visit

Carrying Capacity = Specific area used by tourists

Average individual standard per area

Given: Size of the sample protected area = 50 hectares

Birdwatching Area

Carrying capacity

75,000 sqm / 5,000 sqm/pax = 15 pax

Rotation Coefficient

12 hrs / 6 hrs = 2

Total Daily Visit

15 pax X 2 = 30 pax

Camping Area

Carrying capacity

50,000 sqm / 500 sqm/pax = 100 pax

Rotation Coefficient

24 hrs / 24 hrs = 1

Total Daily Visit

100 pax X 1 = 100 pax

Bonsai Forest

Carrying capacity

70,000 sqm / 5,000 sqm/pax = 14 pax

Rotation Coefficient

12 hrs / 6 hrs = 2

Total Daily Visit

14 pax X 2 = 28 pax

Dipterocarp Forest

Carrying capacity

100,000 sqm / 5,000 sqm/pax = 20 pax

Rotation Coefficient

12 hrs / 6 hrs = 2

Total Daily Visit

20 pax X 2 = 40 pax

Picnic/recreation area

Carrying capacity

80,000 sqm / 200 sqm/pax = 400 pax

Rotation Coefficient

12 hrs / 4 hrs = 3

Total Daily Visit

400 pax X 3 = 1,200 pax

Swimming Area

Carrying capacity

40,000 sqm / 500 sqm/pax = 80 pax

Rotation Coefficient

12 hrs / 4 hrs = 3

Total Daily Visit

80 pax X 3 = 240 pax

Sensitive Area

Carrying capacity

84,000 sqm / 20,00 sqm/pax = 4.2 pax

Rotation Coefficient

6 hrs / 2 hrs = 3

Total Daily Visit

4.2 pax X 3 = 12.6 pax

Viewpoint

Carrying capacity

1,000 sqm / 20 sqm/pax = 50 pax

Rotation Coefficient

6 hrs / 2 hrs = 3

Total Daily Visit

50 pax X 3 = 150 pax

7.5 ha

5 ha

7 ha

10 ha

8 ha

4 ha

8.4 ha

.1 ha

Carrying Capacity of water in an islandAssumptions:

10% of rainfall (recharge), 5% to flush water 5% effective recharge

125mm x 5% 6.25 mm

1,000 hectares (Total effective recharge area)

Recharge 6.25 mm x .001m/mm x 1,000 ha x 10,000m2/ha. 62,500 m3/month or 2,083.3 m3/day

Resident use 3,000 pax x 0.25 m3/pax/day 750m3/day

Available water 2,083.3 m3/day – 750 m3/day 1,333.3 m3/day

Tourists that can be served 1,333.3 m3/day / 0.7 m3/tourist/day = 1,904 tourists

Nature for whom?

Issues Facing the Development of Ecotourism in the Philippines

A. Environmental

B. Institutional

• 1. Long Gestation Period2. Ecotourism is a niche market3. No or little existing ecotourism programs

C. Policy

D. General Knowledge

E. Lack of Skilled Ecotourism Personnel

Ecotourism – The Activity

Mountaineering/Trekking

Mountaineering/Trekking

Climbers’ Responsibilities

If there is an established trail, walk in a single line

Do not take anything from the forests as souvenir

Avoid disturbing wildlife

Never leave garbage along the trail or at the campsite

For human waste, each climber can dig his own “toilet”

Bring along camping equipment

Do not bathe or wash dishes along rivers

Be sensitive; learn the locals’ culture

Abandon the old practice of digging trenches

Do not buy

Find out the maximum capacity

Always register

Avoid giving money

Make sure that health measures are taken into account

Always hire a guide

Mountaineering/Trekking

Mountaineering/Trekking

Grading System

Easy 2-4 hours of walking

Gradual trail Clearly Marked

Located in rolling terrain

Moderate4-6 hours of

walking

Trail with combination of few steeps ascents

rolling terrain

Strenuous 4-8 hours of walking

Steep Trail Obstacles, thick vegetation,

rivers crossings Water discipline

Birdwatching

Bird watching

PHILIPPINE EAGLE(Pithecophaga jefferyi)

BLACK SHAMA (Copysychus Cebuensis)

Bird watching

PALAWAN PEACOCK PHEASANT

(Polypectron emphanum)

SERPENT EAGLE(Spiloris Holospilus)

Bird watching

PHILIPPINE FALCONET

(Microhierax erythrogonys)

SLENDER-BILLED CUCKOO DOVE

(Macropygia phasianella tenuiostris)

Bird watching

YELLOW-BREASTED FRUIT DOVE

(Ptilinopus occipitalis)

MARCHE’S FRUIT DOVE

(Ptilinopus Marchei)

Bird watching

LUZON BLEEDING HEART

(Gallicolumba Luzonica Luzonica)

COLASISI/PHIL HANGING PARAKEET

(Loriculus Philipensis regulus)

Bird watching

MINDANAO LORIKEET(Trichologossus

Johnstoniae Johnstoniea)

PHILIPPINE COCKATOO(Kakatoe haematuropygia)

Bird watching

BLUE-HEADED RACKET TAILED PARROT

(Prioniturus discurus)

PHILIPPINE MALLARD

(Anas Luzonica)

Bird watching

SHINY DRONGO/ BALICASSIAO

(Discrurus balicassius Mirabilis)

ELEGANT TITMOUSE

(Parus elegans visayanus)

Bird watching

PHIL GLOSSY STARLING

(Aplonis panayensis panayensis)

BLACK-BACKED COLETO

(Sarcops calvus melanonotus)

Bird watching

PHIL FLOWER PECKER(Dicareum australe

haematosticum)

PHILIPPINE TROGON

(Harpactes ardens ardens)

PHIL COUCAL(Centropus viridis viridis)

Bird watchingPossible sites for

birdwatching:

Olango Island

Philippine Eagle Nature

Research Center

Calauit Island Mt.

Makiling

Scuba Diving

Issues affecting the diving community

Spearfishing

Feeding

Touching

Agitating

Playing

Scuba Diving

Dive sites:

ANILAO PUERTO

GALERA EL NIDO

MOALBOAL BALICASAG

ISLAND

Whale Watching

Marine Mammals Species:

Bryde’s Whale (Balaenoptera edeni)

Minke Whale (Balaenoptera acutorostrata)

Humpback Whale (Megaptera novaengliae)

Sperm Whale (Physeter macrocephalus)

Pygmy Sperm Whale (Kogia breviceps)

Dwarf Sperm Whale (Kogia simus)

Killer Whale (Orcinus orca)

Risso’s Dolphin (Grampus griseus)

Finless Porpoises (Neophocaena phocaenoides)

Melon-headed Whale (Pepeonocephala electra)

Pygmy Killer Whale (Feresca attenuata)

Marine Mammals Species:

Short-finned Pilot Whale (Globicephala macroryhnchus)

Rough-toothed Dolphin (Steno bredanensis)

Blainville’s Beaked Whale (Mesoplodon densirostris)

Spinner Dolphin (Stenella longirostris)

Pantropical Spotted Dolphin (Stenella

attenuata)Fraser’s Dolphin (Lagenodelphis

hosei)Bottlenose Dolphin (Tursiops

truncatus)False Killer Whale (Pseudorca

crassidena)Cuvier’s Beaked Whale (Ziphius cavirostris)

Stripped Dolphin (Stenella Coeruleoalba)

Dugong (Dugong Dugon)

Caving (Spelunking)

Safety MeasuresLight is the most important tool.

Never enter a cave alone.

Never enter a cave without proper equipment.

Always tell somebody where the team will go and what time it is expected to be back

Look for tell-tale signs of flash-flooding, like mud on the wall

Never enter a cave without a competent guide

Never touch any animal inside a cave

Never touch delicate limestone formations

Do not leave anything inside caves

Never write or vandalize the cave formations and walls

Never take anything as souvenir.

Caves

INDAY NELLY DELES MYSTICAL CAVE

SOHOTON CAVES NATIONAL PARK

SAGADA

HOYOP-HOYOPAN

PENABLANCA

Community Ecotourism