Post on 17-May-2015
Economically Important Higher Fungi
Jannat IftikharB11-16
BS(hons)5th semester
Contents Beneficial fungi1. Mushroom cultivation & edibility.2. Recycling and reuse3. Fungi in industry• Baking and brewing• Fungi in food processing• Fungi and enzyme production• Fungi in medicine• Commercially important fungal
metabolites• Fungal drugs• Fungi in paper making4. Fungi as Biocontrol agents5. Mycoremediation
Harmful fungi1. Food spoilage by
fungi2. Fungi as Plant
pathogens3. Human diseases4. Destruction to paper industry
BENIFICIAL FUNGI
1. Mushroom cultivation &
Edibility
Cultivated mushroomsSpecie name Common name
Volvariella volvacea Paddy straw mushroom
Lentinus edodes Shiitake
Pleurotus ostreatusP. FloridanusP. eringyi
Oyster mushroom
Royal trumpet mushroom
Flammulina velutipes Velvet foot mushroom, Winter mushroom
Auricularia auricula Ear fungus
Tremella fuciformis White jelly fungi
Pholiota nameko Nameko
Volveriella volvaceae Lentinus edodes Pleurotus sp.
Flammulina velutipes Auricularia auricula Tremella fuciformis
Cultivated mushroomsSpecie name Common name
Hericium erinaceusH. coralloides
Lions mane, Monkey’s head fungus
Agaricus bisporus Button mushroom
Ganoderma lucidum Reishi
Agrocybe aegerita Pioppino mushroom, Chest nut mushroom
Hysizygus tessulatus Brown beach mushroom
Grifola frondosa Hen of woods
Stropharia rugoso-annulata Wine cap
Pholiota nameko Hericium erinaceus Agaricus bisporus
Ganoderma lucidum Agrocybe aegerita Hysizygus tessulatus
Grifola frondosa Stropharia rugoso-annulata
Other edible fungiFungus name Common name Division
Tuber melansporum Perigold truffle Ascomycota
Morchella sp. Morels Ascomycota
Dictyophora duplicata Bamboo sprouts Basidiomycota
Ustilago esculenta Basidiomycota
Langermannia gigantea Giant puff ball Basidiomycota
Lactarius deliciosus Saffron milk cap Basidiomycota
Armillaria mellae Honey mushroom Basidiomycota
Tuber melansporum Morchella sp. Dictyophora duplicata
Armillaria mellaeLactarius deliciosus Langermannia gigantea
2. Fungi as Recyclers
Fungi as recyclers
act as recycler of dead organic matter of plants and animals.Lycoperdon perlatum Trametes versicolor
Fungi as recyclers
• Agaricus• Volvariella
• Lentinula • Flammulina• Pholiota • Auricularia• Ganoderma
Grown on• Straw, by product of
agriculture• Wood, sawdust, wood
chips, by product of forestry
3. Fungi in industry
Fungi in industry
• Baking and brewing• Fungi in food processing• Fungi and enzyme production• Fungi in medicine• Commercially important fungal metabolites• Fungal drugs• Fungi in paper making
Baking and brewingFungus name Product Division
Sacchromyces carlsbergensis
Lager Ascomycota
S. cerevisiae Ales and wine Ascomycota
S. uvarum Cider Ascomycota
S. sake Saki Ascomycota
Aspergillus oryzae sake Ascomycota
Botrytis cinerea Sweet wine Deutromycota
Cytarria harioti Used in baking Ascomycota
Fungi in food processing
Fungus name Uses Division
Penicillium caseolum Ripening of cheese Deutromycetes
Penicillium roquefortii Give colour to cheese(blue cheese)
Ascomycota
Aspergillus oryzae Production of soya sauce Ascomycota
Monoascus purpureus Alter colour of the food(red wine)
Ascomycota
Crysonilia baking Ascomycota
Fungi and enzyme productionFungus name Enzymes
Penicillium spp.Aspergillus spp.
Asparaginase , amylase, Glucose oxydase, catalase, Dextranase , Beta glucanase, Glucoamylase
Trichoderma, Fusarium Cellulase
Phanerochaete Trametes
Lignilase
Bjerkandera Xylanases
Canthrellus cibarius,Agaricus campestris
Proteases
Fungal pharcodynamicsSpecie name Pharmacodynamics
Lentinula edodes, PolyporaceaeVolvariella
Antiviral effectCardiac toner
Collybia villutipes Decrease cholestrol
Ganoderma lucidum Decrease level of sugar and blood pressure
Armeriella tabescens Increase secretion of bile
Hypsizygus marmoreus Antitumor
Commercially important fungal metabolites
Specie name metabolite Uses
Aspergillus spp. Organic acid, Gluconic acid, Lactonic acid, Citric acid
Manufacture of citrates, flavoring ingredient, Manufacture of plastic
Sacchromyces spp. Ethyl alcohol, glycerol Solvent, raw material for ether, ester, synthetic rubber, explosive
Penicillium spp. , Saccchromyces spp.
fats Soap, manufacture of food
Fungal drugsFungus name Drug
Penicillium chrysogenum ,Penicillium griseofulvin
PenicillinGriseofulvin
Cephalosporium, Cephalsporin
Cylindrocarpon lucidumTrichoderma polysporum
Cyclosporin A
Aspergillus fumigatus Gliotoxins
Claviceps purpurea C. fusiformis , C. paspalii.
Ergotamine, ergometrin
Phoma sp. Squalestatin
Fungi in paper making
• Coriolus versicolor• Polyporus ance • Poria monticola• Gloeophyllum trabeum
Coriolus versicolor Polyporus ance
Poria monticola Gloeophyllum trabeum
4. Fungi as Biocontrol Agent
Fungi in weed controlBiocontrol fungus Weed target
Septagloeum gillis Wallrothiella arecuthobii
Wallrothiella arecuthobii
Alternaria cassiae Casia obtusifolia
Colletotrichum gloeosporiordes Jussaea decurrens
Phyllosticta Glycosmis
Puccinia chondrillinaPuccinia coronata
Condrilla junceaPoa annua
Phragmidium violaceum Rubus sp.
Fungi in control of fungal plant diseases
Biocontrol fungus Target fungus
Trichoderma Armillaria mellae, Heterobasidion annosum, Rhizoctonia solani
Fusarium roseum Claviceps purpurea
Verticillium alboatrum Verticillium alboatrum
Cicinnobolus cesatii Sphaerotheca fuliginea
Fungal pathogens of arthropodsGenus Principal target
Beauveria Colorado beetle , codling moth
Hirsutella Citrus rust mite
Metarhizium Spittlebug, mosquito larvae
Verticillium Aphids, whitefly
Aschersonia Whitefly, scale insect
Mycoremediation
• Pleurotus ostreatus prey on fecal coliform bacteria.
• Agaricus bisporus degrade gram + and gram – bacteria.
• Gomphidius glutinosus, Craterellus tubaeformis, Laccaria amethystina used in remediation on radioactive metals.
MycoremediationFungus name Metal absorbed
Aspergillus niger Cu
A. oryzae Cd
Penicillium chrysogenum Cromium, nickel, zinc, lead
Sacchromyces cerevisiae Uranium
Fungi as source of biofuel
• Phanaerochaete chrysosporium• Ceriporiopsis subvermispora
Phanaerochaete chrysosporium Ceriporiopsis subvermispora
HARMFUL FUNGI
1. Plant pathogen
Fungi as plant pathogenCasual agent Disease name
Taphrina sp. Peach leaf curl
Verticillium, Fusarium
Vascular wilt disease
PodosphearaMicrospheara
Powdery mildew (apple)
Ustillago spp. smut fungi , Bunt of wheat Corn smut, Loose smut of barley, wheat etc
Puccinia spp. Hollyhock , Cedar-apple, White pine blister, Cereal rusts
Armillaria spp root rot of fruit and forest trees.
Fusarium, Rhizoctonia and Pythium.
Damping of seedlings
Fungi as plant pathogenCasual agent Division Disease name
Venturia spp. Ascomycota Apple scab, pear scab, die back
Cleviceps purpurae Ascomycota Ergot of rye
Colletotrichum lindemuthianum
Deutromycota Anthracnose
Botrytis cinerea Deutromycota Grey mould
Ceratocystis fimbriata Ascomycota Black rot
Erysiphe graminis,Erysiphe oidium
Ascomycota Powdery mildews
Apple scab Ergot of rye Anthracnose
Grey mold Black rot Powdery mildews
Rust on plants
Die back
2. Fungi as human pathogen
Fungi as human pathogensFungus Disease
Trichophyton spp.Epidermophyton spp.
Athlete’s foot
MicrosporumTrichophyton
Ring worm
Microsporum Trichophyton
Tinea cruris (jock itch)
Histoplasma capsulatum Histoplomosis
Cleviceps purpurae Ergotism
Athlete’s foot Ring worm
3.Food spoilage by fungi
Food spoilage by fungiSpecie name Food spoiled
Fusarium spp. , A. paraciticus,P. citrinum, P. verrucosum,Fusarium graminearum, Chrysonilia sitophila
Cereals and nuts
Wellemia sebi, P. corylophilumA. glaucus
Jam and jellies
Botrytis cinerea, Gloesporium spp. , Monilia
Fruits
Penicillium, Aspergillus, Eurotium, Scopulariopsis
Fish, meat and egg
Eurotium herbariorum, A. versicolor, Scopulariopsis sp.
Raw milk
Sclerotinia, Cladosporium, Alternaria, Fusarium, Botrytis
Vegetables
Destruction to paper industry
• Polyporus adustus • Chaetomium• Aspergillus, • Cephalothecium • Stachybotrys• Alternaria• Fusarium• Cladosporium • Stemphyllium • Dematium• Polysticus hirsutus