Post on 13-Apr-2017
CHAPTER 25
BRENT BONIOR | PAULA MARIE LLIDO | | JAEN KIETH ROCIOS | EARL JUDD SULLANO
| NOVEH TIU | AEMEE ROZANNE UY | JINSHEEN YOUNG
AQUATICECOSYSTE
MS
• Classification physical features
• Water Salinity-major feature that influence
adaptation• 2 Categories
– Freshwater (Lotic & Lentic)– Saltwater (Coastal & Open-
water)
25.1 Lakes Have Many Origins• Lakes and Ponds
- inland depressions containing standing water
25.1 Lakes Have Many OriginsFormed by glacial erosion and
depositionFormed from deposited silt,
driftwood and other debris Formed from shifts of Earth's
crustFormed from nongeological
activities
25.2 Lakes Have Well-Defined Physical Characteristics
• Factors that influence the distribution and adaptation:
OxygenTemperature Light
25.2 Lakes Have Well-Defined Physical Characteristics
25.2 Lakes Have Well-Defined Physical Characteristics
THE NATURE OF LIFE VARIES IN THE DIFFERENT ZONES
CONCEPT 25.3
Aquatic life richest at shallow waters
•Area dominated by emergent vegetation
Aquatic life richest at shallow waters
•Zone of floating plants
Bottom Ooze•Region of great biological activity•Anaerobic bacteria are dominant organisms
•Organic matter reaching bottom greater than amounts that can be utilized by bottom fauna form a muck
•Muck is rich in hydrogen sulfide and methane
Periphyton or Aufwuchs
•Organisms closely associated with the benthic community
•Periphyton- mostly algae and diatoms living on plants; fast growing and lightly attached
•Aufwuchs- form crust-like growth of cyanobacteria, diatoms, water moss, and sponges, on stones, wood, etc.
THE CHARACTER OF A LAKE REFLECTS ITS SURROUNDING
LANDSCAPECONCEPT 25.4
Eutrophication•The run off of rich nutrients from the land to the lake or other bodies of water
•Typical eutrophic lake: High surface-to-volume ratio
•Abundance of nutrients especially nitrogen, phosphorous, and organic matter
Oligotrophy•Condition of being poor in nutrients.•Low surface-to-volume ratio
Dystrophic•Receives large amounts of organic matter from surrounding land
•Usually highly acidic•Highly productive littoral zones
CHAPTER 25.5FLOWING-WATER HABITAT
AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS
S T R E A M
R I V E R
• If gradient is less steep, velocity decreases and the stream begins to meander.
• River is forced to deposit its load of sediment in a fan-shaped area about its mouth to form a delta.
FAST MOUNTAIN STREAM SLOW MOUNTAIN STREAM
• Riffles are the sites of primary production in the stream.
• Pools are the sites of decomposition
CHAPTER 25.6ADAPTATIONS TO FLOWING WATER
AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS
• A streamlined form offers less resistance to water current.
• Sticky undersurfaces help snails and planarians cling tightly
• flattened bodies and broad, flat limbs (black-fly larva)
• construct protective cases of sand or small pebbles (Caddisfly)
The Flowing Water-Ecosystem is a
Continuum of Changing Environments
Headwater Streams
Swift, cold, and in shaded forested
regions.
Headwater StreamsPrimary productivity in
these streams is typically low and they depend
heavily on the input of detritus from terrestrial streamside vegetation.
Headwater Streams
Dominant organisms are shredders,
processing large-sized litter and feeding on
CPOM, and collectors, processors of FPOM.
Headwater StreamsAccumulators,
processors, and transporters of
particulate organic matter of terrestrial
origin.
Rivers Flow Into the Sea, Forming
Estuaries
Estuary
The place where freshwater joins
saltwater.
EstuarySemi-enclosed parts of
the coastal ocean where seawater is diluted and partially mixed with the freshwater coming from
the land.
Mixing waters of different salinities and temperatures creates a counterflow that works
as a nutrient trap.
Inflowing river waters most often impoverish rather than fertilize the estuary. Instead,
nutrients and oxygen are carried into the estuary by
tides.
Problems Organisms Inhabiting
The Estuary Face2
Maintaining their position
Adjusting to changing salinity
Most estuarine organisms are benthic.
Salinity dictates the distribution of life in
the estuary.
Benthos is a World of its OwnEarl Judd C SullanoBSED – 3 Biological Sciences
Benthic Benthos
Refers to the plants and
animals that live there.
Refers to the floor of the sea.
In a world of darkness, no photosynthesis takes place, so the
bottom community is strictly
Heterotrophic Organisms that cannot produce their own food.
They rely on food that comes from other organisms.
Despite the darkness in depth….
benthic communities support a high diversity of species.
Polychaete Worms
Pericarid Crustaceans
Important organisms in the benthic food chain are the
bacteria of the sediments. o Commonly found where large
quantities of organic matter are present.
o Bacteria synthesize protein from dissolved nutrients and in turn become a source of protein, fat and oils for other organisms.
Hydrothermal Ventso Form when cold seawater flows down
through the fissures and cracks in the basaltic lava floor deep into the underlying crust.
o The water, heated to a high temperature, re-emerges through mineralized chimneys rising up to 13 m above the sea floor.
White smokers Black smokers
Narrower chimneys rich in copper
sulfides, issue jets of clear water from 300 °C to more 450
°C that are soon blackened by
precipitation of fine-grained sulfur-
mineral particles
Rich in zinc sulfides issue a milky fluid
with a temperature of
under 300°C
Associated with these vents is a rich diversity of unique deep-sea life, confined to within a
few meters of the vent system.
The primary producers are chemosynthetic bacteria
o Oxidize reduced sulfur compounds such as hydrogen sulfide to release energy used to form organic matter from carbon dioxide.
The primary consumers include giant clams, mussels, and
polychaete worms
o Filter bacteria from water and graze on bacterial film on rocks
Coral Reefs Are Complex Ecosystems Built by Colonies of Coral Animals
Coral Reefs
Lying in the warm, shallow waters about tropical islands and continental landmasses.
Unique accumulation of dead skeletal material built up by
carbonate secreting organisms
Coral Reefs
Coral Reefs
Reef-building corals are generally found at depths of less
than 45 m.
Coral Reefs
Reef-building corals have symbiotic relationship with algal cells, their
distribution is limited to depths where sufficient solar radiation is available to
support photosynthesis.
Coral Reefs
This precipitation occurs when water temperature and salinity
are high and carbon dioxide concentrations are low.
3 Basic Types of Coral Reefs
Fringing Reefs
Grow seaward from the rocky shores of islands and continents
Barrier Reefs
Parallel shorelines of continents and islands and are separated from land by shallow lagoons.
Atolls
Rings of coral reefs and islands surrounding a lagoon, formed when
a volcanic mountain subsides beneath the surface.
Corals are modular animals, anemone-like cylindrical polyps,
with prey capturing tentacles surrounding the opening mouth.
Also associated with coral growth are mollusks, echinoderms, crustaceans, polychaete worms, sponges, diverse array of fishes, both herbivorous and
predatory.
PRODUCTIVITY OF THE OCEANS IS
GOVERNED BY LIGHT AND NUTRIENTS
CONCEPT 25.13
BY PAULA MARIE M. LLIDO
PROCESSES THAT RETURNED THE
RATE OF NUTRIENTS TO THE
SURFACE2
Upwelling of deeper nutrient-rich waters
To the surface
Seasonal breakdown of the thermocline and subsequent turnoverUpwelling of deeper nutrient-rich waters to the surface
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COASTAL REGION HIGH PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY
OPEN WATERS LOW PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY
TROPICAL OCEAN
Highest production of open waters of tropical
oceans occurs in EQUATORIAL REGION
where upwelling occurs as surface current
diverge
OPEN WATERS
PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY
ANTARTICREGION HIGH PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY
ARCTIC REGION LOW PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY
POLAR
OCEAN
ANTARCTICREGION HIGH PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY
ARCTIC REGION LOW PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY
POLAR
OCEAN
ANTARCTICREGION HIGH PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY
ARCTIC REGION LOW PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY
POLAR
OCEAN
TEMPERATE OCEAN=Seasonal variation in nutrient supply driven by the seasonal dynamics of the thermocline
• TROPICAL OCEANCoastal region = productivityOcean waters = productivity
(except in equatorial region)• POLAR OCEANAntarctic region = productivityArctic Region = productivity
• TEMPERATE OCEANS = Seasonal dynamics
of thermocline
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SUMMARYAQUATIC ECOSYSTEM VARY FROM LAKE, RIVER, SWAMP,
ESTUARY, AND OCEAN ENVIRONMENTS AND EACH HAVE UNIQUE AND DIVERSE SPECIES
LIVING IN IT.