Post on 02-Jan-2016
description
S. DickinsonBiology HHS
Ecology is the scientific study of interactions among organisms and between organisms and their environment/surroundings
The living world is a household Biosphere is the part of the earth in
which all life exists Interactions produce
interdependence Interdependence contributes to
change
Species/Individual – can breed and produce fertile offspring (already have)
Population – groups of same species in same area
Community – different populations that live in an area
Ecosystem – collection of organisms and their environment
Biome – group of ecosystems with same climate
Biosphere – earth
Can a group of rabbits and a group of field mice make up the same population in an ecosystem? Why/Why not?
No, because individuals that make up a __________ must be of the same ________.
Could a biome in Brazil near the equator be the same as a biome in northern Canada? Explain.
No, because those two biomes would have different climates and different dominant communities
Observing Experimenting Modeling
Since ecological phenomena occur over long periods of time or on large spatial scale, need modeling because difficult to study
Matter and energy flow through living and nonliving systems
How do organisms at each trophic level get the nutrients and energy they need to function?
One of the most important factors that determines the system’s capacity to sustain life
Sunlight is the main energy source for life on earth
Some organisms rely on the energy stored in inorganic chemical compounds Mineral water
Cannot harness energy directly from the physical environment
Need to eat other organisms for energy
Energy flows from sun to heterotrophs through autotrophs
Food chains show one way flow of energy How energy stored by producers can be
passed through an ecosystem Food webs show all feeding
relationships in an ecosystem Producers make up the first trophic level Each consumer relies on the trophic level
below it.
How is a food web different from a food chain?
A food web contains many overlapping food chains, so it is much more complex than a single food chain
In energy pyramids, only about 10% of the energy available within one trophic level is transferred to the next trophic level
The other 90% is lost as heat
At the lab tables you have scenarios.
It is your group’s job to sort these scenarios according to their appropriate symbiotic relationship.
When you think you have it, call me over to check you.
GOOD LUCK!
Matter is recycled within and between ecosystems
Matter is not used up, but transformed
Matter is recycled within and between ecosystems
Energy flows one way Biological systems transform matter Biogeochemical cycles connect biological,
geological, and chemical aspects of the biosphere
Pass the same molecules around again and again within the biosphere
How elements, chemical compounds, and other forms of matter are passed
How can a molecule that’s swallowed by a dung beetle “combine into” – or become part of – the body tissue of a tree shrew and then an owl?
The tree shrew takes in the molecule when it eats the dung beetle, then an owl takes in the molecule when it eats the tree shrew.
Water moves between the ocean, atmosphere, and land through transpiration, evaporation, condensation, precipitation, runoff, seepage, and root uptake
Figure 3-11
What are two ways that water can enter the atmosphere?
Evaporation and transpiration
What process moves water from the air to the ground?
Precipitation
What are two routes by which water might make its way to the ocean?
Runoff and Seepage
Every living organism needs nutrients to build tissues and carry out essential life functions
Like water, nutrients are passed between organisms and the environment
Carbon is key ingredient of living tissue
Carbon can take on many forms in many compounds; ex. Calcium carbonate
Also a component of carbon dioxide
1. Biological processes, ex. Photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, take up and release carbon and oxygen
2. Geochemical processes, ex. Erosion and volcanic activity, release carbon dioxide into the atmosphere and oceans
3. Mixed biogeochemical processes, ex. Burial and decomposition of dead organisms and their conversion under pressure into coal and petroleum, store carbon underground
4. Human activities, ex. Mining, cutting and burning forests, and burning fossil fuels, release carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.
Be able to “translate” diagrams pictures, labels, and arrows into complete sentences
Nitrogen is required to make amino acids
Used to build proteins Nitrogen in many forms occurs naturally
in the biosphere Nitrogen gas – 78% of earth’s atmosphere Ammonia – nitrogen containing substance Nitrate and nitrite ions – in wastes produced
by many organisms and in dead and decaying organic matter
Bacteria convert nitrogen gas into ammonia
Live in soil and on the roots of plants called legumes
Convert ammonia into nitrates and nitrites used by plants to make proteins
Then eaten by consumers and so on
Bacteria in general Some cause disease Some live inside and help with digestion Some decompose Some are producers
Decomposers return nitrogen to soil as ammonia
Some bacteria take ammonia and use it to convert nitrates into nitrogen gas
Be able to “translate” diagrams pictures, labels, and arrows into complete sentences
What types of information are given on the nutrition label?
Serving size, total number of servings in container, specific nutrients, amount of the nutrient in one serving, percentage of daily value each amount represents
What do you think a “daily value” is? How much of a nutrient a person should take
in each day What does percentage of daily value mean? How much daily value is in one serving of the
vitamin
Skittles