Post on 27-May-2015
description
Drones For Good
Jonny ToozeMD & Founder at Lab
#D4GUK@drones4goodUK
Drones For Good
Dr Peter EnderleinSenior Marine Science Engineer at British Antarctic Survey
Different use of Drones in the harsh environment of Antarctica
From animal surveys to aerial photography
Dr Peter Enderlein
with Jeremy RobstCarl Robinson(Phil Anderson)Andrew FlemingAndreas CziferszkyPeter FretwellNorman RatcliffeMike DunnPhil Trathan
Structure of talk:
• A little bit about the British Antarctic Survey
• Background
• Challenges
• Our Drones
• Our use of UAV’s so far...
• The future...
BAS Today
• BAS is a component of the Natural Environment Research Council
(NERC)
• Delivers world-leading, interdisciplinary research in the polar regions
• National and international collaborations
• Leadership role in Antarctic affairs
• Over 450 staff
• Five research stations in and around Antarctica (four year-round, one
summer-only)
• Two Royal Research Ships, RRS James Clark Ross and RRS Ernest
Shackleton
• Six aircraft, four de Havilland Canada Twin Otters a de Havilland
Canada Dash-7 and a Dornier 228
British Antarctic Survey
Antarctic Research Stations
Key Motivation for Polar UAV:- More science through availability- Long term systematic surveys- Repeat (verification) surveys- Ability to survey at the right time of year- Reduced wildlife disturbance- Can access physically inaccessible / dangerous study sites- Smaller mission cost thus enabling science use where cost was
prohibitive for traditional platforms- Operational
- Enhanced science by complimenting survey aircraft (UAVs have different operational envelopes)
- Creating scalability in our airborne survey fleet (from small scale UAVs through fixed wing UAVs to Helicopters and planes)
- Fuel (UAVs use less) “In Antarctica fuel can be as
expensive as single malt Whiskey”
The challenges we face:
- the environment we operate in:- extreme temperatures (batteries can loose up to 50% of
their capacities at -20 degree Celsius)- operating in the most remote areas possible:
- UAV have to be as reliable as possible- in its complexity it has to be as simple as possible- you have to take plenty of spares as there are NO shops in
Antarctica and no next day deliveries- high risk of damage / loss
- before launch: risk analysis- highest risks:
- Water (launch, land from and onto ships; flying over water on the coasts)
- Wind (Antarctica is the windiest place on earth, with quick wind changes and katabatic winds)
• Used for local area mapping and observations for Antarctic Science Projects• Used to allow continued operational experience while awaiting for suitable
larger fixed wing UAVs to mature and become economically viable
Platforms Fixed Wing:
Quest 200 Carolo T 200
Platforms Multirotor:Gaui 500X DJI Flamewheel F450 / F550
• Small portable platforms
• with / without GPS / sophisticated flight mode
• Used as trainers to gain experience
• Very limited pay load
3DRobotics IRIS
Platforms Multirotor:3DRobotics Y6
• ready to fly systems, very reliable
• with GPS and sophisticated flight modes
• Y6 with additional redundancy
• limited pay load to GoPro or small Compact
Cinestar 6
Platforms Multirotor:
Self build “PERJ”
• professional Photo-/
Cinematography platform
• with GPS and additional sensors
• sophisticated flight modes
• including gimbal for DSLRs
• experimental platform to test
different sensors and flight controllers
• with GPS, OSD, sonar, optical sensor, ...
• sophisticated flight modes
• limited pay load to GoPro
Ground control station software
• QGroundControl (Windows, OSX, Linux)
• APM Planner (OSX)
• Mission planner (Windows)
Field operations so far...
• general flying experience in the polar environment:
• At our stations: Rothera, Halley, King Edward Point, Bird Island and Signyand from our ships the RRS Ernest Shackleton and RRS James Clark Ross,
• Specific operations:
• Turbulence fluxes between atmosphere and the sea ice
• Sea ice reconnaissance of RRS Ernest Shackleton
• Environmental assessment (fly over) study on Penguin behaviour for Penguin population surveys (2012), followed by
• Penguin population surveys at Bird Island and Signy
• Feasibility of mast / antenna inspection work at Halley
Flight experience in Antarctica
Turbulence fluxes between atmosphere and the sea ice
Total kinetic energy
of turbulence over
ice shelf - midday
convective
measurement
Sea ice reconnaissance of RRS Ernest Shackleton
• Max. flying height: 140m
• Air temp / speed: -14 degC @ 10 knots
• ~30mins form request to watching the recorded video
Penguin surveys at Bird Island and Signy
Feasibility of mast / antenna inspection work at Halley
Field operations so far...
• Min. air temperature: -30 degC
• Max. wind speed: 17 knots
• Max. dist from ground station: 920m
• Max. flying height AGL: 240m
• Max. flying time: 14m41s
Some stats:
Future Polar UAV Fixed Wing 2015:
Suitably capable and economically viable UAVs are now available Key high level requirements – sub 20kg (dry weight) fixed wing, autonomous, packable into a Twin Otter, endurance greater than 5 hours (goal 14 hours), with fuel and endurance trade offs up to 9kg payload, take off and recovery system. Identify science and logistic missions so platform is as effective (capable) as possible – engagement with the science community to get mission requirements. Operational considerations – Air Unit / BAS pilots (aircraft operation/pilot training / airworthiness expertise), data management, environmental management, safety management, integration into current operations, staff training, reporting
Science engagement
to get mission requirements
Write UAV requirements
and SOW
Requirements
Sensor requirements
Now 2015 and beyond
Tender and UAV
purchase
BAS UAV/UAS/RPAS
Operations Committee
Process (i.e. NOTAM), guidelines, advise, operational environment constraints , platform register, reporting and logs
Training and
integration
Science missions
Thank you for your attention
Flight experience in Antarctica Sea ice reconnaissance
Drones For Good
Gerry CorbettUAS Programme Lead at the Civil Aviation Authority
28
UK Small Unmanned Aircraft Systems RegulationsLAB – Drones For Good – 25 September 2014
Gerry Corbett – UAS Programme Lead
UK CAA Safety Regulation Group
29
Scope
- CAA UAS ‘Vision’ and basic principles
- Small UAS - Current regulations
- Next steps
30
The scale/range of the subject
31
CAA’s UAS ‘Vision’
Enabling full and safe integration of all UAS operations into the
total aviation system
this is a long term aim (10-15 years from now?)
UAS still an Evolution of aviation
CAA supports UK development and implementation of such
systems
Leading the regulatory development
UAS must be….
Safe to be Flown
Flown safely
32
Fundamental Principles They are Aircraft – not ‘drones’ ‘toys’ ‘UAVs’ etc
They are Piloted – albeit remotely
equivalence – to manned aviation
- doesn’t mean ‘identical’, looking for an equivalent capability
No ‘automatic rights’ - to airspace or special privileges
CAA’s responsibility is to Protect the Public – Risk?
General Considerations Piloting ‘function’ same for manned and unmanned – both ‘move’ aircraft
through the air
Same Airspace, Same Weather, Same Rules
Operations - Avoidance of collisions/Lookout principles
Airworthiness
Integrity of ‘link’ to aircraft
Complex Flight Control Systems
Pilots - Operators - Airworthy Aircraft
33
UAS Ops Within UK Airspace
Visual Line of Sight (VLOS) ‘See and Avoid’ responsibilities through direct visual observation
(visually managed)
Limited range- Size/Colour, weather conditions
400ft vertical, 500m horizontal – basic limits
Extended VLOS -ops within/beyond 400ft/500m, RP’s ‘direct visual
contact’ requirement addressed differently – collision avoidance still
achieved through ‘visual observation’
Beyond Visual Line of Sight (BVLOS) Detect and Avoid System
Segregated Airspace (if no DAA system fitted)
34
Small Unmanned Aircraft (SUA) “Any unmanned aircraft, other than a balloon or a kite,
having a mass of not more than 20kg without its fuel but
including any articles or equipment installed or attached at
the commencement of its flight”
Note - this does not differentiate between model/recreational or other
uses
SUA are exempted from the majority of the UK Air Navigation
Order (UK Air Law), but 3 specific articles apply: Arts 138, 166 &
167
35
ANO 2009 - Key Articles
138 – Endangerment ‘A person shall not recklessly or negligently permit an aircraft to
endanger persons or property’
166 – Small Unmanned Aircraft (20kg or less)
Articles or animals must not be dropped ……so as to endanger
persons or property
The ‘person in charge’ may only fly the aircraft if reasonably
satisfied that the flight can safely be made (note no specific
requirements for ‘airworthiness’)
Person in charge must maintain ‘Direct Unaided visual contact’ –
for the purpose of avoiding collisions (ie. VLOS flights only)
>7kg ATC permission for A,C,D,E airspace, ATZ’s, >400ft.
Flights for the purpose of aerial work require specific permission
to be granted by the CAA.
36
ANO 2009 - Key Articles
167 – Small Unmanned Surveillance
Aircraft
‘SUSA’ is a small unmanned aircraft equipped to
undertake any form of surveillance or data
acquisition.
Unless in accordance with a permission from the
CAA, a SUSA must not be flown: Over or within 150m of congested area or assembly of >1000 people
Within 50m of vessels, vehicles or structures (not under the control of the person in charge of the aircraft)
Within 50m of any person (exceptions exist for take-off/landing (30m) and persons under the control of the person in charge of the aircraft)
Art 167 ‘covers off’ flights which are not aerial work
37
Small UAS Operations
Regs proportionate to the potential risk, ‘light touch’ where
suitable
Specific aim “to protect those not involved in the activity”
Permissions – required where greater level of risk is evident
Aerial work, ‘camera’ flight close to people/property
Need to be satisfied that your operation is safe
For safety purposes only, not ‘privacy’ (Privacy aspects are covered by the data protection regulations)
Small UAS Currently the biggest/most notable development area
Requests for flight close to people/property/in congested areas, is growing – work commencing to address safety case requirements (ie. prove it is safe)
38
Mystery as £20k 'spy' helicopter goes under
cover in city
“DESPERATE: (name
removed) searches the
skies for his missing
Draganflyer X6 helicopter”
39
Small UAS (20kg or less)
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
Permissions Issued for UAS Operations
Number Issued
2006 8
2007 7
2008 17
2009 16
2010 59
2011 62
2012 133
2013 318
2014 336 to 30 Jun
40
But………………………
Reason for the rapid expansion in UK ?
Cheap and simple
Simple/light touch – no licensing
No ‘airworthiness’ specifications - ‘hobbyist’, no major
testing/reliability requirements
VLOS only ops – simple collision avoidance
Basic responsibility on ‘person in charge’
Risk based - size of a/c, how much damage?
Next ‘step up’ (close to/over people, BVLOS) is a big one….
Airworthiness + Collision Avoidance = Costly !
41
CAP 722
“Unmanned Aircraft System
Operations in UK Airspace –
Guidance”
Edition 5, 10 August 2012
UK Policy/Regulation developed and published through CAP 722.
(1st point of reference).
Used by other nations as a reference document (and frequently
plagiarised).
Amendment currently underway – Est publication Feb 15•More readable/useful
• Improved airworthiness (ie. Safety Assurance) guidance
42
No UK specific regulations under development
No point in UK ‘going it alone’ – no ‘demand’ as yet
Work underway at international level (ICAO and EU) to
achieve ‘harmonised’ regulations – UK contributing to
this, but rulemaking (ie. lawmaking) takes time (rightly)
In the meantime………
Operational Limitations
AirworthinessDetect & Avoid
43
Europe – EC/EASA
EU RPAS roadmap published June 2013
EASA rulemaking based on a high and uniform level of safety –‘Harmonisation’ across member States – aids development for manufacturers and ‘free movement’ for operations/operators
EASA Rulemaking Plan 2014-2017 features 10 RPAS related rulemaking tasks covering:
Amendment of Basic Regulation – extends EASA scope to RPAS of any mass (proposed to remove ‘fragmentation’ of the market) – drafting underway
Creation of an EC regulation on RPAS and its Annex 1 (Part ORG)
Civil RPAS Safety Objectives (1309)
Common rules for licensing – likely to be required for all RPAS
Airworthiness processes (initial and continuing)
Certification Policy
Operations
44
JARUS
Joint Authorities for the Rulemaking of Unmanned
Systems
Collection of National Aviation Authorities (mostly
European, but also others including FAA, Brazil, Israel,
South Africa
Purpose is to recommend a single set of harmonised UAS
regulations for subsequent adoption by NAAs
7 Working Groups
Ops/Licensing, Organisations, Airworthiness, DAA,
C2/C3, System Safety Assessment, Continued
Airworthiness
Note – EASA intending to use JARUS as ‘Rulemaking
Group’ for much of its rulemaking tasks
45
CAA UAS Programme
‘Step by Step’ approach to expansion of UAS operations
Initial Ops – Get things flying, learn from experience
Accommodate activity into the aviation system, accepting that some limitations will be required
Integrate UAS with other aviation users as ‘routine business’
Initial Ops Accommodation
Strategic Projects
ASTRAEASmall UAS
Spectrum/Security
CAP722
PermissiveJARUS
MoD
EASA Airspace
Integration
ICAO Industry
46
To Sum Up
As for manned aircraft, unmanned aircraft will only be permitted to operate in UK airspace if it is considered that it is safe for them to do so
In the UK today we have a growing and diverse civil UA industry using small rotary and fixed wing aircraft under VLOS.
UK’s SUA regulations are proportionate, scaleable and have allowed the industry to develop, but further work now required to adequately assure safe ops in congested areas.
BVLOS ops (for both large and small RPAS) will require much closer assessment but we want to encourage development – need to know what is holding things back
We are developing appropriate regulation as a part of an international effort.
‘Safe to be Flown’- Airworthiness/Cert
‘Flown Safely’ – Operational
47
www.caa.co.uk/uas
gerry.corbett@caa.co.uk
Drones For Good
Professor Nick AvisExecutive Dean, Faculty of Science and Engineering at
the University of Chester
50
25th September 2014Royal Air Force Museum
Hendon
Nick Avis
Faculty of Science and Engineering
University of Chester
n.avis@chester.ac.uk
Humanitarian uses of drones
Drones – Non Humanitarian Uses
51
Drones – Non Humanitarian Uses
52
Drones – Non Humanitarian Uses
53
Military
• Surveillance UAVs, cargo-carrying UAVs, and weaponised UAVs.
• Dull, Dirty and Dangerous
• Military dividend – ? To what extent can these be repurposed ?
Rapid Technological Advances:
54
Vast array of sizes and capabilities!
….. more
Drones – Humanitarian Uses
57
Platforms – Communications / broadband
Surveillance / Search
Transport / Delivery
Drones – Humanitarian Uses
58
Platforms – Communications / broadband – Google – Loon
– O3B
Persistent - density – cost – ease of deployment
Satellite vs. High Altitude vs. Low altitude
Coverage, control, dwell times and fidelity
59
Drones – Humanitarian Uses Eco-System of UAVs and Data Networks
NASA
Eco-system of Drones – Data + Comms
Google Loon
60
Drones – Humanitarian Uses
61
Platforms – Communications / broadband – Google – Loon
– O3B
Surveillance / Search
Transport / Delivery
Surveillance / Search
62
Platforms – Communications / broadband – Google – Loon
– O3B
Surveillance / Search
Transport / Delivery
Surveillance / Search
63
“And on the day of the launch mission, 350 people from 25 countries including the US, Africa and Europe, acted as ‘virtual’ mountain rescue search assistants as they joined the live search and rescue trial operation from their desktop computers, tablet devices and mobiles.”
Drones and crowd-sourced analysis
[UPDATED] UAV Provides Colorado Flooding
Assistance Until FEMA Freaks Out
By Evan Ackerman
Posted 16 Sep 2013 | 14:42 GMT
64
Drones – Humanitarian Uses
65
Platforms – Communications / broadband – Google – Loon
– O3B
Surveillance / Search
Transport / Delivery
66
Transport
Grand Challenges Explorations Grant from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation went to a group led by George Barbastathis at Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, which is developing the idea of delivering vaccines to people in rural communities. [by drones]
67
Nitrofirex
Transport
Transport – small stuff
68
Video pill
“Fantastic Voyage”
Organisations and Prizes
COO, THIS WILL NEVER FLY!
Civic Drone Centre civicdronecentre.org
Organisations and Prizes
COO, THIS WILL NEVER FLY!
Prizes
• DUBAI // Fancy winning US$1 million or Dh1m?
• Now is your chance as the Government is offering the prize money to
anyone who can invent drones to deliver services.
• The competition was launched by Mohammed Al Gargawi, Minister of
Cabinet Affairs, at the Government Summit in Duba
• http://www.thenational.ae/uae/government/million-dollar-contest-
launched-to-invent-drones-for-uae-government-services#ixzz3EAj4U9sZ
Conclusion
Technology – cool/shiny
Cost
Capability
Convenience
Acceptance
Safety concerns
71
URLs
72
http://irevolution.net/tag/uav/http://gerardens.com/2012/08/02/wildfire-fighting-robots/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-28318281http://irevolution.net/2014/08/29/google-uavs-for-disaster-response/http://irevolution.net/2014/06/25/humanitarians-in-the-sky/http://spectrum.ieee.org/automaton/robotics/aerial-robots/falcon-uav-provides-colorado-flooding-assistance-until-fema-freaks-outhttp://irevolution.net/2014/09/07/disaster-tweets-give-responders-valuable-data/www.ob3networks.orgcivicdronecentre.org
The Rise of the Humanitarian Drone: Giving Content to an Emerging Concept (forthcoming)
Sandvik, Kristin Bergtora (2014) The Rise of the Humanitarian Drone: Giving Content to an Emerging Concept (forthcoming), Millennium: Journal of International Studies.
Drones For Good
Serge WichCo-Founder at conservationdrones.org
DRONES& monitoring biodiversity ( threats)
CONSERVATION
Serge WichLiverpool John Moores University, UK
Lian Pin KohUniversity of Adelaide, Australia
Source: Orangutan Foundation
Source: Rainforest Rescue
An urgent problem...monitoring of orangutans
Survey work
Sumatra distribution (2012)
Sources: nicecliparts.com, melodyshaw.com
Seed funding...
Happily we went shopping
...we decided to look for a cheaper ‘Do-It-Yourself’ solution...
Drones are expensive and might also be expensive to maintain...
Source: youtube.com/1sgttoles
DIYDrones.com – Amateur Drone BuildersDo-it-yourself drones
+ +
Model aircraft Autopilot Payload
Software
+ Conservation
Drone!=
Prototype Drone (< £650)
Prototype Drone ... Test flights in Switzerland
First field tests in N Sumatra, Indonesia (Jan 2012)
ConservationDrones.org... Founded April 2012
253, 707 views (01/07/2014)
How does a Conservation Drone work?
Mission Planning: Clicking waypoints on Google map
Quick look River survey
Map an area Patrol forest boundary
The Caipirinha drone
Flight data screen
Prototype: Bixler Raptor drone Skywalker drone
Maja drone Finwing drone Vanguard drone
Different models
Weight: ~1-3 kg (inc. batteries)
Payload: ~0-1 kg
Automatic Take-off: Hand launchedAutonomous Flight: Guided by GPSAutomatic Landing: Within 100 x 100 m field
Flight time: ~20-90 minutes
Range: ~15-70 km
Sensors: Photo, video, thermal imaging cameras
Telemetry: ‘Live’ transmission of flight data and video
Wingspan: 1-1.8 m
Photo Quality: ~1 – 10 cm per pixel resolution
SPECS
Different multi-rotor models
What is a Conservation Drone good for?
Super low-cost remote sensor
Orangutan nests
Reforestation project in Sumatra
In collaboration with the Sumatran Orangutan Society and the Orangutan Information Centre (Wich et al in prep)
2238 images
5.22 sq. km / 1289ac
5.22cm/pixel side
91 orangutan nest in ground surveys
Aerial images being analysed
Turtle nest
Bat (detecting) drones
ConservationDrones with Terry Reardon (South Australian Museum) and Alice
Hughes (Chinese Academy of Science). Detecting the Grey-headed flying-fox
Bat calls (~39kHz)
Noise from drone (<4kHz)
Wild orangutan
Elephant (Sumatra)Scale:100%|F-stop: f/2.7|Exp: 1/1000|Lens:28mm|Altitude:80m agl
Wild Rhinos (Nepal)Scale:100%|F-stop: f/3.1|Exp: 1/1000|Lens:28mm|Altitude:100m agl
Forest buffaloes
Monitoring birds
A collaboration between Monash University and ConservationDrones.
Focus on Crested Terns (photo) and Lesser Frigatbird
Automatic object recognition needed due to large amount of data
(Chen et al. 2014)
Ecosystem-level PatternsScale:50%|F-stop: f/2.7|Exp: 1/500|Lens:28mm|Altitude:100m agl
Tree-level PhenomenaScale:100%|F-stop: f/4|Exp: 1/1000|Lens:50mm|Altitude:100m agl
Question 1 Preliminary results:
Tree species identification (Gabon)
(van Andel et al. in prep))
Human Activities: LoggingScale:30%|F-stop: f/4.2|Exp: 1/500|Lens:28mm|Altitude:100m agl
Agriculture: Oil PalmScale:17%|F-stop: f/4.2|Exp: 1/250|Lens:28mm|Altitude:100m agl
Mosaic of multiple drone images
1000 m
Landsat satellite: 30m/pixel
Camera on UAV: 3cm/pixel
Forest monitoring in Gunung Leuser National Park
(Courtesy of Graham Usher and Matt Nowak, SOCP)
Grey = water
Blue = Forest
Green = agriculture/barren
Dark red = barren/housing
Red = roads/barren Courtesy of Ahimsa Campos-Arceiz and Wee Siong
Landsat image classified based on land cover from photomosaic from drone
(Szantoi et al. in prep)
Georeferenced photo-mosaics draped over DSM
X
Z
Y
In collaboration with: Dronemapper.com & ETH Future Cities Laboratory
3D ‘Forest overview’ from Drone-based Imagery
High Definition Video Camera
Video camera
Youtube.com/lp76
Bird’s Eye View of Landscape
Odzala National Park, Congo
Thermal imaging
With Andy Goodwin (LJMU OpenLabs) and support from www.Xenics.com
Belize
Gabon
Kenya
Tanzania
Rep Congo Madagascar
USA
Germany
Switzerland
India
Indonesia
Malaysia
CambodiaNepal
Greenland Scotland
Chile
Belize
Australia
Panama
Radio collarsCamera traps
VHF
Ongoing developments...
Spy mics
Drones For Good
Robin HiggonsManaging Director at Qi3
Drones For Good
Andrew RicheAgronomist at Rothamsted Research
Rothamsted Researchwhere knowledge grows
Monitoring crop experiments by drone
Andrew RicheSlide 156
Talk outline
• Background
• RPAs in agriculture
• Rothamsted RPA
• Monitoring field trials
• How the RPA can help
157
Food Security
‘Demand for food is projected to increase by 50% by 2030 and double by 2050’
‘The challenge for global agriculture is to grow more food on not much more
land, using less water, fertiliser and pesticides than we have historically
done’Sir John Beddington
UK Government Chief Scientific Adviser 158
Pros
• Independent of ground conditions
• Relatively quick
Cons
• Small payload
• Short flying time
• Accidents happen
Current uses
• Bird scaring
• Mapping/scouting
• Crop Spraying
• Monitoring field experiments
RPAs in agriculture
Slide 159
Rothamsted RPA
Slide 160
HD video camera
RGB stills/HD video camera
Thermal imaging camera
Near infrared camera
Computer waypoint control
Endurance: 10 min+Up to 50 waypoints
Manual control
• Insurance
• CAA permission to fly
• Airspace permission (>7kg)
Flying limitations
• Maximum altitude 400ft
• Maximum distance 500m from operator
• Not within 150m of a congested area
• Not within 50m of a person not under pilots control
• Operator must maintain unaided visual contact
• Suitable weather
RPA Regulations
Slide 161
UK Cereal yields 1892-2010
• Yields increased rapidly from the 1940s
• A lot of variation between years
• Yields have not increased in the last 10 years
• This pattern occurs in many European countries
• Reasons for static yields not fully understood
162
Wheat Research - Small plot field experiments
Slide 163
• Anthesis
• Hyperspectral Reflectance
• Maturity
• Height
• Lodging
• Spad
• Harvest
Phenotyping
Slide 164
Need for High Throughput Phenotyping
165
5000 plots10 000 samples
200km
Date Times
Anthesis May - July 16
Hyperspectral Reflectance Apr - July 3
Maturity June - July 11
Height June 1
Lodging, SPAD 3
Total 34
170km
• Time consuming
• Lack of person power
• Skilled
• Laborious (tedious!), repetitive
• Weather dependant
Phenotyping – the problem
Slide 166
Remote sensing options:
Sony RGB camera
Optris Thermal Imaging camera
ADC Near-infrared camera
RPA Sensors
Slide 167
168
• 24 Mpixels
• Establishment/canopy cover
• Nitrogen status
• Maturity
• Height
• Lodging
RGB Camera
Slide 169
RGB Camera – Digital Surface Models
Slide 170 F. Holman, 2014
• 10 Ground Control Points• 40m altitude• Imaged every second
Estimating wheat height from DSM
• 0.11Mpixels
• 40mK sensitivity
• Stress: insect, pathogen, water
• Stomatal conductance
• Canopy architecture eg Flag leaf angle
Thermal Infra-red Camera
Slide 171
• Take-all (a root disease of wheat)
• Symptons visible early summer
• Show as lower temperature
• Often stress will show as a higher temperature, eg water stress
Disease
Slide 172
• 3.2 Mpixels
• Crop/canopy dynamics
• Nutrients status
• Various vegetation indices, e.g. NDVI, SAVI.
Hyperspectral Camera
Slide 173
Image processed to show Soil Adjusted Vegetation index. Area of poor growth shows up as reduced SAVI.
SAVI=(NIR-RED)/(NIR+RED+L)*(1+L)
• NDVI measurements in April showed a correlation with grain yield at final harvest
Establishment - NDVI
Slide 174
Yield
Slide 175
Relationship between Grain Yield and spectral reflectance Relationship between Grain Nitrogen concentration and spectral reflectance
Relationship between Grain Nitrogen uptake and spectral reflectance
Multispectral Infra-red camera
• Anthesis
• Pests (aphids)
• Disease
• Weeds
• Nutrient stratus
• Yield
• Nutrient offtake
Future sensors
Slide 176
Lidar
• detailed canopy modelling and crop architecture.
• Tec5 spectra at anthesis (8 cultivars, 3 reps, 4 N levels)
• GAI and biomass at anthesis predicted with high confidence
• Ear population correlated poorly
Phenotypic traits at anthesis, full spectrum 350-1000nm
Slide 177
• We have learnt how to fly the RPA and collect images
• We are learning how to use the data collected
• We still have much to learn about image processing and other sensor technology
• We believe the technology will save time, collect reliable data and enable more data to be collected than before
However:
• We could have too much data
• We need to fully utilize the technology and data
Conclusions
Slide 178
Acknowledgements
Malcolm HawkesfordSaroj ParmorDavid Soba-HidalgoLaure BeghinMartin SuplissonBaptiste Hamon
Computing staffLinda CarltonPaul ComptonPhilip Webb
RRes Farm StaffStephen GowardChris MackayNick Chichester-Miles
Slide 179
Drones For Good
Simon NielsenCEO & Founder at Ctrl.Me Robotics
The Future of DronesI n P h o t o g r a p h y a n d C i n e m a
CINEMA DRONES
A DIFFERENT SOLUTION
• Cost
• Portability
• Reliability &
Safety
• Precision
NEW TRENDS
• Props
• Characters
• Creative Shots
• Follow Focus
• Semi Autonomous
• Longer Flight Times
DIRECTING DRONES
Drones are the new tripod Giving back control
DESIGNING FOR THE FUTURE
1 - 3 Years:
Safety
Miniaturization
Autonomy
HD 3D Streaming
3 - 10 Years:
Widespread Adoption
Camera
Power
AI
Drones For Good
Steve RoestCEO & Co-Founder at Skycap
Anti-Poachingand
The Drone Revolution
Steve RoestShadowView – SkyCap
Drones For Good
London
25 Sep 2014SkyCap - ShadowView
SkyCap - ShadowView
ShadowView
• Grew out of work with a Sea Shepherd Conservation Society
• Missions flown in 7 continents by end 2014
• First success in Namibia and Antarctica
• First to capture evidence of illegal hunting in the UK
• First ever to capture rhino poachers on thermal during live mission in Greater Kruger South Africa
• Work with a large range of local and international partners
SkyCap - ShadowView
Equipment
SkyCap - ShadowView
SkyCap - ShadowView
Thermal imagery key
Fixed Wing
SkyCap - ShadowView
Rotary
SkyCap - ShadowView
Projects
SkyCap - ShadowView
Borneo
SkyCap - ShadowView
Borneo
SkyCap - ShadowView
Malawi – Kasungu National Park
• 2000 African elephants ten years ago
• Current population: 100
Provide UAV support during anti-poaching patrols
SkyCap - ShadowView
South Africa – Rhino Wars
SkyCap - ShadowView
South Africa - Greater Kruger area
• Over 900 rhino poached in the Greater Kruger Area in 2013
• ShadowView collaborate with local organisations
• UAVs help level the playing field when utilised effectively
SkyCap - ShadowView
Questions?
SkyCap - ShadowView
Drones For Good
Peter LeeSenior Associate at Taylor Vintners LLP
unmanned systems
The law
Drones4Good
210
Intellectual
property
Copyright
Designs rights
Software
Patents
Other IPRContracts
Who does what to whom, when and
for how much
Liability and risk
Termination
Airspace &
Airworthiness
regulationsNational AA
ANO (UK)
CAP 722 (UK)EASA Regs
Insurance
Privacy
Data protection
issues
Tortious
liability
Article 8 vs Article 10 (ECHR)
UAV
legal
issues
Flow down Export
control
Funding
Surveillance
Ethics
211
@Glaciologist: if a #uavcrashes and kills you who’s responsible if it is automated?
@bway: I reckon @PeterLee000 is probably the man for that Q!...
@bway
@Glaciologist
@PeterLee000
@Glaciologist @bway my response "if a #UAV crashes and kills you who's responsible if it is automated?" http://youtu.be/Mq1ySjUkOD4 #UAV #drone
212
Next 5 years…
• Regulation – airspace integration
• Airworthiness
• Urban operations
• FPV flight
• Spectrum – 2.4Ghz (Ofcom)
• Data analytics
• Automation / sense and avoid
• Public perception
• Regulator prosecutions
• Privacy and data protection (ICO)
Peter Lee
Twitter: @PeterLee000
Blog: http://dronelaw.blogspot.co.uk/
Email: peter.lee@taylorvinters.com
DD: +44 (0)1223 225149
Mob: +44 (0)7969 910777
Drones For Good
Alexander BurwitzOperations Manager at Nitrofirex
29/09/2014NITROFIREX 2011 Copyright © All rights reserved
NITROFIREX 2014 Copyright © All rights reserved
NITROFIREX
•Concept•AGC Definition•Operation Phases AGC• Possible Uses of the Concept
FOREST FIRES
• Market Analysis
• AGC Description
• Launcher Aircraft
• Operational Advantages
• Economical Advantages
• Safety & Regulations
• Conclusions
9/29/2014
NITROFIREX, is a new approach in the world of the Aerial Vehicles,
which aims to develop the capacity of spraying or spreading a large
payload in a hostile, difficult or impossible to access environment
with a manned plane.
(WORLD-WIDE PATENTED CONCEPT, see back up slide nº 28)
)
NITROFIREX 2014 Copyright © All rights reserved 9/29/2014
NITROFIREX’s the main elements to be used are:
“LAUNCHER AIRCRAFT” or LA
A heavy transport aircraft with a rear ramp.
“AUTONOMOUS GLIDING CONTAINERS” or AGCs
These carry the payload from the LA to the the programed release point.
NITROFIREX 2014 Copyright © All rights reserved 9/29/2014
1.- LAUNCH
Initial phase of the operation in of which the AGCs are mechanically
launched from the L.A.
NITROFIREX 2014 Copyright © All rights reserved 9/29/2014
2.- GLIDE and GUIDANCE
The AGCs containing the payload glide to their target and are
equipped with a guidance system which makes it fully autonomous
from the launch to the targeted release point (glided-guided bomb).
.
NITROFIREX 2014 Copyright © All rights reserved 9/29/2014
AGM-154A (JSOW)
3.- DROP
Reaching their targeted release point the AGCs drop their content
automatically and with great precision.
NITROFIREX 2014 Copyright © All rights reserved 9/29/2014
4.- ESCAPE MANEUVER
Then the AGCs rapidly escape from the hostile zone taking advantage
of the amount of height gained due to the big and sudden loss of
weight. This maneuver is used as a transition into the following phase
of recovery.
NITROFIREX 2014 Copyright © All rights reserved 9/29/2014
(see discussion back up slides 29/30
5.- RECOVERY and LANDING
Once empty and removed of the hostile zone, the AGCs begin their
recovery phase by means of their small jet engine, recovering and landing
in the base of operation of the L.A. in a completely autonomous way
NITROFIREX 2014 Copyright © All rights reserved
Recovery is performed at night, below 500’ and over non populated areas:
Air/ground SAFETY & PRIVACY are not affected
9/29/2014
FORESTFIRE FIGHTING AT NIGHT
OTHER FIRES
NUCLEAR, CHEMICAL or BIOLOGICAL EMERGENCIES
METEOROLOGICAL PHENOMENA
DRUG PLANTATION SPRAYING
PESTS SPRAYING or SEEDING (Remote and / or inaccessible areas)
NITROFIREX 2014 Copyright © All rights reserved 9/29/2014
29/09/2014NITROFIREX 2011 Copyright © All rights reservedNITROFIREX 2014 Copyright © All rights reserved 9/29/2014
29/09/2014NITROFIREX 2014 Copyright © All rights reserved
Current airborne firefighters are:
Slow
Manual water drops
Daytime operation
Single role aircraft
Risky operations
TECHNOLOGICAL PARADOX:
DETECTION TIME vs. REACTION TIME
CURRENT TECHNOLOGICAL STATUS
• Economic loss over the last 20 years (1992-2011) 6.139 mill € (307 mill €/year)
• Average affected surface last 20 years (1993-2012) 133.288 ha/year
• Average annual fires last 20 years (1993-2012) 18.322 fires/year
• Nº of fires years 05 to 12 25.492 / 16.334 / 10.932 / 11.612 / 14.793 / 11.722 / 16.028 / 15.902
• Number fires with use of aircraft 07 / 08 / 09 / 10 2.594 / 2.702/ 4.235 / 2.963
• Average number of aircraft used in firefighting (last 5 years) +160 (74 PLANES / above 85 HEL)
DATA FROM REPORT “LOS INCENDIOS FORESTALES EN ESPAÑA. AÑO 2005", Pgs 105-107 (M.M.A.)
DATA FROM REPORT “INCENDIOS FORESTALES EN ESPAÑA. AÑO 2006”, Pg 102 (M.A.R.M.)
DATA FROM REPORT “INCENDIOS FORESTALES EN ESPAÑA. AÑO 2007”, Pg 11 /108 (M.A.R.M.)
DATA FROM REPORT “INCENDIOS FORESTALES EN ESPAÑA. AÑO 2008”, Pg 6 / 45 (M.A.R.M.)
DATA FROM REPORT “INCENDIOS FORESTALES EN ESPAÑA. AÑO 2009”, Pg 10 /41 (M.A.R.M)
DATA FROM REPORT “INCENDIOS FORESTALES EN ESPAÑA. AÑO 2010”. Pg 7 / 79 (M.A.R.M)
DATA FROM REPORT “INCENDIOS FORESTALES EN ESPAÑA. AÑO 2011”. Pg 35 (M.A.G.R.A.M.A.)
DATA FROM REPORT “LOS INCENDIOS FORESTALES EN ESPAÑA. AÑO 1 ENE - 31 DIC 2012” (AVANCE INFORMATIVO) Pgs 47 (M.A.G.R.A.M.A.)
9/29/2014NITROFIREX 2013 Copyright © All rights reserved
Forest Fire Statistics in Spain
29/09/2014NITROFIREX 2011 Copyright © All rights reserved
EUROPE, 4,9
RUSIA
FEDERATION,
16.0
USA, 17.2
CANADA , 21.3
AUSTRALIA,
40.6
NITROFIREX PATENTED COUNTRIES PERIOD (YEARS)AVERAGE YEARLY
BURNT AREA (HECTARES)
SPAIN: 37,1% OF EUROPE
1,8% OF TOTAL
BURNT AREA
PER REGION
29/09/2014NITROFIREX 2011 Copyright © All rights reserved
EUROPE, 4,9
RUSIA
FEDERATION,
16.0
USA, 17.2
CANADA , 21.3
AUSTRALIA,
40.6
SPAIN: 37,1% OF EUROPE
1,8% OF TOTAL
BURNT AREA
PER REGION
ECONOMIC LOSS AIRCRAFT
1,8 %................307 M€ 1,8 %……………….160 ACFT
100 %..........17.028 M€ 100 %....................8.800 ACFT
8.500 M€ 4.000 ACFT
(1/2 Planes + 1/2 HEL)
29/09/2014NITROFIREX 2014 Copyright © All rights reserved
DROMADER : 2.200 L
NITROFIREX: 2.500 ± 250 L
AIR TRACTOR: 3.100 L
CANADAIR CL-215/415: 5.500 L
AGCs TOTAL WEIGHT : 3.000 kg ( +/-250 kg) AGCs EMPTY WEIGHT : 500 KG (~20 % TOTAL WEIGHT)AGCs PAY LOAD : 2.500 (+/- 250) LITRES (48 -58 % total volume / 73 -60 % AGCs volume)
AGCs DIMENSIONS (meter): 5,00 LENGTH, 1,25 HIGH, 0,75 WIDTHAGCs VOLUME: 3,75 M³ (80 % total volume)
TOTAL VOLUME NECESSARY : 4,6875 M³
5.0 M
1,25 M
0,75 M
29/09/2014NITROFIREX 2014 Copyright © All rights reserved
AIRCRAFT PAYLOAD USEFUL WATER NUMBER OF
TYPE (T.M.) LITERS AGCs
C-130 (WT) 19,4 -28,9 16.356 - 22.000 6 / 8
AN-12 20 16.500 6
A-400M 37 31.000 12
IL-76
(T / MD / TD / MF)40 /47/50/60 33.000 - 50.000 14 / 20
C-17 77,3 65.290 24
OPERATIONAL CONSIDERATIONS
NITROFIREX 2014 Copyright © All rights reserved
29/09/2014NITROFIREX 2014 Copyright © All rights reserved
• 24H OPERATION
• REDUCED REACTION TIMES
• HIGHER WATER DROP CAPABILITY PER OPERATION HOUR AS COMPARED TOCURRENT MEANS
• MAXIMUM WATER DROP EFFICIENCY DUE TO SEQUENTIAL DEPLOYMENT OFTHE AGCs
• MAXIMUM PRECISION OF THE WATER DROP
• MAXIMUM CONCENTRATION OF EXTINGUISHING AGENT AT RELEASE POINT
• UNAFFECTED BY WIND, TURBULENCE, CLOUDS AND SMOKE
• UNAFFECTED BY GEOGRAPHICAL BARRIERS
• POSSIBILITY OF ATTENDING MORE THAN ONE FIRE SIMULTANEOUSLY BIGDISPLACEMENT CAPACITY: HEAVY TRANSPORT L.A. PROVIDE THE LONGRANGE AND HIGH SPEED
• NO RISK FOR FLIGHT CREWS
• GIVES DIRECT SUPPORT TO GROUND CREWS
ECONOMICAL CONSIDERATIONS I
NITROFIREX 2014 Copyright © All rights reserved
ECONOMICAL CONSIDERATIONS IIC
OS
T O
F D
RO
PP
ED
LIT
ER
S IN
FU
NC
TIO
N O
F D
IST
AN
CE
NITROFIREX 2014 Copyright © All rights reserved
29/09/2014NITROFIREX 2014 Copyright © All rights reserved
• MUCH HIGHER WATER DROP CAPABILITY PER FLIGHT HOUR AS COMPARED
TO CURRENT MEANS
• LOWER COST PER DROPPED LITER
• AGCs CAN BE LAUNCHED FROM MANY KINDS OF TRANSPORT AIRCRAFT
• MINIMUM FLEET DEPLOYMENT
• NON EXCLUSIVE L.A. - ONE AIRCRAFT TWO MISSIONS
• BIG SAVINGS IN AMORTIZATIONS, PERSONNEL, MAINTENANCE AND
SUPPLIES.
• GREAT AVAILABILITY OF HEAVY TRANSPORT AIRCRAFT WORLDWIDE TO BE
USED AS L.A.
• L.A. REQUIRE NO MODIFICATION
• TECHNOLOGIES USED ARE ALREADY DEVELOPED AND AVAILABLE
NITROFIREX 2014 Copyright © All rights reserved
GPWS
EMERGENCY MODE / FLIGHT ABORT:
- ONE MAN IN THE LOOP
- Automatic / Manual abort mode
- Automatic GPWS system utilization
FINAL GUIDANCE
EMERGENCY MODE
A.G.C.
RECOVERY
L.A.
• TO BE A COMPLEMENT OF DAYTIME AERIAL MEANS
– NON STOP FIGHTING / H-24
• BETTER REGULATORY OPTIONS
NITROFIREX OPERATIONS DO NOT AFFECT
AIR/GROUND SAFETY AND/OR CITIZEN´S PRIVACY
- NIGHTTIME LAUNCH & APPROACH TO FIRE IS DONE IN SEGREGATED AIR SPACE UNDER L.A.
- NIGHTTIME RECOVERY IS AT VLL (500’) FROM THE FOREST FIRE TO THE OP´S BASE
- PROGRAMED TO RETURN OVER NON POPULATED AREAS
- STANDARD EQUIPMENT FOR AGCs IS A PARACHUTE AND AN AIRBAG DEPLOYED IN CASE OF ENGINE FLAME OUT AND/OR ANY ANOTHER MALFUNCTION
WHY AT NIGHT?
NITROFIREX 2014 Copyright © All rights reserved 29/09/2014
29/09/2014NITROFIREX 2011 Copyright © All rights reserved
CHANGE OF PHILOSOPHY
ACKNOWLEDGE THE SERIOUSNESS OF THE PROBLEM
APPROACH A NEW STRATEGY:
• NIGHT OPERATION
• NO RISKY OPERATION FOR AIRBORNE CREWS
• BIGGER DROPPING CAPACITY
• REACTION TIME REDUCTION
• SIGNIFICANT COST REDUCCTION
FACE THE TECHNOLOGICAL CHALLENGE
NITROFIREX 2014 Copyright © All rights reserved
Drones For Good