Drawing

Everybody draws. There can scarcely be a person above the age of two who has never made a drawing.

Two qualities often associated with drawing are familiarity and intimacy. Drawing is familiar in that it

uses the materials we are accustomed to – the pencil, the pen, the stick of chalk.

Drawing seems intimate because it is frequently the artist’s note-taking. We think of drawings as direct

expression, from brain to hand.

Materials for Drawing

Dry Media

Pencil Metalpoint Charcoal Chalk and Crayon

Wet Media

Pen and Ink Brush and Ink

Supports

Parchment Vellum Paper Other

Dry Media

Silverpoint• Uses a ground of bone or chalk mixed with

gum, water and pigment.• Drag a silver tipped instrument over the surface

and the partials stick to the ground. • Tom make a area darker you have to use cross

hatching. • Very delicate in appearance.

Silverpoint

Figure 5.3, p.108: ALPHONSE LEGROS. Head of a Man (19th century). Silverpoint on white ground.

Leonardo da Vinci- Silverpoint

Dry Media continued…Pencil• Most traditional media• Replaced silverpoint• Capable of creating a wide range of effects. History:• Came into use in the 1500s• Mass produced pencils invented in late eighteenth century. • Uses a thin rod of graphite encased in wood or paper. • The graphite is ground to dust, mixed with clay and baked.

• The more clay, the harder the pencil.

Pencil

Figure 5.6, p.109: ADRIAN PIPER. Self-Portrait Exaggerating My Negroid Features (1981). Pencil on paper. 10” x 8”.

Pablo Picasso-pencil

Charcoal

• Also has a long history• Used by prehistoric man on cave walls!• Charcoal is burnt pieces of wood or bone. • Now charcoal is made from controlled charring o

special hardwoods. • Ranges from hard to soft. • Can be smudged or rubbed. • Needs to be fixed with varnish, or can be rubbed

off. • Will show the surface of the paper.

Charcoal

Figure 5.7, p.110: KATHE KOLLWITZ. Self-Portrait (1924). Charcoal. 18 1/2 x 25 in.

Carracci-charcoal

Chalk and Pastel• Chalk and pastel are very similar to charcoal.• The compositions of the media differ.• Made or ground chalk mixed with powered pigments

and a binder. • Relatively young, only introduced to France in the

1400s. • Comes in many colors

– Ocher - dark yellow that comes from iron oxide in some clays.

– Umber - yellowish or reddish brown color that comes from earth containing oxides or manganese and iron.

– Sanguine - a “earthy” red color

Figure 5.9, p.111: MICHELANGELO. Studies for The Libyan Sybil (1510–1511). Red chalk. 11 3⁄8” x 8 3⁄8”.

Chalk and Pastel

Figure 5.11, p.112: EDGAR DEGAS. Woman at Her Toilette (1903). Pastel on paper. 30” x 30 1⁄2”.

Raphael-colored chalk

Pen and Ink

• Used since ancient times

• Earliest were s reeds

• Quills, plucked from live birds, were sue in the Middle Ages.

• Replaced in the nineteenth century with mass produced metal nib, which is slipped into a stylus.

Pen and Wash

Wash - diluted ink that is applied with brush.

• Often combined with fine clear lines of pure ink to provide tonal emphasis.

Vincent van Gogh-ink and pen

Figure 5.18, p.115: GIOVANNI BATTISTA TIEPOLO. Hagar and Ishmael in the Wilderness (c. 1725–1735). Pen, brush and brown ink, and wash, over sketch in black chalk. 16 1⁄2” x 11 1⁄8”.

Pen and Wash

Tiepolo-ink wash

New Approaches to Drawing

Drawing display endless versatility in:

• Purpose

• Media

• Technique

So what is drawing?

Fig. 5-25, p.119 MARGARET HONDA. Exchange (2003-2004). Vinyl on Mylar. 50 Elements, Dimensions variable.

New Drawing Media

Richard Long

Richard Long

Beth Secor

Beth Secor

Purposes of Drawings

Preliminary Study

Leonardo da Vinci, Sketch for the Madonna of the Cat, ~1480, Pen and Brown Ink.

Figure 5.1, p.106: REMBRANDT VAN RIJN. Copy of Leonardo da Vinci’s Last Supper. Red chalk on paper. 14” x 18 1⁄4”.

Figure studies by Rembrandt

Purposes of Drawings

Illustration

Jason D’Aquino

Purposes of Drawings

Expression

Purposes of Drawings

Drawing as Final Work

Kathleen Gilje

Painting

Painting is the queen of the arts. Ask ten people to form a quick mental image of “art,” nine of them are likely to visualize a painting on a wall.

There are several reasons for the prominence of painting. For one thing, paintings are usually full of color which is an important visual stimuli. For

another, paintings are often framed, some quite elaborately, so that one has the impression of a very special object.

Types of Painting

• Fresco

• Encaustic

• Tempera

• Oil

• Acrylic

• Watercolor

• Spray Paint

Fresco• Fresco - the art of painting on plaster.

– Was popular in the Renaissance – And was revived in Mexico after WWI.

• Buon fresco or true fresco - done on damp, lime plaster.

• Fresco secco - painting on dry plaster. Problems with fresco:• Have to work fast, you can only paint what

can be completed in one day. This can create visible seams.

• Some color don’t work well with lime. (like blue)

Painting Media

Fresco

Figure 6.1, p.122: GIOTTO. Lamentation (c. 1305). Fresco. 7’7” x 7’9”.

Encaustic

Encaustic - One of the earliest methods of applying color to a surface. Uses a pigment in a wax vehicle that has been heated to a liquid state.

• Very old• Extremely durable• Colors remain vibrant• Surface will retain a hard luster• Used by the Egyptians and the Romans

Painting Media

Encaustic

Jasper Johns, Flag

Figure 6.2, p.123: Mummy Portrait of a Man (Egypto-Roman, Faiyum, c. 160–179 CE). Encaustic on wood. 14” x 8”.

Tempera

Tempura - uses ground pigments mixed with vehicle of egg yolk or whole egg thinned with water

• Popular for centuries the tradition composition is rarely used today

• Used by the Greeks and Romans• Use the exclusive painting medium of artists in

the Middle Ages. • Fell out of favor in the 1300’s with the

introduction of oil painting.

Advantages of Tempera• toExtremely durable• Pure and brilliant colors• Color did not become compromised by

oxidation • Consistency and fluidity allowed for precision

Disadvantages: • Dries quickly• Hard to rework• Can not provide subtle gradation of tone.

Painting Media

Egg Tempera

Figure 6.5, p.125: FRANZ GERTSCH. Silvia (1998). Tempera on unprimed canvas. 9’6 1⁄4” x 9’ 2 1⁄4”.

Tempera

Oil

Oil painting - consists of ground pigments combined with a linseed oil vehicle and a turpentine medium or thinner.

• The transition from tempera to oil was gradual.• Naturally slow drying – can be speeded up with

agents• The first oils were on wood panels.Glazing - the application of multiple layers of

transparent films of paint to a surface.

Oil’s Advantages

• Colors can be blended easily.

• Slow drying lets you rework problem areas.

• Can creates nice delicate colors.

• The eventual use of canvas as a ground allowed paintings to get much bigger.

Painting Media

Oil

Figure 6.6, p.126: FOLLOWER OF REMBRANDT VAN RIJN. Head of St. Matthew (c. 1661). Oil on wood. 9 7⁄8” x 7 3⁄4”.

Painting Media

Watercolor

Watercolor

Watercolor - originally defined as any painting medium that employs water as a solvent. Today refers to a specific technique really called aquarelle.

Aquarelle - Transparent films of paint are applied to a white absorbent surface. – Egyptian artist used a form of watercolor painting. – Also used in the Middle Ages

Gouache - watercolor mixed with a high concentration of vehicle and opaque ingredients such as chalk primarily used during the Byzantine and Romanesque eras of Christian art.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Watercolor

• White does not exist. • White is created by letting the paper shine

through. • The artist must plan ahead. • Corrections are not possible. • Portable• Great for sketches and impressions. • Or can be a used as a final piece.

Figure 6.13, p.131: RALPH GOINGS. Rock Ola (1992). Watercolor on paper. 14” x 20 3⁄4”.

Nolde and the transparencies of tinted washes in his watercolors

Acrylic

Acrylic - is a mixture of pigment and a plastic vehicle that can be thinned with water.

Advantages of acrylic paint over oil paint:• “No mess”• Can be used on a variety of surface• Surfaces don’t need special preparation.

Painting Media

Acrylic

Figure 6.11, p.129: ROGER SHIMOMURA. Untitled (1984). Acrylic on canvas. 60” x 72”.

Spray Paint

Is spray painting like prehistoric cave painting? It raises similar questions:

• Why do they do it?

• Is it art?

• Is it urban ritual?

• Will is speak in history to the trails of inner-city living?

Figure 6.15, p.132: CRASH (JOHN MATOS). Arcadia Revisited (1988). Spray paint on canvas. 96 1⁄4” x 68”.

Mixed Media

Collage or papiers colles - Picasso and Braque were the first to incorporate pieces of newsprint, wallpaper, labels from wine bottles, and oilcloth into their paintings.

Miriam Schapiro create what she calls “femmage” with is a version of collage using feminine imagery and materials

Painting Media

Mixed Media

Robert Rauschenberg

Figure 6.16, p.133: HOWARDENA PINDELL. Autobiography: Water / Ancestors, Middle Passage / Family Ghosts (1988). Acrylic, tempera, cattle markers, oil stick, paper, polymer photo-transfer, and vinyl tape on sewn

canvas. 118” x 71”.

Figure 6.17, p.133: MIRIAM SCHAPIRO. Maid of Honour (1984). Acrylic and fabric on canvas. 60” x 50”.

If you have ever received a a handmade greeting card for Christmas or for your birthday or as an invitation to a party, then

you will appreciate the difference between an art print and a mass-produced reproduction. Commercial greeting cards are cranked out

by the thousands, even the millions, by the major card manufacturers.

A homemade card has a more personal touch. The design is unique- a personal expression of the individual who created it. Also, each card will be slightly different due to the human touch

which we find missing from commercial products.

Monotype

Edgar Degas, Female Torso,ca. 1885.

Relief

Woodcut

Relief

Woodcut

Albrecht Dürer,The Four Horsemen of the

Apocalypse, 1498.

Relief

Wood Engraving

Relief

Wood Engraving

Thomas Bewick, “Duck” from History of

British Birds,1797-1804.

Relief

Color Woodcut

Helen Frankenthaler, Essence Mulberry,

1977.

Relief

Color Woodcut

Uga da Capri, Diogenes, ca. 1527-

1530.

Relief

Linocut

Picasso with linocut of Jacqueline and the

original linoleum plate from which it was printed in 1959

Intaglio

Engraving• Burin

Intaglio

Engraving

Albrecht Dürer, Adam and Eve, 1504.

Intaglio

Drypoint

As the name suggests, drypoint prints are produced by scratching the

surface of the metal plate using a needle, this scratching creates a

metal bur that holds the ink The bur is very fragile and the wear created

through the process of printing means that the plate will only yield an edition of ten to twenty prints of good

quality.

Intaglio

Drypoint

Mary Cassat,Baby’s Back, 1889-1890.

Intaglio

Mezzotint

Chuck Close, Keith, 1972.

Intaglio

Mezzotint

The mezzotint process has the ability to create subtle variations of tone; from

beautiful rich blacks to delicate, glowing highlights. Mezzotint prints are unique to

the intaglio process as the print is developed from dark to light.

Intaglio

Etching

José Guadalupe Posada, La Calavera

catrina,

Intaglio

Aquatint Francisco Goya, A caza de dientes, 1799.

Aquatint is commonly used in conjunction with etching where the the etched line expresses the design and the aquatinting provides tone. Resin

is dusted onto the metal plate and melted forming an irregular pattern of globules on the plate. Variations in the method and distribution of the dust creates a large range of textural and

tonal effects in the print. The resin acts as resistance to the acid when immersed. The process can be repeated, creating a large

range of tones, that are visually similar to ink wash drawings.

Lithography

Lithography

Honoré Daumier,”This Mr. Courbet paints such coarse people,” 1855.

Screen Printing

Screen Printing

Andy Warhol, Marilyn Monroe from Ten Marilyns, 1967.