Post on 06-Jul-2018
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ABSTRACT
Attempt has been made to investigate the factors of trac jam in Karachi
and nd out its impact on the performance of economy. revious studies
high!ight the same e!d but due to rapid!y changes in infrastructure of
Karachi city and gro"ing popu!ation raise the demand for more faci!ities#
space and vehic!es. $t became a vita! cha!!enge for city to manage the %o" of
trac as per routine and design the "ays through "hich prob!ems can rectify
and minimi&e the future prob!ems. $n this study e'p!oratory approach has
been used and primary data "as co!!ected through various methods and
techni(ues "hich he!pfu! to investigate in the subject matter. The (ua!itative
research study conducted via one to one intervie"s from citi&ens of Karachi
a!ong "ith the structured (uestions. Researcher)s observation and
e'perience "or* as a cata!yst to ana!y&e the factua! nding in an appropriate
"ay. The resu!ts of data have been critica!!y e'amined from prospective. This
study conc!uded the *ey issues for trac jam is non+avai!abi!ity of !ong term
p!anning by trac management "hich !eaves negative impact on
performance of economy is c!ear!y e'posed. $t is recommended that factors
indicated in this research may be rectied and remedia! measurement may
be ta*en to contro! these responsib!e factors "hich "i!! creates better
performance of economy.
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$T/RAT0R/ R/1$/2
$n the past many researchers have done the research in the same re!evant e!d# but
due to rapid!y changes in the structure of Karachi city and as "e!! as gro"ing
popu!ation demand more and enough space and faci!ities for vehic!es. 3icu!ties to
manage trac %o" increased day by day so it re(uires !ong term p!anning to cover
the future re!ated prob!em in this e!d# "hich shou!d be rea!i&ed today. Some
e'amp!e are added "hich support to this current research and study.
Trac jams occur "hen the road capacity is saturated o"ing to a high number of
vehic!es passing the same point at the same time. They genera!!y occur in themorning and evening 45structura!6 (ueues7 and sometimes during the day 4incident+
re!ated (ueues7 due to road "or*s# accidents# severe "eather conditions etc
4Sa!man and 8ureshi 9::;7.
According to conservative estimates# more than
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The major portion of the economy is !in*ed "ith the "or*ers those "ho spend time
for business activities. 2hen trac congestion occurred then it create a critica!
situation for "or*ers to response on time. Specica!!y in the metropo!itan areas#
de!ay in response direct!y !eave the negative impact on the business activity and
not generate good response for economic deve!opment of a*istan. 2hen "or*ers
trave! a !ong distance then it direct!y a>ect the time and congestion cost. $t is factthat the trac congestion !oses the precious time and money. $n this sense# there is
need to nd out the "ays through that !eads to"ards the e>ective management of
transportation system of the metropo!itan cities. $t a!so generates the e>ective
resu!ts for business organi&ations to minimi&e the ris* factor that cause because of
trac congestions 42eisbrod et a!. 9::
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BACK@R0?3
Today big Cities main!y depend on transport system for their economic surviva! andsocio+environmenta! sustainabi!ity and the transport system has a direct impact on
a!! sectors of an economy. The impacts of i!!+p!anned transport system on human
environment inc!ude congestion# more energy consumption# po!!ution# trac
crashes# "astes time# de!ay# decreases productivity and imposes costs on society.
These negative impacts can be minimi&ed after the identifying the main factors of
trac jam in the city and then remedia! measurement can be ta*en to contro! these
factors. There has been a major gro"th of trac vo!ume in Karachi over the past
t"o decades due to the great urban popu!ation "ith a !arge number of vehic!e
o"ners and citi&ens "ho transact businesses from one part of the city to another.
A!though many infrastructure faci!ities such as under passes# "ide roads# bridges#signa! free corridor etc. have been made in Karachi in !ast decade but increasing
trac vo!ume and other main factors rapid!y shrin* these faci!ities at present and in
the future there "i!! be "orst position if !ong+term p!anning has not been done
before. Resu!tant!y# our economy "i!! be bad!y a>ected.
A considerab!e amount of research has been made to regu!ate vehic!e movement
through manua! or automatic signa!i&ed faci!ities "hich trans!ate into an order!y
trac %o". 3espite the huge investment in road infrastructure# !arge cities are
facing an ever increasing prob!em of trac jam# accidents# air and noise po!!ution.
ne of the basic prob!ems of the Karachi bus service !ays in mismanagement
particu!ar!y the fai!ure of regu!ating# monitoring and enforcement agencies 4Rao and@renob!e ,;;,7.
Ean*ind has been endeavoring for the improvement of transportation since ear!y
history of civi!i&ation. This improvement is not on!y done for the easy
communication of services but a!so for the e'change of goods and services.
Conse(uent!y# this improvement has up!ifted the standard of !iving and !ifesty!e of
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humans. A best transportation system resu!ts into a "e!!+deve!oped society and a
progressive country 4@o!ob and Regan 9:::7.
Rapid increase in popu!ation become a major cause of trac prob!em and creates a
turbu!ence situation for trac management. 0!timate!y it !eaves negative impact on
the economic deve!opment of a*istan 4@o!ob and Regan 9::erent ang!e. These factors are used in this research rst time and no others researcher had
investigated before such an ang!e "hich has been used in this research.
$?TR30CT$?
Karachi# the most popu!ous metropo!itan city of
a*istan# "ith an estimated popu!ation of over 9<
mi!!ion# is the !argest business hub and the
bac*bone of our economy. Karachi provides
numerous business and job opportunities for its
peop!e. 2ith such a huge and ever increasing
popu!ation the city is current!y facing numerous
prob!ems. ne of the main issues "hich have
a>ected its citi&ens devastating!y is the !ac* of
appropriate pub!ic transportation infrastructure.
The city has a tremendous gro"th in trac at D.9percent annua!!y. The rapid year!y gro"th of buses
and other transport sources are a!so the main
cause of congestion# accidents and increase in trave!!ing time.
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According to a recent study# there are 9I.9 mi!!ion person trips generated in Karachi
every day# out of "hich at !east :J are rea!i&ed through the e'isting system of
pub!ic transport. Karachi)s pub!ic transport system is a!most entire!y run by private
operators of buses# minibuses and vans "ho not on!y run these vehic!es# but a!so
manage their routes and time tab!es. f a!! the buses actua!!y on the road# some
D:J are minibuses "ith 9 seats or !ess. The remaining are standard si&ed# sing!edec* buses "ith potentia! occupancy of I9 seats.
An e>ective transportation system is the *ey to economic deve!opment of any
country. Hor a city !i*e Karachi# e>ective measures are needed to improve the
current transportation system "hich "i!! denite!y increase the overa!! productivity
for economic deve!opment# "hereas# it "i!! a!so faci!itate its citi&ens by saving their
precious time and energy.
0ST$H$CAT$? A?3 R/AS?S H 3$?@ T$S ST03L
After passing = years of independence of our country# a comp!ete trac
management system cou!d not be introduced to overcome the dicu!ties in
trac %o" in Karachi. $mpact of trac jam on the performance of economy
is being negative!y increased. Therefore it is needed that "hat factors are
a>ecting it and at "hat !eve! so in !ight of that it may be improved.
B/CT$1/S H T/ ST03L
Eain object is to nd out main factors of trac jam in Karachi "hi!e specic
objectives "hich are in%uencing the trac jam to nd out the impact ofM
• /ncroachment on road and Hootpath.
• ess par*ing faci!ities.
• $mpact Road 3esign.
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• Trac Signa!s and roundabouts.
• $neciency of trac po!ice.
• Eore vehic!es on road.
• 1io!ation of trac ru!es by divers.
• o!itica! and other agitation.
• Construction of ne" bui!ding and shopping centers.
SC/ H T/ ST03L
This study he!ps to determine the main factors of trac jam through "hich
corrective measure shou!d be ta*en for the remova! of dicu!ties faced on
road by citi&ens of Karachi and economy "i!! a!so gro" in future.
T/ 3/$E$TAT$?
This study is !imited due to time and budget constraints and had inc!uded
very !imited si&e of samp!e to probe in this research therefore further study
in depth is re(uired.
R/S/ARC E/T3@L
To meet objectives of the study and research# both primary and secondary
data "as co!!ected through various methods and techni(ues.
Secondary data "as obtained from various government oces and
concerned departments. Besides consu!ting di>erent journa!s# research
reports# internet and some ne"spapers "ere a!so used to e'tract the
re(uired information.
rimary data "as co!!ected through (uestionnairesN e!d survey# persona!
observations and intervie"s. 3uring co!!ection of primary data# the study
area of Karachi have been visited many times# 8uestions and intervie"s of
di>erent respondents inc!uding drivers of pub!ic transport and persona!
vehic!e o"ners# genera! pub!ic in a random format have been carried out.
$nformation "as a!so recorded through genera! observation and intervie"s
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"ith ocia!s of di>erent concerned departments. The primary object to
eva!uate main factors of trac jam and their impact of the performance of
economy has a!so been assessed. The data obtained "as ana!y&ed and
sho"n in graphs.
R/S0TS A?3 H$?3$?@S
To i!!ustrate this study# it is "orth mentioning here that "e reached this resu!t
through a survey# persona! observations O e'periences. The resu!t of this
survey is mention be!o".
Q1: What type of transport you used?
□□ Car
□□ Motor cycle
□□ Public transport
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:J
,:J
9:J
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Rai!"ay Road"ay
:J
,:J
9:J
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Rai!"ay Road"ay
:J
,:J
9:J
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Les ?o
:J
,:J
9:J
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Les ?o
:J
,:J
9:J
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;P
9
Sticing in road !am
Les
?o
Explanation:
:9J respondents said they didn)t stic* in road am in Karachi "hi!e ;PJ
respondents said they stic* in road am in Karachi.
Q,: -ow you are stic*in' on road +am?
□□ .(eryday
□□ /re0uently
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□□ ccasionally
=J
9:J
,=J
Sticing in road !am
/veryday
Hre(uent!y
ccationa!!y
Explanation:
,=J respondents said they occasiona!!y stic* in road am in Karachi and 9:J
respondent said they fre(uent!y stic* in road am# "hi!e =J respondentssaid they everyday stic* in road am in Karachi.
Q: 3s traffic +am affectin' the performance of economy?
□□ #es
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□□ $o
Les ?o
:J
9:J
I:J
B:J
P:J
,::J
;;J
,J
Tra"c #am a$ecting the performance of economy
Trac jam a>ecting
the performance of
economy
Explanation:
:,J respondents said that trac jam cannot a>ect the performance of
economy "hi!e ;;J respondents said that trac jam can a>ect theperformance of economy.
Q4: 5ic* any three reasons of traffic +am from the followin':
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□□ 5raffic rules (iolation
□□ 3nefficiency of traffic police
□□
5raffic 6i'nals and roundabouts□□ 7ess par*in' facilities
□□ Road &esi'n
:J
=J
,:J
,=J
9:J
9=J
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Q18: 5ic* any three su''estions to impro(e traffic control system in Karachi?
□□ 3ncrease flyo(ers
□□ 3ncrease 5raffic Police
□□ 3ntroduce Metro 9uses
□□ 3ntroduce Metro 5rains
□□ 6trict rules and policies in traffic system
:J
=J
,:J
,=J
9:J
9=J
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buses# and 9=J respondents suggest introducing metro trains# "hi!e =J
respondents suggest to strict ru!es and po!icies in trac system in Karachi.
SW&T '(')*S+S
The present ana!ysis aim is to identify and eva!uate both the positive and
negative aspects of road"ay transportation system in Karachi.
The main purpose of this ana!ysis is to propose strategic !ines of
deve!opment thatM
Q Are supported by the Strengths to obtain benets from the pportunities
and to minimi&e the Threats
Q Eitigate or suppress the 2ea*nesses# since they do not a!!o" to access to
the pportunities# or since they mu!tip!y the potentia! of the Threats
A!! the strategic !ines are !in*ed# considering these four factorsM
ST%E(,T-S:
,. $ntroduce metro buses.9. $ncrease par*ing faci!ities.
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I. /ciency of trac po!ice.=. Strict ru!es and po!ice in trac system.. $ncrease %yovers.
Weanesses:
,. ac* of safety9. ac* of infrastructures p!anning and investment p!anective road design
&pportunities:
,. 3eve!opment of ne" routes for high transport vehic!es9. Bi!atera! and mu!ti!atera! agreements "ith many countries
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.+SC/SS+&( '(. C&(C)/S+&(
$t is conc!uded from the resu!ts that Karachi city is in terrib!e condition due to
i!! p!anned fast gro"ing trac# especia!!y during the past fe" years. This
study a!so conc!uded the core factors for trac jam due to non+avai!abi!ity of
!ong term p!anning by trac management and negative impact on the
performance of economy is c!ear!y e'posed. A!though many infrastructure
faci!ities such as under passes# "ide roads# bridges# signa! free corridor yari
e'press "ay etc. have been made in Karachi in !ast decade but increasing
trac vo!ume and other main factors rapid!y shrin* these faci!ities. $n the
future there "i!! be "orst position if !ong+term p!anning has not been done
before. The city !ac*s proper trac p!anning and management and therefore#;9 J of the respondents are not satised "ith the present trac
management due to !ess par*ing faci!ities and increasing number of cars on
road.
3ue to fo!!o"ing reasons /ncroachment on road O Hootpad# ess par*ing
faci!ities# $mpact Road 3esign# Trac Signa!s and roundabouts# $neciency of
trac po!ice# Eore vehic!es on road# 1io!ation of trac ru!es by divers#
o!itica! and other agitation# construction of ne" bui!ding and shopping
centers.
These main factors cause serious congestion# "hich is counterproductive in
terms of time# e'tra fue!gas charges# de!ay and hence the greater air
emissions and its psycho!ogica! and hea!th impacts# resu!tant!y# our economy
has been bad!y a>ecting.
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%EC&00E(.'T+&(S '(. +0P)E0E(T'T+&(S
$t is recommended that factors indicated in this research may be rectied
and remedia! measurement may be ta*en to contro! these responsib!e
factors "hich "i!! create better performance of economy. A!! government
departments re!ated to the transport sector must be under one "indo" for
their better coordination and management. @enera! A"areness must be
deve!oped in the pub!ic. To reduce the fastest ever trac gro"th# the use of
private cars shou!d be discouraged through the introduction of decent pub!ic
transport# inc!uding circu!ar rai! and transit transport in the city.
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Anne'ure
Factors Affecting Traffic Jam in Karachi and its Impact onPerformance of Economy
Questionnaire
Q1: What type of transport you used?
□□ Car
□□ Motor cycle
□□ Public transport
Q2: Which one is most safe way of transportation in Karachi?
□□ Railway
□□ Roadway
Q: Which one is cheapest way transportation in Karachi?
□□ Railway
□□ Roadway
Q!: "re you satisfied with transportation system in Karachi?
□□ #es
□□ $o
Q%: &o you face any problem durin' tra(el in Karachi?
□□ #es
□□ $o
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Q): "re you stic*in' in road +am in Karachi?
□□ #es
□□ $o
Q,: -ow you are stic*in' on road +am?
□□ .(eryday
□□ /re0uently
□□ ccasionally
Q: 3s traffic +am affectin' the performance of economy?
□□ #es
□□ $o
Q4: 5ic* any three reasons of traffic +am from the followin':
□□ 5raffic rules (iolation
□□ 3nefficiency of traffic police
□□ 5raffic 6i'nals and roundabouts
□□ 7ess par*in' facilities
□□ Road &esi'n
Q18: 5ic* any three su''estions to impro(e traffic control system in Karachi?
□□ 3ncrease flyo(ers
□□ 3ncrease 5raffic Police
□□ 3ntroduce Metro 9uses
□□ 3ntroduce Metro 5rains
□□ 6trict rules and policies in traffic system
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Personnel Information
Name: _________________________________
Gender: Male Female
E-mail ID: __________________________________
Age group Monthly income leel
(tick the relevant group) (tick the relevant group)
22-30 years ___ Below RS 10,000
31-0 years ___ RS 11,000-2!,000
1-!0 years ___ RS 2",000-!0,000
!1-"0 years ___ RS !1,000-"0,000
"0 years # a$ove RS "1,000-%0,000
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%E1E%E(CES
@o!ob# T. H. and A. C. Regan. 9:::. Hreight $ndustry Attitudes to"ards o!icies to
Reduce Congestion. Transportation Research# art /M ogistics and Transportation
Revie"# ects of Trac Congestion on
$T. $nternationa! ourna! of hysica! 3istribution and ogistics Eanagement#
9,497M
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2eisbrod# @. 3. 1ary and @. Trey& .9::