Post on 01-Aug-2020
Seed Quality Development in Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) grown in Organic and Conventional
Cultivation Systems
a Atatürk Horticultural Central Research Institute Yalova/TURKEY, b University of Ankara, Faculty of Agric., Horticultural Depart. Ankara/TURKEY 1/27
Dr. Kutay Coşkun YILDIRIMa,*
Dr. Ibrahim DEMIRb
Introduction
Seed Quality Development in Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) grown in Organic and Conventional Cultivation Systems 2/27
3
World’s pepper production is 32 million tons (Anonymous 2014)
Pepper production of Turkey is 2.4 million tons (7.5% of world production)
A total of 60.523 kg (1.7% of world production) of pepper seeds were
produced in 2015, in Turkey.
Seed Quality Development in Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) grown in Organic and Conventional Cultivation Systems
Introduction
Tomato 43%
Watermelon 13% Pepper
8%
Onion 7%
Other 29%
Turkey’s vegetable production (2018)
4
Demand for organic seed is growing rapidly in recent years.
Sales of organic products were nearly $43 billion in 2015, an 11% increase compared to 2014.
Food share was $39.7 billion of this amount (Anonymous, 2016).
Seed Quality Development in Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) grown in Organic and Conventional Cultivation Systems
Organic seed is the initial material for organic plant production.
Introduction
5 Seed Quality Development in Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) grown in Organic and Conventional Cultivation Systems
Protecting the natural balance of the ecological system
soil sustainability biological challenges
a production method
Organic agriculture
increasing the quality of the product rather than
yield
Tasbasli et al. (2003)
Introduction
6 Seed Quality Development in Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) grown in Organic and Conventional Cultivation Systems
Why Pepper ?
Introduction
First studies for the production of organic vegetable seeds in TURKEY started at Atatürk Horticultural Central Research Institute in 2005 in tomato, pepper, okra, eggplant, Leek,
onion,watermelon, cabbage celert, lettuce.
Pepper seeds are seemingly more sensitive in terms of germination and emergence ability than the seeds of other vegetable species.
Özçoban and Demir (2002)
7 Seed Quality Development in Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) grown in Organic and Conventional Cultivation Systems
Introduction
Effect of pre-harvest growing factors
Using limited input during organic farming, so slower growing
Pepper Seed quality
The genetic structure of the pepper seeds,
8 Seed Quality Development in Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) grown in Organic and Conventional Cultivation Systems
Introduction
Pre-harvest growing factors Harvest time, seed maturation… Cultivation, seed drying etc. …
9 Seed Quality Development in Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) grown in Organic and Conventional Cultivation Systems
Introduction
The highest pepper seed quality was obtained from fruits of 65-70 DAA in conventional growing systems
10 Seed Quality Development in Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) grown in Organic and Conventional Cultivation Systems
Introduction
The purpose of the research then,
Does the optimum harvest time differ in organic pepper seed production ?
Determination of the optimum harvest time in organic pepper seed production
and compare the seed quality with conventional method,
Materials and Methods
Seed Quality Development in Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) grown in Organic and Conventional Cultivation Systems 11
12 Seed Quality Development in Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) grown in Organic and Conventional Cultivation Systems
Materials and Methods
‘Gentasol’ organic liquid fertilizer (%30 total organic matter, %5 N, %3 K2O, %2 P2O5)
‘Ormin K’ potassium fertilizer (%30 K2O, %5 organic matter),
Base fertilization ‘Biofarm’ organic fertilizer
20:20:20 (N-P-K) fertilizer Potassium Sulfate (%50 K2O) Base fertilization 15:15:15 (N-P-K) fertilizer
Plant material Yalova Yağlık 28 open-pollinated pepper cultivar Produced in 2015-2016 vegetation
periods
In organic seed production In conventional seed production
13 Seed Quality Development in Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) grown in Organic and Conventional Cultivation Systems
Materials and Methods
Organic seed production site Conventional seed production site
14 Seed Quality Development in Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) grown in Organic and Conventional Cultivation Systems
Materials and Methods
The seedlings was transplanted beginning of May with four replicates and each replicate
has 150 plants. Flowering began in the first weeks of June. Following this, labelling of the flowers was
carried out with daily checks.
Flower tagging
15 Seed Quality Development in Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) grown in Organic and Conventional Cultivation Systems
Materials and Methods
Table 1. Problems and precautions during production
Problems Precautions
Organic parcel Conventional parcel
Sclerotium rolfsii (Soil-borne disease) Tricoderma Fungicide
Crow damage Bird repellent Bird repellent
Aphid Soap Insecticide
Weed Mulching Mulching
Table 2. Changes in air temperature values during vegetation periods of 2015 and 2016
Month Average temperature (°C)
Average highest temperature
(°C)
Average lowest temperature
(°C)
Instant highest temperature (°C)
Instant lowest temperature (°C)
2015 2016 2015 2016 2015 2016 2015 2016 2015 2016 March 9.0 11.3 12.5 15.4 5.5 6.7 20.5 24.9 -1.1 1.8 April 11.9 16.0 16.9 21.2 7.0 10.3 27.2 27.9 1.6 4.5 May 18.5 18.3 23.4 22.4 13.4 13.9 28.4 30.4 9.1 10.0 June 21.3 23.5 25.5 28.4 17.1 18.1 31.1 34.3 12.1 11.2 July 24.9 25.1 30.1 30.0 19.3 19.9 36.9 33.1 15.8 16.3 August 25.9 25.5 30.9 29.9 21.4 21.4 33.5 33.2 17.9 15.8 September 23.4 21.2 27.8 26.4 19.5 16.5 35.9 31.0 17.1 9.5 October 18.2 19.1 21.7 24.8 15.0 12.2 27.3 30.7 12.1 11.0
16 Seed Quality Development in Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) grown in Organic and Conventional Cultivation Systems
Materials and Methods
Drying of the seeds at 30 ºC, fan speed 1250 m3/h to about 7 % m.c.
Harvesting periods
Less mature 50±5 DAA
Mature 65±5 DAA
Over mature 80± 5DAA
In Organic and Conventional production systems
17 Seed Quality Development in Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) grown in Organic and Conventional Cultivation Systems
Materials and Methods
Field trials were done with randomized block design. The data were subjected to analysis of variance and the differences between the means were compared with the LSD test at 5% level.
Seed Quality Tests,
• Germination (%, 25 ºC, 14 d, dark) • Seedling emergence test (%, 23 ºC, 20 d, 16 h light, 70% R.H., normal seedling) • Controlled deterioration test (%, 45 ºC, 20% m.c., 48 h, normal seedling) • Mean germination and emergence time • Weight of 1000 seed (g)
(MG/ET= Σ n.D ) Σ n
Results
Seed Quality Development in Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) grown in Organic and Conventional Cultivation Systems 18
19 Seed Quality Development in Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) grown in Organic and Conventional Cultivation Systems
Results
Germination (%)
c
a a
b
a a
0
20
40
60
80
100
Immature Mature Over-mature
Ger
min
atio
n (%
)
2015 Organic Conv.
c
ab b
d
a ab
Immature Mature Over-mature
2016 Organic Conv.
Maturation stage
20 Seed Quality Development in Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) grown in Organic and Conventional Cultivation Systems
Results
c
a
b
c
a
b
0
20
40
60
80
100
Immature Mature Over-mature
Emer
genc
e (%
)
2015 Organic Conv.
b
a a
b a a
Immature Mature Over-mature
2016 Organic Conv.
Seedling emergence (%)
Maturation stage Demir ve Ellis (1992) 63-65 DAA Sarıyıldız (2003) 70-75 DAA
Vidigal vd. (2009) 60 DAA Nogueira vd. (2017) 51-60 DAA
21 Seed Quality Development in Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) grown in Organic and Conventional Cultivation Systems
Results
d
a a
c
a
b
0
20
40
60
80
100
Immature Mature Over-mature
Cont
rolle
d de
terio
ratio
n (%
)
2015 Organic Conv.
d
b b c
a b
Immature Mature Over-mature
2016 Organic Conv.
Controlled deterioration (%)
Maturation stage
22 Seed Quality Development in Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) grown in Organic and Conventional Cultivation Systems
Results
a
b c
a a
b
0
2
4
6
8
Immature Mature Over-mature
Mea
n ge
rmin
atio
n tim
e (d
ays)
2015 Organic Conv.
a b b
a b b
Immature Mature Over-mature
2016 Organic Conv.
Mean germination time (day)
Maturation stage
23 Seed Quality Development in Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) grown in Organic and Conventional Cultivation Systems
Results
b c
a a
c
a
0
2
4
6
8
Immature Mature Over-mature
Mea
n em
erge
nce
time
(day
s)
2015 Organic Conv.
a b
a a
b
a
Immature Mature Over-mature
2016 Organic Conv.
Mean emergence time (day)
Maturation stage Valdes ve Gray (1998) Demir ve Ellis (1992) Eken ve Mavi (2016)
dos Santos vd. (2016)
24 Seed Quality Development in Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) grown in Organic and Conventional Cultivation Systems
Results
d
a
cd c
a
b
4
6
8
Immature Mature Over-mature
Wei
ght o
f 100
0 se
ed (g
)
2015 Organic Conv.
a a
c
b a b
Immature Mature Over-mature
2016 Organic Conv.
Weight of 1000 seed (g)
Maturation stage Naik at al. (1996) Samarah (2005)
Demir and Okçu (2005)
Conclusion
Seed Quality Development in Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) grown in Organic and Conventional Cultivation Systems 25
26 Seed Quality Development in Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) grown in Organic and Conventional Cultivation Systems
Conclusion
Organic and conventional seeds are similar in terms of ideal harvesting period, which is mature harvesting period (65±5 DAA).
Similar results for seed viability and vigour were obtained in both years from organic and conventional seeds
Effect of production systems on seed vigour of both cultivars were not found. Hence we can conclude that organic and conventional seeds have the same quality.
For the production of pepper seeds, the interactions between production systems and harvesting periods must be take into account.
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Acknowledgement
Acknowledgement
Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry / TURKEY
University of Ankara
Değirmen eco-investment company for financial support
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Thank you for your kind attention
kutaycoskun.yildirim@tarimorman.gov.tr