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OrganWhatisanorganAnorganisa groupoftissuesinalivingorganismthathasaspecificformandfunction.

OrganSystem:

Organsaregroupedtogetherintoorgansystems.Organsystemsperformaspecifictask.Inmostanimalstherearetenmajororgansystems:

OrganSystemNervoussystemRespiratorysystemCardiovascularorcirculatorysystemDigestivesystemEndocrinesystemExcretorysystemSensoryOrganMuscularsystemReproductivesystemSkeletalsystem

NervousSystem

Thenervoussystemisresponsibleforcarryingmessagesfromthebraintovariouspartsofthebody.Itincludesthebrain,spinalcord,andnerves.

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RespiratorySystem

Thecellsofthehumanbodyrequireaconstantstreamofoxygentostayalive.Therespiratorysystemprovidesoxygentothebody’scellswhileremovingcarbondioxide,awasteproductthatcanbelethalifallowedtoaccumulate.

Thejobofyourrespiratorysystemisverysimple:Tobringoxygenintoyourbody,andremovethecarbondioxidefromyourbody.Yourbodyneedsoxygentosurvive.

`Oxygenisusedbyyourcellsasitperformsthefunctionsoflife.Asyourbodyusesoxygen,yourcellsproduceanothergasknownascarbondioxide.Toomuchcarbondioxidecanbetoxic,evendeadly.Forthisreason,itisimportantthatyourbodyhaveawaytogetridofit.

Themainorgansinyourrespiratorysystemareyourlungs.Yourlungsare,intheirsimplestform,nothingmorethansacs.Asyoubreathein,youfillthesesacswithfreshoxygen-richair.

Yourheartpumpsbloodintothewallsofyourlungswhereitabsorbsoxygenandreleasescarbondioxide.Asyouexhale,orbreatheout, youreleasethecarbondioxide-richairintothespacearoundyou.Witheachbreathyoutake,youaretakingoxygenin,andputtingcarbondioxideout.

Fromyourlungs,bloodreturnsbackintoyourheartwhereitispumpedouttotherestofyourbody,carryingoxygenalongwithit.

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Thereare3majorpartsoftherespiratorysystem:theairway,thelungs,andthemusclesofrespiration.

Theairway,whichincludesthenose,mouth,pharynx,larynx,trachea,bronchi,andbronchioles,carriesairbetweenthelungsandthebody’sexterior.

Thelungsactasthefunctionalunitsoftherespiratorysystembypassing oxygenintothebodyandcarbondioxideoutofthebody.

Finally,themusclesofrespiration,includingthediaphragmandintercostalmuscles,worktogethertoactasapump,pushingairintoandoutofthelungsduringbreathing.

Circulatorysystem

Justlikeacitywithhallwaysandroads,yourbodyhasbloodvessels,arteriesandveinsthathelpmovethingsaround.Mostofthecellsinsideofyourbodydonotmove.Ifacellishungryorneedstogetridofwaste,itcan’tsimplymoveitselftothepartofyourbodywhereitneedstogo. Instead,yourbodymustbringthefoodtoyourcellsandtakethewasteawayfromthem.Usingbillionsoftinytubes,yourbodyisconstantlypumpingbloodthroughoutyourbody.Onthewayout,yourbloodisloadedwiththethingsthatyourbodyneeds,likefood,oxygen,andotherchemicals.Onthewayback,yourbloodisfullofthingsthatthecellsofyourbodyneedtogetridof,likewaste.

Theheartandcirculatorysystem(alsocalledthe cardiovascular system)makeupthenetworkthatdeliversbloodtothebody'stissues.Witheachheartbeat,bloodissentthroughoutourbodies,carryingoxygenandnutrientstoallofourcells.

Everyday,theapproximately10pints(5liters)ofbloodinyourbodytravelmanytimesthroughabout60,000miles(96,560kilometers)ofbloodvesselsthatbranchandcross,linkingthecellsofourorgansandbodyparts.Fromthehard-workingheart,toourthickestarteries,to

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capillariessothinthattheycanonlybeseenthroughamicroscope,thecardiovascularsystemisourbody'slifeline.

CirculatorySystem Heart,BloodVessels(Arteriesandvein),Capillaries

Function1.Supplyoxygentoallcells2.Supplyfoodmaterialproducedbydigestivesystemtoallcells3.Supplyhormonestoallcells4.Collectwasteproductfromallcellsandpassittotheexcretorysystem

Heart

StructureofHeart

Fourmainpartsofheart

RightAtrium

LeftAtrium

RightVentricle

LeftVentricle

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Howdoesitwork

Step1.(Forpurification)

Bloodfromotherpartofthebody RightAtrium RightVentricle PulmonaryArteryLungs

Step2.(Purifiedbloodoroxygenatedblood)

LungsPulmonaryveinLeftatriumLeftventricleAortaAllpartofbody

BloodVessel consistsofArteriesandVein

TheRoleofBloodVessels Bloodvesselscarryingbloodawayfromtheheartarecalled arteries.Theyarethe

thickestbloodvessels,withmuscularwallsthatcontracttokeepthebloodmovingawayfromtheheartandthroughthebody.

Bloodvesselsthatcarry bloodbacktotheheartarecalled veins.Theyarenotasmuscularasarteries,buttheycontainvalvesthatpreventbloodfromflowingbackward.

1.Artery Carrybloodfromheart tootherpartofbody(i.e.pureblood)Exception Pulmonaryartery carryimpureblood

2.Veins Carrybloodfrombodypartto Heart(i.e.impureblood)Exception->Pulmonaryvein Pureblood

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Capillaries

Anetworkoftiny capillaries connectsthearteriesandveins.Eventhoughthey'retiny,thecapillariesareoneofthemostimportantpartsofthecirculatorysystembecauseitisthroughthemthatnutrientsandoxygenaredeliveredtothecells.Inaddition,wasteproductssuchascarbondioxidearealsoremovedbythecapillaries.

HeartDivisionVarieswithdifferentspecies

1.Human 4division2.Birds 4chamber3.Reptile 3and½chambers4.Amphibians 3chambers5.Fish 2chambers

Blood:

Whatisblood:

Bloodisthefluidthatkeepsourbodiesgoing.

Itisatransportsystemthatcarriesoxygenandtheessentialchemicalstowherethey

areneededinthebody.Atthesametimeitpicksupthewastethatthedifferentpartsof

thebodynolongerneedanddeliversthatwastetowhicheverpartofthebodyis

responsibleforgettingridofit.

It helpsusfightinfectionsandkeepourbodyhealthy.

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BloodDonation

1.Personcandonate4-5timesperyear2.Atatimepersoncandonate300mlofbloodDonorWhodonatebloodReceiverWhoreceiveblood

BloodGroup

Thereareonlyfourmaintypesofblood, A(withAantigenonthesurfaceoftheredbloodcells,butnotB) B(withBantigen,butnotA) AB(withbothAandB) (noAorB)

Universaldonor Ogroup

UniversalReceiver ABGroup

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DigestiveSystem

Thedigestivesystemprocessesfoodintosubstancesthatdifferentpartsofthebodycanuseforenergyandnutrients.Itincludesorganssuchasthestomach,gallbladder,intestines,liver,andpancreas.

Thedigestivesystemactsinstagestodigestourfood.Eachstageisimportantandprepares thefoodforthenextstage.Theentirelengthofourdigestivesystemisaround20to30feet!

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Herearethemajorstagesofthedigestivesystem:

1.Chewing - Chewingisthefirststageofthedigestivesystem.Whenyouchewyourfooditbreaksupbigpiecesintolittlepiecesthatareeasiertodigestandswallow.Also,yoursalivaismorethanjustwater.Ithasspecialenzymesinitthatstarttobreakdownstarchyfood(potatoes,bread)whileyouchew.

2.Swallowing - Swallowingmayseemlikeasimpleprocesstous.Itjustsortofhappens.Butfooddoesn'tjustfalldownourthroatsintoourstomach.First,ourtonguehelpstopushfoodintothebackofourthroat.Thentherearespecialthroatmusclesthatforcethefooddownintoalongtubethatleadstoourstomach,calledtheesophagus.Thefooddoesn'tjustfalldownthepipe,musclespushthefoodalonguntil itgetstoourstomach.Atthesametimeallthisisgoingon,aflapblocksoffourwindpipemakingsurefooddoesn'tgothewrongway.Wecallthis"goingdownthewrongpipe"anditcanmakeuschoke.Thisflapiscalledtheepiglottisand,fortunately forus,itworksautomatically.

3.Stomach - Thenextstageisthestomach.Foodhangsoutinthestomachforaroundfourhours.Whilethefoodsitsthere,moreenzymesgotoworkonit,breakingdownthingslikeproteinsthatourbodiescanuse.Thestomachkillsalotofbadbacteriaaswell,sowedon'tgetsick.

4.SmallIntestine - Thefirstpartofthesmallintestineworkswithjuicesfromtheliverandpancreastocontinuetobreakdownourfood.Thesecondpartiswherethefoodgetsabsorbedfromtheintestineandintoourbodythroughtheblood.

5.LargeIntestine - Thelaststageisthelargeintestine.Anyfoodthatthebodydoesn'tneedorcan'tuseissenttothelargeintestineandlaterleavesthebodyaswaste.

TheLiverandPancreasTheliverandpancreasdoalottohelpthedigestivesystemalong.Bothworkwiththesmallintestine.Theliverprovidesbile(storedinthegallbladder)thathelpsbreakupfatintosmallerbits.Thepancreasprovidesadditionalenzymestohelpdigestallsortsoffood.Theliveralsoprocessesthedigestedfoodfromyourbloodbeforeitgetssenttovariousplacesinyourbodytobeused.

Endocrinesystem

Theendocrinesystemuseshormonestoregulatemanyfunctionsthroughouttheentirebodysuchas growth,mood,metabolism,andreproduction.Majororgansintheendocrinesystemincludeglandssuchasthepituitary,thyroid,andadrenalglands

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Twotypesofgland

(1)Exocrineglands SecretsEnzymes(1)Salivaryglands Threepairs(2)Liver LargestGland(3)Pancreas Pancreaticjuice

(2)Endocrineglands Secreteshormones(1)Pituitarygland(2)Thyroidgland(3)Parathyroidgland(4)Thymusgland(5)Pancreas(Insulinhormone)(6)Adrenalgland(7)Testes,Ovary

Note:Pancreasisbothendocrineandexocrinegland

ExcretorySystem:Asyourbodyperformsthemanyfunctionsthatitneedsinordertokeepitselfalive,itproduceswastes.Thesewastesarechemicalsthataretoxicandthatifleftalonewouldseriouslyhurtorevenkillyou.

MajorpartsofExcretorysystem(1)Kidney(2)Skin(3)Lungs(4)Bladder

Kidneys:

Youhavetwokidneys.They'reshapedlikelargebeansandsittowardyourback,nearthebottomofyourribcage.Allofthebloodinyourbodytravelsthroughyourkidneystogetcleaned.Yourkidneysdecidewhatshouldstayinyourblood,likenutrients,andwhatshouldleaveyourbody,likeextrawaterandurea(ureaisawasteproducedbyyourcells).Your kidneys arethebloodfilters.Theyareresponsibleforremovingwastesfromyourbloodandextrawaterthatyourbodydoesn'tneed.

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UrinaryBladder:

Afterthekidneysfilterthefluid,theremainingwastesgotoyourbladder.Theorganstorestheurine,andkeepsstoringituntilyoucanfeelit.Whenyoucanfeelit,itmeansthatthebladderhasbecomefull,andyoumusturinatetoreleasethewastesfromyourbody.

Skin!Yourskinhasaveryimportantpartintheexcretorysystem.Itholdsmoistureintoevery partofyourbody.Intheexcretorysystem,theskinsjobistoregulateone'sbodytemperature.Thesaltintheskinhelpsinevaporationofthewateroffofthebody,tocooloffonewhoishot.Sweatisexcretedthroughsweatglands.Sweatinghelpsthe bodymaintainacool,consistenttemperature

Lungs:The lungs playamandatoryroleinthe excretorysystem.Your lungs removethecarbondioxidebuiltupinyourbloodusingspecializedcellsknownasalveoli.

UrinarySystem Pairofkidney, Pairofureter, Urinarybladder, Urethra.

(Note:Duringdigestionthrowingofundigestedwasteproductfromthebodyispartofdigestivesystem)

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SensoryOrgan

MuscularSystemThemuscularsystemismadeupofallthemusclesinourbodies.Itiscontrolledbythenervoussystem.Thetaskofmovingourbodiesfromoneplacetoanotherbelongstoanotherpartofourbodiesknownasmuscles.Withoutmuscleswecouldnotmove.

Thereareover650musclesinthehumanbody.Theyareunderourskinandcoverourbones.Musclesoftenworktogethertohelpusmove.Wedon'treallyhavetothinkaboutmovingeachindividualmuscle.Forexample,wejustthinkofrunningandourbodydoestherest.

Tendons

Tendonsaretoughbandsofconnectivetissuefoundinthejoints.Theyconnectmusclesto

bones.Eachmusclehastendonsattachedateachend.Tendonsaredesignedtoonlystretcha

smallamount.

Ligaments

Ligamentsaremadeofthesamematerialastendons.Ligamentsconnectthebonestoeach

other,andaredesignedtohelpstabilizethejointsandprovideastructureforthebones.

SensoryOrgans Function

Ear Sound

Eye Sight

Tongue Taste

Skin Sensation

Nose Smell

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TypesofMuscles Function Example

Voluntary Wecancontrolmuscleaction Raisehand,Kickaball

Involuntary WecannotcontrolmusclesactionsHeartpumping,Digestion

o Contractionandrelaxationofmusclescausebonetomove.o Musclescanonlypullthebonebutcannotpush.o Sotomovethebone inonedirectionatleast2musclesarerequired.o BicepsandTricepsmoveourlowerarm.

SkeletalSystem.

Allthebonesinthehumanbodytogetherarecalledtheskeletalsystem.Theskeletalsystemprovidesstrengthandrigiditytoourbodysowedon'tjustfloparoundlikejellyfish.

Wearebornwith300bones.Aswegrowmanybonesfusedtogether.Wehave206bonesinourbody.Eachbonehasafunction.Somebonesofferprotectiontosoftermorefragilepartsofbody.Forexample,theskullprotectsthebrainandtheribcageprotectsourheartandlungs.Otherbones,likebonesinourlegsandarms,helpustomovearoundbyprovidingsupportforourmuscles.

Theskeletalsystemincludesmorethanjustbones.Italsoincludestendons,ligaments,andcartilage.Tendonsattachourbonestomusclessowecanmovearound.Ligamentsattachbonestootherbones

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Funfactsaboutbonesforkidso Thesmallestbonesareintheear.o Althoughyourbonesstopgrowingwhenyouarearound20,theydoconstantly

rebuildnewbonecells.o Thespineismadeupof33bones.o Redbonemarrowcanproducearound5billionredbloodcellseachday.o Veryfewmanmadesubstancescancomeclosetothelightnessandstrengthof

bones.o Ifyourbodydoesn'thaveenoughcalcium,itwilltakeitfromyourbonesmaking

yourbonesweaker.Agoodreasontodrinkyourmilk!

FunctionofBones:

1.Givestructure andshapetothebody2.Theysupportthebody3.Protectdelicateinternalorgan.4.Makebodymovementpossiblewiththehelpofmuscles5.Bloodcellsareproducedbythebonemarrowlocatedinlongbone6.Bones serveasastorageareaformineralssuchas calcium,phosphorus

Skull Total22bones1.Upperpartoftheskullismadeupof8flatbones2.Faceismadeupof14bones3.Lowerjawisonlymovingbones

Function Toprotectbrain

Backbone SpineVertebralcolumn1.33smallbonescalledvertebra Jointtogether to formspine

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Function Toprotectspinalcord.Wecanmoveourbodyinanydirection.Shapeoftheback bonehelptobalanceon2legs

Ribcage1.Madeupof12pairsoflongthinbonescalledribs2.All12pairsaretothebackofspine3.TrueRib First7pair attach tothebackboneandtothebreast4.FalseRib Next3pairs Attach tothebackboneandtotheTrue

ribs5.FloatingRibs Last2pairs attach onlytothebackbone

Function Protectlungsandheart

Tiniest Bone Inear 3mmlongcalledstirrupLongestBone FemurFunnyBone Ulnar Insideelbow

Noseandearcanbent Nobonesinside.Supportiswithcartilagewhichis moreflexiblethanbones.

StudyOfbones OsteologyDoctorwhotreat thebonesrelatedproblem OrthopedicsRickets AbnormalboneformationinchildrenOsteoporosis Bonesbecomepores andtendtofracture

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Joints

1.Movable Hinge,Ball andSocket,Pivot,Gliding2.NonMovable Jointsinskull.

MovableJoints

Freelymovablejoints arethejointswhichsolelyhelpinthemovementofthestructureororganinwhichtheyarepresent.FourimmovablejointspresentinourbodyareBallandsocketjoint,Pivotjoint,hingejointandtheglidingjoint.

Ballandsocketjoint: Thisjointisformedbytwobonesinwhichoneendofaboneisroundedandball-like.Itfitsintoacup-likedepressionoftheotherbone.Thisjointprovidesmovementinanydirection.Examplesofaballandsocketjointareshoulderjointsandhipjoints.

Pivotjoint: Thisisthejointinwhichonebonefitsintoaringformedbytheotherbone.

Itrotatesoverthepivot-likeendoftheotherbone.Exampleisthejointwhichjoinsthe

necktothehead.Headrotatesovertheneck.

Hingejoint: Thisisajointwhichmoveslikeahingeinasingleplanenotmorethan180

degrees.Itprovidesbackandforthmovementofthestructure.Thisisajointwhichcan

becomparedtothatofahingeinthedoor.Examplesofahingejointaretheelbowjoint

andthekneejoint.

Glidingjoints: Thisisajointwhichallowsbonestoglideovereachother.Thesetypes

ofjointsprovidelittlemovementinalldirections.Thesearethejointspresentatthe

ankles,wristandbetweenvertebrae.

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ReproductivesystemThereproductivesystemincludesalltheorgansneededforreproduction.Unliketherestoftheorgansystems,thereproductivesystemisdifferentinmalesversusfemales.