Documentation and CitationNavigating MLA, APA, and Chicago

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“Plagiarism occurs when a student, with intent to deceive or with reckless disregard for proper scholarly procedures, presents any information, ideas, or phrasing of another as if they were his or her own and does not give appropriate credit to the original source. ...Students are responsible for learning proper scholarly procedure.”

The William & Mary Student Handbook

What Is Plagiarism?

● Citing sources shows respect for the person who developed the idea

● It is important for future readers to be able to trace the development of an idea or a body of information

● Writing is a conversation!

Why Documentation Matters

● Quotations: using someone else’s exact words

● Paraphrasing: summarizing someone else’s ideas or findings in your own words

● Common knowledge: widely accepted, non-controversial ideas or information

● Your own analysis

Categories of Information

● Citation manuals

● OWL Purdueo owl.english.purdue.edu

● The Writing Resources Centero Manualso Consultants who can help you find the

information yourself

When in doubt, ask your professor for help!

How to Cite on Your Own

● Citation manuals

● OWL Purdueo owl.english.purdue.edu

● The Writing Resources Centero Manualso Consultants who can help you find the

information yourself

When in doubt, ask your professor for help!

How to Cite on Your Own

● Modern Language Association (MLA)o Primarily English papers

● Chicago Styleo Primarily History and Social Science

papers

● American Psychological Association (APA)o Primarily Science and Social Science

papers

Citation Styles

● American Anthropological Association (AAA)● American Chemistry Society (ACS)● American Institute of Physics (AIP)● American Journal of Archaeology (AJA)● American Mathematical Society (AMS)● American Political Science Association (APSA)● American Sociological Association (ASA)● Geological Society of America (GSA)● Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers

(IEEE)● International Committee of Medical Journal

Editors (ICJME)

Citation Styles

MLA Style

● Primarily English paperso Also Religious Studies, Film Studies

● Uses in-text citationso Usually features author’s last name and

page number(s) in parentheseso Use only page numbers (no author name)

when repeating same source

● Block quotations for 4+ lines

● “Works Cited” page

MLA Sample Citations

Disillusioned, Cullen proudly pledges to fight for their “freedom”

since he believes England oppresses Scotland (Tey 127). Laura

and Grant agree, though, that “the possibility of being ruled from

Glasgow” would be “a fate worse than death” (44).

Some anthropologists claim that humans perform rituals in

specified locations, which suggests a separation from day-to-day

practices (Turner 1100).

MLA Sample Citations

Victor Turner, an influential voice on the concept of ritual in functionalist

anthropological theory, describes “ritual” with the following definition:

A stereotyped sequence of activities involving gestures, words, and objects,

performed in a sequestered place, and designed to influence preternatural

entities or forces on behalf of the actors’ goals and interests. Rituals may be

seasonal. (1100)

Gluckman furthers this interpretation of ritual by identifying and explaining

MLA Sample Works Cited

Works Cited

Burns, Robert. "Farewell to the Highlands." 1789. The Penguin Book of Scottish Verse.

Ed. Robert Crawford and Mick Imlah. London: Penguin, 2000. 293. Print.

- - -. "Such a Parcel of Rogues in a Nation." 1791. The Penguin Book of Scottish Verse.

Ed. Robert Crawford and Mick Imlah. London: Penguin, 2000. 301-302. Print.

The New Oxford Annotated Bible. Ed. Michael D. Coogan. Fully Rev. Fourth ed. New

York: Oxford University, 2010. Print. New Revised Standard Vers.

Tey, Josephine. The Singing Sands. 1953. New York: Touchstone, 2008. Print.

Chicago Style

● Primarily History and Social Science papers

● Uses footnoteso Always end footnote with periodo Subsequent references to the same

source use simplified citation or “Ibid.”

● Block quotations for 5+ lines

● “Bibliography” pageo Bibliographical & footnote citations differ

Chicago Sample Citations

love are not mutually exclusive. The work states that a prince should “wish to

be both.”3 Then, Machiavelli concludes with his controversial preference

_______________________________________

1 Niccolò Machiavelli, The Prince, ed. Philip Smith (New York: Dover, 1992), 43.2 “Machiavellianism,” in Merriam-Webster.com, accessed November 6, 2013, http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Machiavellianism.3 Niccolò Machiavelli, The Prince, 36.4 Ibid.5 Ibid., 43.

Chicago Sample Citations

Machiavelli then goes on to state,

It is not essential, then, that a Prince should have all the good qualities which I have enumerated above, but it is most essential that he should seem to have that I will even venture to affirm that if he has and invariably practices them all, they are hurtful, whereas the appearance of having them is useful.1

This highly controversial statement gives critics greater reason to condemn

Machiavelli because he suggests that a prince should not always abide by

_______________________________________

1 Niccolò Machiavelli, The Prince, ed. Philip Smith (New York: Dover, 1992), 46.

Chicago Sample Bibliography

Bibliography

Levack, Brian, Edward Muir, and Meredith Veldman. "Society and Culture in the Imperial Age." In To 1715, 188-99. Vol. 1 of The West: Encounters and Transformations. Boston: Pearson, 2014. Li, Qingzhao. "End of Spring," translated by Pin-ch'ing Hu. In The Life of Li Ch'ing-chao, by Pin-ch'ing Hu. New York: Twayne, 1966. - - -. "Jian zi mulanhua," translated by Eugene Eoyang. In Women Writers of Traditional China: An Anthology of Poetry and Criticism, edited by Kang-i Sun Chang, Haun Saussy, and Charles Yim-tze Kwong, 89-99. Stanford: Stanford University, 1999. "Machiavellianism." In Merriam-Webster.com. Accessed November 6, 2013. http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Machiavellianism.

Footnote:

1 Niccolò Machiavelli, The Prince, ed. Philip Smith (New York: Dover, 1992), 43.

Bibliographical Entry:

Machiavelli, Niccolò. The Prince. Edited by Philip Smith. New York: Dover, 1992.

Chicago Footnotes v. Bibliography

APA Style

● Primarily Science and Social Science papers

● Uses in-text citationso Usually features author’s last name, year

of publication, and page number(s) in parentheses

● Block quotations for 40+ words

● “References” page

APA Sample Citations

Werking (1997) argues that “in American culture, adult women

and men are expected to form romantic bonds rather than

platonic bonds with one another” (p. 3), suggesting

heterosexuality is a cultural norm.

Such people perceive these friendships as “undercover

relationships” (Werking, 1997, p. 40) that are simply waiting to

be revealed.

APA Sample Citations

The American Psychological Association style is a difficult

citation format for first-time learners (Jones, 1998, p. 199).

According to Jones (1998), APA style is a difficult citation format

for first-time learners.

APA Sample Citations

Jones’s (1998) study found the following:

Students often had difficulty using APA style, especially

when it was their first time citing sources. This difficulty

could be attributed to the fact that many students failed to

purchase a style manual or to ask their teacher for help.

(p. 199)

Jones suggests, then, that students struggle to use APA

style more

APA Sample References Page

References

Bleske, A. L., & Buss, D. M. (2000). Can men and

women be just friends?. Personal

Relationships, 7, 131-151. doi: 10.111/j.1475-6811.2000.tb00006.x

Kaiser, C. R., & Miller, C. T. (2001). Stop complaining! The social costs of

making

attributions to discrimination. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin,

27, 254-263. doi: 10.1177/0146167201272010

Kaiser, C. R., & Miller, C. T. (2004). A stress and coping perspective on confronting

sexism. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 28, 169-178. doi: 10.1111/j.1471-

6402.2004.00133.x

Try for Yourself!

Basic Format for MLA:(Last Name Page Number)

Basic Format for Chicago:First Name Last Name, Title of Book (City of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication), Page Number.

Basic Format for APA:(Last name, Year of Publication, Page Number)

Try for Yourself!

Basic Format for MLA:Last Name, First Name. Title of Book. City of Publication:

Publisher, Year of Publication. Medium of Publication.

Basic Format for Chicago:Last Name, First Name. Title of Book. City of Publication: Publisher. Year of Publication.

Basic Format for APA:Author, A. A. (Year of Publication). Title of Work. Location: Publisher.

(Note: List “Location” in APA with city and state abbreviation (New York, NY).

MLA:Scout innocently asserts, “‘I think there’s just one kind of folks’” (Lee 230).

Chicago:Scout innocently asserts, “‘I think there’s just one kind offolks.’”1

______________________________________

1 Harper Lee, To Kill a Mockingbird (New York: Warner, 1960), 230.

APA:Scout innocently asserts, “‘I think there’s just one kind of folks’” (Lee, 1960, p. 230).

Try for Yourself!

MLA:Lee, Harper. To Kill a Mockingbird. New York: Warner, 1960.

Print.

Chicago:Lee, Harper. To Kill a Mockingbird. New York: Warner. 1960.

APA:Lee, H. (1960). To Kill a Mockingbird. New York, NY: Warner.

Try for Yourself!

● Citation manuals

● OWL Purdueo owl.english.purdue.edu

● The Writing Resources Centero Manualso Consultees who can help you find the

information yourself

When in doubt, ask your professor for help!

How to Cite on Your Own

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SOURCES

○http://web.grinnell.edu/Dean/Tutorial/EUS/IC.pdf ○http://www.wm.edu/offices/deanofstudents/services/studentconduct/documents/studenthandbook.pdf

○Purdue OWL○Student Essays (Richard Rossini, Katherine Ottman, Danielle Weber)○WRIT 300 Final Project by Alana Toabe