DNA Technology

Using the info of DNA research science has adapted it to apply the knowledge into different types of technologyThe applications of DNA technology apply to fields such as:× Forensics × Agriculture × Conservation× Food production× Microbiology (production of drugs or

vaccines using GMO’s)

For each type of technology we hope to understand:× The processes involved× The economic implications× The different perspectives× The personal, societal, and global

implications that they may have

Cloning

CloningProduction of identical copies (asexual reproduction in bacteria)

Gene CloningProduction of many identical copies of the same gene

Applications of gene cloning:× To help research inherited traits or conditions

× May help to determine difference in base sequence of nucleotides between normal gene and mutated gene

× To genetically modify other plants and animals

× Alter phenotypes of other organisms in beneficial way

× If the organism is human this is Gene therapy

× If the organism is non human it is called a Transgenic organism

Methods of cloning

Recombinant DNA (rDNA) × Recombinant is basically taking a small

piece of DNA and inserting it into a large DNA unit and allowing it to replicate within a host cell

× Contains DNA from 2 or more sources

Methods of cloning

Recombinant DNA (rDNA) × The Parts involved:

× Vector- a piece of DNA that can be manipulated in order to add foreign DNA to it

× Plasmid- rings of DNA from bacteria that are often used to hold foreign DNA segments

Steps for rDNA cloning1. Isolate the gene from the DNA of the

organism2. Restriction enzyme cuts the DNA into

fragments3. The desired DNA fragment is inserted into a

plasmid at complementary bases (sticky ends)

4. DNA ligase seals the DNA fragment into the plasmid (glues together)

5. The Plasmid with the new DNA is inserted into bacterial cells where it will join the bacteria’s DNA and the desired gene will be replicated within the bacterial cell

Cloning Method 2: Polymerase Chain Reaction

× Creates DNA quickly in a test tube using a PCR and the enzyme that replicates DNA as well as a large supply of nitrogenous bases

× Copies the targeted DNA sequence repeatedly over and over and over again as long as supplies last

× Process

DNA Fingerprinting

DNA fingerprinting is a forensics tool used to match DNA samples× For example: If a DNA sample is left at

a crime scene it can be matched to a suspect’s DNA× Based on differences of

nitrogenous base sequence

DNA Fingerprinting Steps

1. A restriction enzyme is used to cut the DNA molecule at specific patterns of basesa. This causes different sizes of DNA

fragments to form

DNA Fingerprinting Steps

2. A Gel Electrophoresis is done to measure the DNA fragment lengths

a. DNA fragments are placed into wells inside of a agarose gel and are electrocuted

b. The DNA fragments travel through the jelly material according to their length when an electrical field is applied to it

c. The small pieces travel further than the long pieces

d. The gels can then be compared to each other to match DNA samples

DNA Fingerprinting

Fingerprinting is used for × identifying criminals× identifying disfigured bodies× can help identify a viral infection× a mutated gene× The parents of a child

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AkBUriMK9u8

Exit Slip

Write your name, the date, and Bio 40s on a half sheet of paper then do the following:

1. Choose one method of cloning discussed today and talk about pros, cons and uses for this method of cloning DNA.

Biotechnology

Uses natural biological systems to create a product desired by humans

Transgenic Organisms- organisms that have had foreign gene inserted into them

Transgenic Organisms

Transgenic bacteria× Used to produce insulin, human growth

hormones, hepatitis B vaccine, increase health of plants (corn now have bacteria protect roots from insects)

× Can genetically engineer bacteria for specific purposes

Ex) bacteria that eat oil can be engineered to clean oil spills even better

Transgenic Plants× Foreign genes are entered into

plants to give them additional desired traits

× Cotton, corn, potato have genes that allow them to resist insects

× Future plans include engineering plants to maximize Carbon intake and cut down on water supply

× Round Up Ready Canola

Transgenic Animals× Insert genes into eggs of animals× Ex) bovine growth (bGH) is injected

into cows, fish, pigs, rabbits, and sheep to help them grow larger

× Spider goats

Transgenic Animals and plants are often referred to by consumers as GMO’s (Genetically Modified Organisms)

Methods of Creating GMOsGene Targeting× A genetic technique that uses

homologous recombination to change a gene within an organism. The method can be used to delete a gene, and introduce point mutations to further alter a gene found within an organism.

× Basically we alter the DNA sequence to remove genes or cause mutations in genes in order to stop that trait from being produced

Methods of Creating GMOsRecombinant DNA× A restriction enzyme cuts out a gene that

is to be transferred× This is called the “trans-gene”× We insert the trans gene into a vector

(usually a virus cell where the genes that cause damage have been removed)

Methods of Creating GMOsRecombinant DNA continued× The vector enters the cells of the target

organism and inserts its DNA into the target organism’s DNA

× Every time the target organism replicates its DNA, the vector and the transgene will also be replicated producing the desired trait in our target organism

Bio Test: Friday March 8

Kurzgesagt on GMOs